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Berggren E, Amcoff P, Benigni R, Blackburn K, Carney E, Cronin M, Deluyker H, Gautier F, Judson RS, Kass GEN, Keller D, Knight D, Lilienblum W, Mahony C, Rusyn I, Schultz T, Schwarz M, Schüürmann G, White A, Burton J, Lostia AM, Munn S, Worth A. Chemical Safety Assessment Using Read-Across: Assessing the Use of Novel Testing Methods to Strengthen the Evidence Base for Decision Making. Environ Health Perspect 2015; 123:1232-40. [PMID: 25956009 PMCID: PMC4671246 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety assessment for repeated dose toxicity is one of the largest challenges in the process to replace animal testing. This is also one of the proof of concept ambitions of SEURAT-1, the largest ever European Union research initiative on alternative testing, co-funded by the European Commission and Cosmetics Europe. This review is based on the discussion and outcome of a workshop organized on initiative of the SEURAT-1 consortium joined by a group of international experts with complementary knowledge to further develop traditional read-across and include new approach data. OBJECTIVES The aim of the suggested strategy for chemical read-across is to show how a traditional read-across based on structural similarities between source and target substance can be strengthened with additional evidence from new approach data--for example, information from in vitro molecular screening, "-omics" assays and computational models--to reach regulatory acceptance. METHODS We identified four read-across scenarios that cover typical human health assessment situations. For each such decision context, we suggested several chemical groups as examples to prove when read-across between group members is possible, considering both chemical and biological similarities. CONCLUSIONS We agreed to carry out the complete read-across exercise for at least one chemical category per read-across scenario in the context of SEURAT-1, and the results of this exercise will be completed and presented by the end of the research initiative in December 2015.
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Schultz T, Amcoff P, Berggren E, Gautier F, Klaric M, Knight D, Mahony C, Schwarz M, White A, Cronin M. A strategy for structuring and reporting a read-across prediction of toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:586-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 864] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Eskes C, Detappe V, Koëter H, Kreysa J, Liebsch M, Zuang V, Amcoff P, Barroso J, Cotovio J, Guest R, Hermann M, Hoffmann S, Masson P, Alépée N, Arce LA, Brüschweiler B, Catone T, Cihak R, Clouzeau J, D’Abrosca F, Delveaux C, Derouette JP, Engelking O, Facchini D, Fröhlicher M, Hofmann M, Hopf N, Molinari J, Oberli A, Ott M, Peter R, Sá-Rocha VM, Schenk D, Tomicic C, Vanparys P, Verdon B, Wallenhorst T, Winkler GC, Depallens O. Regulatory assessment of in vitro skin corrosion and irritation data within the European framework: Workshop recommendations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 62:393-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Makris SL, Raffaele K, Allen S, Bowers WJ, Hass U, Alleva E, Calamandrei G, Sheets L, Amcoff P, Delrue N, Crofton KM. A retrospective performance assessment of the developmental neurotoxicity study in support of OECD test guideline 426. Environ Health Perspect 2009; 117:17-25. [PMID: 19165382 PMCID: PMC2627860 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a review of the history and performance of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) testing in support of the finalization and implementation of Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) DNT test guideline 426 (TG 426). INFORMATION SOURCES AND ANALYSIS In this review we summarize extensive scientific efforts that form the foundation for this testing paradigm, including basic neurotoxicology research, interlaboratory collaborative studies, expert workshops, and validation studies, and we address the relevance, applicability, and use of the DNT study in risk assessment. CONCLUSIONS The OECD DNT guideline represents the best available science for assessing the potential for DNT in human health risk assessment, and data generated with this protocol are relevant and reliable for the assessment of these end points. The test methods used have been subjected to an extensive history of international validation, peer review, and evaluation, which is contained in the public record. The reproducibility, reliability, and sensitivity of these methods have been demonstrated, using a wide variety of test substances, in accordance with OECD guidance on the validation and international acceptance of new or updated test methods for hazard characterization. Multiple independent, expert scientific peer reviews affirm these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Makris
- Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460-0001, USA.
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Abstract
This issue presents the detailed review paper (DRP) on thyroid hormone disruption assays that was prepared for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and that exists as an OECD monograph. However, this document is now available here in one issue of Critical Reviews in Toxicology as a series of published articles. The original document has been modified in several ways. First, an overview (now article 2) was added to discuss how new data and new directions for thyroid research will play an important role in shaping thyroid assays as they evolve. Second, each of the original chapters of the thyroid DRP have been separated into individual papers. The appendices of the original DRP were removed and will be merged and published separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirlee W Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science Coordination and Policy, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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Balls M, Amcoff P, Bremer S, Casati S, Coecke S, Clothier R, Combes R, Corvi R, Curren R, Eskes C, Fentem J, Gribaldo L, Halder M, Hartung T, Hoffmann S, Schectman L, Scott L, Spielmann H, Stokes W, Tice R, Wagner D, Zuang V. The principles of weight of evidence validation of test methods and testing strategies. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 58. Altern Lab Anim 2006; 34:603-20. [PMID: 17266393 PMCID: PMC2709979 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Balls
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham, NG1 4EE, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Amcoff
- Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France
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Akerman G, Amcoff P, Tjärnlund U, Fogelberg K, Torrissen O, Balk L. Paraquat and menadione exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)--studies of effects on the pentose-phosphate shunt and thiamine levels in liver and kidney. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 142:269-83. [PMID: 12453665 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Possible xenobiotic interactions with thiamine were studied in salmonid fish, by repeatedly injecting two model substances, paraquat and menadione, into juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). These two substances were chosen because of their well-known ability to redox-cycle and cause depletion of NADPH in several biological systems. Depletion of NADPH increases metabolism through the pentose-phosphate shunt and may thereby increase the need for thiamine diphosphate by heightened transketolase activity. A special food was produced with lower thiamine content than commercial food, usually enriched with thiamine, which could mask an effect on the thiamine level. After 9 weeks of exposure, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, transketolase, glutathione reductase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase were analysed in liver and kidney cellular sub-fractions as well as analysis of total thiamine concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle. The results showed that paraquat caused a large increase in hepatic glutathione reductase activity and induced hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, i.e., the rate-limiting enzyme in the oxidative part of the pentose-phosphate shunt. Despite this paraquat exposure did not affect transketolase activity and total thiamine concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Akerman
- Laboratory for Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Applied Environmental Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Amcoff P, Akerman G, Tjärnlund U, Börjeson H, Norrgren L, Balk L. Physiological, biochemical and morphological studies of Baltic salmon yolk-sac fry with an experimental thiamine deficiency: relations to the M74 syndrome. Aquat Toxicol 2002; 61:15-33. [PMID: 12297368 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(02)00015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sea-run Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) populations are suffering from the M74 syndrome, a reproduction disorder affecting both broodfish and their progeny. The syndrome is usually manifested during the middle part of the yolk-sac fry stage and has been shown to be associated with a thiamine (vitamin B(1)) deficiency. Development of the disease is reversible by thiamine treatments of broodfish or progeny. This study aimed at investigating the ability of the thiamine antagonist pyrithiamine, administered by microinjections 3 days after hatch, to cause M74-like signs i.e. typical clinical symptoms, high mortality rates and histopathological changes. Furthermore, the effects of pyrithiamine on hepatic activities of the thiamine-dependent enzyme transketolase (TK), the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and the cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) were evaluated. Six family groups with differing thiamine status were sampled on three occasions during the yolk-sac fry stage. All pyrithiamine exposed groups, with the exception of the one with the highest thiamine concentration, showed M74-like symptoms and suffered from high mortality. Enzyme activities were not different in pyrithiamine groups as compared with controls. However, the TK-activities were strongly associated with the thiamine concentrations. The G6PDH-activity demonstrated small variations with the highest activities in the M74-groups. The [TK]/[G6PDH]-ratios were considerably lower in the M74-groups than in the healthy controls, indicating an imbalance between the oxidative and the non-oxidative part of the pentose-phosphate shunt due to a deficit in thiamine. The pyrithiamine-injections induced several M74-like symptoms including incoordination, lethargy, whitened liver and yolk-sac precipitates. They also caused high mortality rates, in addition to lowered glycogen levels and increased prevalence of necrotic brain cells. Moreover, the study demonstrates that the TK, G6PDH and CYP1A-activities are associated with the thiamine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Amcoff
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Armocida A, Beskow P, Amcoff P, Kallner A, Ekman S. Vitamin C plasma concentrations and leg weakness in the forelegs of growing pigs. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2001; 48:165-78. [PMID: 11379390 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Four litters (41 pigs) of cross-bred pigs were studied from 6 to 26 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected at 6, 13, 21 and 26 weeks of age and analysed for contents of vitamin C, calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The pigs were examined clinically for foreleg weakness at the ages of 21 and 26 weeks. At the age of 26 weeks the pigs were slaughtered and the right forelegs were examined macroscopically and selected samples were collected for radiological, histological and ultrastructural examination. The prevalence of foreleg lesions was high, with lesions of dyschondroplasia of the distal growth plate of the ulna in 30 pigs, synovitis of the elbow joint in 24 pigs and osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow joint in 25 pigs. At the ages of 21 and 26 weeks, five pigs had evidently crooked forelegs and 14 pigs (age 21 weeks) and 25 pigs (age 26 weeks) had mildly deformed forelegs. The serum levels of Ca, P and ALP were within normal values for growing-finishing pigs. The range of vitamin C concentrations in plasma showed a wide difference (7.1-49.8 mumol/l) but was not associated with deformed forelegs. The serum concentrations of Ca, P and ALP and the plasma concentration of vitamin C differed significantly (P = 0.05) between age groups and there was a significant (P = 0.001) positive correlation between the levels of vitamin C in plasma and the serum levels of ALP at 6 weeks of age. The aim of the present study was to determine if there was any association between the plasma levels of vitamin C and the extent of crooked or deviated forelegs in growing-finishing pigs. We could not find a vitamin C deficiency during the study and no association between low levels of vitamin C in plasma and the presence of deformed forelegs of these 40 pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Armocida
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Amcoff P, Åkerman G, Börjeson H, Tjärnlund U, Norrgren L, Balk L. Hepatic activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and cytochrome P4501A in Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) yolk-sac fry after thiamine treatment. Aquat Toxicol 2000; 48:391-402. [PMID: 10794826 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(00)00089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sea-run Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) populations have been affected by the M74 syndrome since 1974 causing high yolk-sac fry losses in Swedish compensatory rearing plants. M74 has been shown to be a maternally transmitted thiamine (vitamin B(1)) deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate possible relationships between thiamine and hepatic activities of the thiamine-dependent enzymes transketolase (TK) and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) in addition to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), in Baltic salmon yolk-sac fry after treatment with thiamine. Thiamine concentrations and activities of TK, alpha-KGDH and EROD were significantly lower (P<0.05) in M74 groups compared to controls (not developing M74) and family groups of thiamine injected females. In M74-developing groups the thiamine immersions reduced the mortality from 86 to 13% and restored thiamine concentrations and activities of TK, alpha-KGDH and EROD to levels slightly lower than the immersed controls. An interesting fact was that the controls showed significantly elevated (P<0.05) TK and alpha-KGDH-activities after immersions in thiamine, indicating that they also may have a stressed thiamine metabolism. The TK and alpha-KGDH-activities of unimmersed groups correlated significantly (P<0.05) with the thiamine content. We suggest that the low activities of TK and alpha-KGDH in M74 groups may be an integrative part in the pathogenesis of M74 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Amcoff
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7028, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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