1
|
Dos Santos B, Piermartiri T, Tasca CI. The impact of purine nucleosides on neuroplasticity in the adult brain. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-09988-9. [PMID: 38367178 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-09988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the nervous system's ability to adapt and reorganize its cell structures and neuronal networks in response to internal and external stimuli. In adults, this process involves neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and synaptic and neurochemical plasticity. Several studies have reported the significant impact of the purinergic system on neuroplasticity modulation. And, there is considerable evidence supporting the role of purine nucleosides, such as adenosine, inosine, and guanosine, in this process. This review presents extensive research on how these nucleosides enhance the neuroplasticity of the adult central nervous system, particularly in response to damage. The mechanisms through which these nucleosides exert their effects involve complex interactions with various receptors and signaling pathways. Adenosine's influence on neurogenesis involves interactions with adenosine receptors, specifically A1R and A2AR. A1R activation appears to inhibit neuronal differentiation and promote astrogliogenesis, while A2AR activation supports neurogenesis, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Inosine and guanosine positively impact cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and neuritogenesis. Inosine seems to modulate extracellular adenosine levels, and guanosine might act through interactions between purinergic and glutamatergic systems. Additionally, the review discusses the potential therapeutic implications of purinergic signaling in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, emphasizing the importance of these nucleosides in the neuroplasticity of brain function and recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tetsade Piermartiri
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Glial Purinergic Signaling-Mediated Oxidative Stress (GPOS) in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1075440. [PMID: 35281471 PMCID: PMC8916856 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1075440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in the progression of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, and autism. However, whether glial purinergic signaling interaction with oxidative/antioxidative system displays an important role in neuropsychiatric disorders is still unclear. In this review, we firstly summarize the oxidative/antioxidative pathways shared in different glial cells and highlight the cell type-specific difference in response to OS. Then, we collect the evidence showing the regulation of purinergic signaling in OS with an emphasis on adenosine and its receptors, P2Y1 receptor in the P2Y family and P2X7receptor in the P2X family. Available data shows that the activation of P1 receptors and P2X accelerates the OS; reversely, the activation of the P2Y family (P2Y1) causes protective effect against OS. Finally, we discuss current findings demonstrating the contribution of the purinergic signaling system to neuropsychiatric disorders and point out the potential role of OS in this process to propose a “glial purinergic-oxidative stress” (“GPOS”) hypothesis for future development of therapeutic strategies against a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
3
|
Fructose and Uric Acid as Drivers of a Hyperactive Foraging Response: A Clue to Behavioral Disorders Associated with Impulsivity or Mania? EVOL HUM BEHAV 2021; 42:194-203. [PMID: 33994772 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several behavioral disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, and aggressive behaviors are linked with sugar intake and obesity. The reason(s) for this association has been unclear. Here we present a hypothesis supporting a role for fructose, a component of sugar and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and uric acid (a fructose metabolite), in increasing the risk for these behavioral disorders. Recent studies have shown that the reason fructose intake is strongly associated with development of metabolic syndrome is that fructose intake activates an evolutionary-based survival pathway that stimulates foraging behavior and the storage of energy as fat. While modest intake may aid animals that would like to store fat as a protective response from food shortage or starvation, we propose that high intake of sugar and HFCS causes a hyperactive foraging response that stimulates craving, impulsivity, risk taking and aggression that increases the risk for ADHD, bipolar disease and aggressive behavior. High glycemic carbohydrates and salty foods may also contribute as they can be converted to fructose in the body. Some studies suggest uric acid produced during fructose metabolism may mediate some of these effects. Chronic stimulation of the pathway could lead to desensitization of hedonic responses and induce depression. In conclusion, a hyperactive foraging response driven by high glycemic carbohydrates and sugars may contribute to affective disorders.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fagundes AC, de Oliveira ED, Ferrari SG, Dos Santos LMM, Botelho LM, Schmidt SRG, Andrade CF, Lara DR, Souza DO, Schmidt AP. Allopurinol for fibromyalgia pain in adults: A randomized controlled trial. Pain Pract 2021; 22:19-27. [PMID: 33864725 DOI: 10.1111/papr.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allopurinol is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase used in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Because it is well known that purines exert multiple affects on pain transmission, we hypothesized that the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by allopurinol could be a valid strategy to treat pain in humans. This study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy of oral allopurinol versus placebo as an adjuvant therapy in patients displaying fibromyalgia. METHODS This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study included 60 women with the diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either oral allopurinol 300 mg (n = 31) or placebo (n = 29) twice daily during 30 days. The patients were submitted to evaluation for pain sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and functional status before treatment, and 15 and 30 days thereafter. RESULTS Oral administration of allopurinol 300 mg twice daily was ineffective in improving pain scores measured by several tools up to 30 days of treatment (P > 0.05). Additionally, no significant effects of allopurinol over anxiety, depressive symptoms, and functional status of fibromyalgia patients were observed in the present study. CONCLUSIONS Although previous findings indicated that allopurinol could present intrinsic analgesic effects in both animals and humans, this study showed no benefit of the use of oral allopurinol as an adjuvant strategy during 30 days in women displaying fibromyalgia. However, considering previous promising results, new prospective studies are still valid to further investigate allopurinol and more selective purine derivatives in the management of pain syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aécio C Fagundes
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Enderson D de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samira G Ferrari
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lúcia M M Dos Santos
- Department of Pain and Palliative Care, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Botelho
- Department of Pain and Palliative Care, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sérgio R G Schmidt
- Pain S.O.S., Pain Relief Center, Medical Center of Hospital Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano F Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Pneumological Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo R Lara
- Cingulo Mental Health App, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André P Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Pain S.O.S., Pain Relief Center, Medical Center of Hospital Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pneumological Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Anesthesia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miyauchi T. Long-Term Improvement of Aggression in a Patient With Schizophrenia Using Allopurinol as an Adjuvant: A Case Report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 41:212-214. [PMID: 33587393 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Miyauchi
- Department of Psychiatry KACHI Memorial Hospital Toyohashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mrug S, Jones LC, Elliott MN, Tortolero SR, Peskin MF, Schuster MA. Soft Drink Consumption and Mental Health in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Examination. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:155-160. [PMID: 32636141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies showed associations between soft drink consumption and mental health problems in adolescents, but the direction of these effects is unknown. This study examines the hypotheses that soft drink consumption predicts aggression and depressive symptoms over time and that these mental health problems predict soft drink consumption. METHODS Interviews were conducted with 5,147 children and their caregivers from three sites at child ages 11, 13, and 16. At each time point, youth reported on their frequency of consuming soft drinks, aggressive behavior, and depressive symptoms. An autoregressive cross-lagged path model tested reciprocal relationships between soft drink consumption, aggressive behavior, and depressive symptoms over time. RESULTS More frequent consumption of soft drinks was associated with more aggressive behavior at each time point and depressive symptoms at ages 11 and 13 (r = .04 to .18, p ≤ .002). After adjusting for covariates and stability of each behavior over time, soft drink consumption at ages 11 and 13 predicted more aggressive behavior at the next time point (β = .08 and .06, p < .001). Aggressive behavior at age 13 also predicted more soft drink consumption at age 16 (β = .06, p = .002). Soft drink consumption at age 13 predicted fewer depressive symptoms (β = -.04, p = .007), but depressive symptoms did not predict soft drink consumption. CONCLUSIONS More frequent consumption of soft drinks may contribute to aggressive behavior in adolescents over time; there is some support for reciprocal relationships. There is no evidence for soft drink consumption contributing to adolescents' depression. Future research should examine longitudinal effects over shorter intervals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - LaRita C Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Susan R Tortolero
- Texas Prevention Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa F Peskin
- Texas Prevention Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark A Schuster
- Office of the Dean, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Robb AS, Schwabe S, Ceresoli-Borroni G, Nasser A, Yu C, Marcus R, Candler SA, Findling RL. A proposed anti-maladaptive aggression agent classification: improving our approach to treating impulsive aggression. Postgrad Med 2019; 131:129-137. [PMID: 30678534 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1574401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Proper drug categorization enables clinicians to readily identify the agents most appropriate for patients in need. Currently, patients with maladaptive aggression do not all always fall into a single existing diagnostic or treatment category. Such is the case for those with impulsive aggression (IA). IA is an associated feature of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, and can be described as eruptive, aggressive behavior or a 'short fuse'. Although agents from a broad spectrum of drug classes have been used to treat maladaptive aggression, few have been tested distinctly in patients with IA, and there is no drug specifically indicated by the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for IA. Further, current treatments often fail to sufficiently treat IA symptomatology. These issues create an unclear and inadequate treatment path for patients. Here we will propose the establishment of a class of anti-maladaptive aggression agents to begin addressing this clinical issue. The development of such a class would unify the various drugs currently used to treat maladaptive aggression and streamline the treatment approach towards IA. As an important case example of the range of candidate drugs that could fit into a new anti-maladaptive aggression agent category, we will review an investigational IA pharmacotherapy. SPN-810 (extended-release molindone) is currently being investigated as a novel treatment for children with IA and ADHD. Based on these studies we will review how SPN-810 may be well suited for a new, anti-maladaptive aggression drug class and more precisely, a proposed subgroup of IA modulators. The goal of this review is to begin improving the identification of and therapeutic approach for maladaptive aggression as well as IA through more precise anti-maladaptive aggression agent categorization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide S Robb
- a Psychology and Behavioral Health , Children's National Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Stefan Schwabe
- b Research & Development , Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Rockville , MD , USA
| | | | - Azmi Nasser
- c Clinical Research , Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Chungping Yu
- d Preclinical DMPK and Pharmacology , Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Ronald Marcus
- c Clinical Research , Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Shawn A Candler
- e Medical Affairs , Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Robert L Findling
- f Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,g Psychiatric Services and Research , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramin M, Li Y, Chang WT, Shaw H, Rao Y. The peacefulness gene promotes aggression in Drosophila. Mol Brain 2019; 12:1. [PMID: 30606245 PMCID: PMC6318936 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural aggressiveness is commonly observed in all animal species, and is displayed frequently when animals compete for food, territory and mating. Aggression is an innate behaviour, and is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. However, the genetics of aggression remains largely unclear. In this study, we identify the peacefulness (pfs) gene as a novel player in the control of male-male aggression in Drosophila. Mutations in pfs decreased intermale aggressiveness, but did not affect locomotor activity, olfactory avoidance response and sexual behaviours. pfs encodes for the evolutionarily conserved molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) synthesis 1 protein (Mocs1), which catalyzes the first step in the MoCo biosynthesis pathway. Neuronal-specific knockdown of pfs decreased aggressiveness. By contrast, overexpression of pfs greatly increased aggressiveness. Knocking down Cinnamon (Cin) catalyzing the final step in the MoCo synthesis pathway, caused a pfs-like aggression phenotype. In humans, inhibition of MoCo-dependent enzymes displays anti-aggressive effects. Thus, the control of aggression by Pfs-dependent MoCo pathways may be conserved throughout evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoudreza Ramin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill Centre for Research in Neuroscience, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Yueyang Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill Centre for Research in Neuroscience, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Wen-Tzu Chang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill Centre for Research in Neuroscience, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Hunter Shaw
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill Centre for Research in Neuroscience, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Yong Rao
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill Centre for Research in Neuroscience, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada. .,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada. .,Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University Health Centre, Room L7-136, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carr CN, Straley CM, Baugh TB. Allopurinol for the Treatment of Refractory Aggression: A Case Series. Pharmacotherapy 2017; 37:748-754. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea N. Carr
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic of UPMC; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Craig M. Straley
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; Ferris State University College of Pharmacy; Big Rapids Michigan
- Pharmacy Service; Battle Creek VA Medical Center; Battle Creek Michigan
| | - Terrence B. Baugh
- Pharmacy Service; Battle Creek VA Medical Center; Battle Creek Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lanznaster D, Dal-Cim T, Piermartiri TCB, Tasca CI. Guanosine: a Neuromodulator with Therapeutic Potential in Brain Disorders. Aging Dis 2016; 7:657-679. [PMID: 27699087 PMCID: PMC5036959 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine is a purine nucleoside with important functions in cell metabolism and a protective role in response to degenerative diseases or injury. The past decade has seen major advances in identifying the modulatory role of extracellular action of guanosine in the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence from rodent and cell models show a number of neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of guanosine preventing deleterious consequences of seizures, spinal cord injury, pain, mood disorders and aging-related diseases, such as ischemia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. The present review describes the findings of in vivo and in vitro studies and offers an update of guanosine effects in the CNS. We address the protein targets for guanosine action and its interaction with glutamatergic and adenosinergic systems and with calcium-activated potassium channels. We also discuss the intracellular mechanisms modulated by guanosine preventing oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory burden and modulation of glutamate transport. New and exciting avenues for future investigation into the protective effects of guanosine include characterization of a selective guanosine receptor. A better understanding of the neuromodulatory action of guanosine will allow the development of therapeutic approach to brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Lanznaster
- 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; 3CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília - DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Tharine Dal-Cim
- 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; 3CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília - DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Tetsadê C B Piermartiri
- 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; 3CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília - DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- 1Departamento de Bioquímica,; 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Serum uric acid and the Five Factor Model of personality: Implications for psychopathological and medical conditions. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
12
|
Mrug S, Mrug M. Uric acid excretion predicts increased aggression in urban adolescents. Physiol Behav 2016; 163:144-148. [PMID: 27180134 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of uric acid have been linked with impulsive and disinhibited behavior in clinical and community populations of adults, but no studies have examined uric acid in relation to adolescent aggression. This study examined the prospective role of uric acid in aggressive behavior among urban, low income adolescents, and whether this relationship varies by gender. A total of 84 adolescents (M age 13.36years; 50% male; 95% African American) self-reported on their physical aggression at baseline and 1.5years later. At baseline, the youth also completed a 12-h (overnight) urine collection at home which was used to measure uric acid excretion. After adjusting for baseline aggression and age, greater uric acid excretion predicted more frequent aggressive behavior at follow up, with no significant gender differences. The results suggest that lowering uric acid levels may help reduce youth aggression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2(nd) Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - Michal Mrug
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2(nd) Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Muti M, Del Grande C, Musetti L, Marazziti D, Turri M, Cirronis M, Pergentini I, Corsi M, Dell'Osso L, Corsini GU. Serum uric acid levels and different phases of illness in bipolar I patients treated with lithium. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:604-8. [PMID: 25547850 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings support the role of purinergic system dysfunction in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). The present study aimed to evaluate the pattern of serum uric acid levels in a sample of 98 BD I patients followed-up prospectively in a naturalistic study and treated with lithium monotherapy or in association with other mood stabilizers (valproate or carbamazepine), in relation to different phases of illness and to pharmacological treatment. The results showed that uric acid levels were significantly higher in patients suffering from a manic/mixed episode, than in those euthymic or during a depressive phase. Further, these levels were related to the Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar Version (CGI-BP) scale score for the severity of manic symptoms. A positive correlation was found also with male sex and with serum lithium levels. These findings suggest that a dysregulation of the purinergic system may occur during manic/mixed episodes, and they support a possible role of serum uric acid levels as a state-dependent marker of BD manic phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Muti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Grande
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Musetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Milo Turri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Cirronis
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Pergentini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Corsi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Umberto Corsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Paniz L, Schmidt AP, Souza DO. The modulatory effects of allopurinol onN-methyld-aspartate receptors in the central nervous system. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:709-10. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Paniz
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| | | | - Diogo O. Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia--opportunities for pharmacotherapy. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1527-43. [PMID: 21315743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia based on the dopamine hypothesis remains unsatisfactory for the negative and cognitive symptoms of the disease. Enhancing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) function is expected to alleviate such persistent symptoms, but successful development of novel clinically effective compounds remains challenging. Adenosine is a homeostatic bioenergetic network modulator that is able to affect complex networks synergistically at different levels (receptor-dependent pathways, biochemistry, bioenergetics, and epigenetics). By affecting brain dopamine and glutamate activities, it represents a promising candidate for reversing the functional imbalance in these neurotransmitter systems believed to underlie the genesis of schizophrenia symptoms, as well as restoring homeostasis of bioenergetics. Suggestion of an adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia further posits that adenosinergic dysfunction might contribute to the emergence of multiple neurotransmitter dysfunctions characteristic of schizophrenia via diverse mechanisms. Given the importance of adenosine in early brain development and regulation of brain immune response, it also bears direct relevance to the aetiology of schizophrenia. Here, we provide an overview of the rationale and evidence in support of the therapeutic potential of multiple adenosinergic targets, including the high-affinity adenosine receptors (A(1)R and A(2A)R), and the regulatory enzyme adenosine kinase (ADK). Key preliminary clinical data and preclinical findings are reviewed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lorenzi TM, Borba DL, Dutra G, Lara DR. Association of serum uric acid levels with emotional and affective temperaments. J Affect Disord 2010; 121:161-4. [PMID: 19524303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperament relates to emotions and the prevailing mood or affective temperament. Uric acid (UA) is the end-product of purine metabolism and has been associated with psychological features such as high energy/drive, positive affect, achievement, good performance, higher social status and leadership. METHODS 129 subjects (44 males, 85 females) completed with the Combined Emotional and Affective Temperaments Scale, serum UA levels and a general health questionnaire. RESULTS In the whole sample, serum UA levels were significantly correlated with disinhibition (r=0.36, p<0.001) and drive (r=0.25, p<0.01), but not with control, anger or any of the affective temperament scores. Among males, we found correlations at trend level (p>0.05 and <0.07) for control (r=0.27), irritable (r=0.29) and hyperthymic (r=0.27) affective temperaments. Among females, a significant correlation was found only with disinhibition (r=0.34, p=0.001). The top tertile of males (serum UA>6.0 mg/ml, n=16) had significantly higher drive (29.9+/-5.9x26.0+/-3.6, p=0.01) and higher control at trend level (21.2+/-3.1x19.3+/-2.9, p=0.054) than other males. Among women, the top tertile (serum UA>4.0 mg/ml, n=29) showed higher disinhibition scores (20.7+/-4.9x17.9+/-3.6, p<0.01) and more frequent choices of hyperthymic (8/26x6/59, p=0.023) and irritable temperaments (7/26x5/59, p=0.031) than the rest of the sample. Controlling for daily intake of meat and grains, which could lead to higher UA levels, did not change these results. LIMITATIONS Small sample size for males. CONCLUSIONS Externalized traits of temperament are associated with higher serum UA levels both in men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Lorenzi
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dickerson FB, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, Sullens A, Khushalani S, Sandson N, Yolken RH. A double-blind trial of adjunctive allopurinol for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009; 109:66-9. [PMID: 19195842 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if adjunctive allopurinol reduces symptoms in schizophrenia outpatients with persistent symptoms despite adequate pharmacotherapy. METHOD N=59 schizophrenia outpatients were randomly assigned to receive adjunctive allopurinol 300 mg bid or identical-looking placebo for 8 weeks after a 2-week placebo run-in. Symptoms were assessed biweekly. RESULTS A total of n=51 patients completed the trial. Including all n=59 randomized patients, a total of 4 of 31 in the allopurinol group and 0 of 28 in the placebo group had at least a 20% reduction in total PANSS score at the final study visit (chi-square=3.88, p=.049). Among the n=51 completers, individuals in the allopurinol group rated themselves as more improved than did those in the placebo group (z=-2.24, p=.025). The allopurinol medication was well tolerated and there were not any adverse events attributed to the study medication. CONCLUSIONS Allopurinol may be an effective adjunctive medication for some patients with persistent schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith B Dickerson
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, 6501 North Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21204 USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schmidt AP, Böhmer AE, Antunes C, Schallenberger C, Porciúncula LO, Elisabetsky E, Lara DR, Souza DO. Anti-nociceptive properties of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol in mice: role of A1 adenosine receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:163-72. [PMID: 19133997 PMCID: PMC2697763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Allopurinol is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, used primarily in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. It is well known that purines exert multiple effects on pain transmission. We hypothesized that the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by allopurinol, thereby reducing purine degradation, could be a valid strategy to enhance purinergic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-nociceptive profile of allopurinol on chemical and thermal pain models in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of vehicle (Tween 10%) or allopurinol (10-400 mg kg(-1)). Anti-nociceptive effects were measured with intraplantar capsaicin, intraplantar glutamate, tail-flick or hot-plate tests. KEY RESULTS Allopurinol presented dose-dependent anti-nociceptive effects in all models. The opioid antagonist naloxone did not affect these anti-nociceptive effects. The non-selective adenosine-receptor antagonist caffeine and the selective A(1) adenosine-receptor antagonist, DPCPX, but not the selective A(2A) adenosine-receptor antagonist, SCH58261, completely prevented allopurinol-induced anti-nociception. No obvious motor deficits were produced by allopurinol, at doses up to 200 mg kg(-1). Allopurinol also caused an increase in cerebrospinal fluid levels of purines, including the nucleosides adenosine and guanosine, and decreased cerebrospinal fluid concentration of uric acid. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Allopurinol-induced anti-nociception may be related to adenosine accumulation. Allopurinol is an old and extensively used compound and seems to be well tolerated with no obvious central nervous system toxic effects at high doses. This drug may be useful to treat pain syndromes in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schmidt AP, Lara DR, Souza DO. Proposal of a guanine-based purinergic system in the mammalian central nervous system. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:401-16. [PMID: 17884172 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Guanine-based purines have been traditionally studied as modulators of intracellular processes, mainly G-protein activity. However, they also exert several extracellular effects not related to G proteins, including modulation of glutamatergic activity, trophic effects on neural cells, and behavioral effects. In this article, the putative roles of guanine-based purines on the nervous system are reviewed, and we propose a specific guanine-based purinergic system in addition to the well-characterized adenine-based purinergic system. Current evidence suggest that guanine-based purines modulate glutamatergic parameters, such as glutamate uptake by astrocytes and synaptic vesicles, seizures induced by glutamatergic agents, response to ischemia and excitotoxicity, and are able to affect learning, memory and anxiety. Additionally, guanine-based purines have important trophic functions affecting the development, structure, or maintenance of neural cells. Although studies addressing the mechanism of action (receptors and second messenger systems) of guanine-based purines are still insufficient, these findings point to the guanine-based purines (nucleotides and guanosine) as potential new targets for neuroprotection and neuromodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André P Schmidt
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lara DR, Dall'Igna OP, Ghisolfi ES, Brunstein MG. Involvement of adenosine in the neurobiology of schizophrenia and its therapeutic implications. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:617-29. [PMID: 16580767 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on the neuromodulatory and homeostatic actions of adenosine, adenosine dysfunction may contribute to the neurobiological and clinical features of schizophrenia. The present model of adenosine dysfunction in schizophrenia takes into consideration the dopamine and glutamate hypotheses, since adenosine exerts neuromodulatory roles on these systems, and proposes that adenosine plays a role in the inhibitory deficit found in schizophrenia. Given the role of adenosine activation of adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) in mediating neurotoxicity in early stages of brain development, pre- and peri-natal complications leading to excessive adenosine release could induce primary brain changes (i.e., first hit). These events would lead to an adenosine inhibitory deficit through a partial loss of A1R that may emerge as reduced control of dopamine activity and increased vulnerability to excitotoxic glutamate action in the mature brain (i.e., second hit). Adenosine dysfunction is reasonably compatible with symptoms, gray and white matter abnormalities, progressive brain loss, pre- and peri-natal risk factors, age of onset, response to current treatments, impaired sensory gating and increased smoking in schizophrenia. Pharmacological treatments enhancing adenosine activity could be effective for symptom control and for alleviating deterioration in the course of the illness. Accordingly, allopurinol, which may indirectly increase adenosine, has been effective and well tolerated in the treatment of schizophrenia. Since much of the evidence for the adenosine hypothesis is preliminary and theoretical, further investigation in the field is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo R Lara
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Faculdade de Biociências, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lara DR, Cruz MRS, Xavier F, Souza DO, Moriguchi EH. Allopurinol for the treatment of aggressive behaviour in patients with dementia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 18:53-5. [PMID: 12490776 DOI: 10.1097/00004850-200301000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive behaviour is commonly observed in patients with dementia, and current pharmacological treatments are still deficient in terms of efficacy and tolerability. Allopurinol is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, with previously suggested anti-aggressive effects. After successful treatment of aggression in two patients, we performed a case-series study with allopurinol 300 mg a day orally for 6 weeks (increasing 300 mg every 2 weeks if the response was less than 50%) in six patients with dementia associated with prominent aggressive behaviour who failed to respond to two previous treatment strategies. Five patients were considerably responsive to allopurinol (four with 300 mg within 2 weeks and one with 600 mg), apparently without side-effects, which is in accordance with its well-established safety and tolerability profile. The observed therapeutic effect of allopurinol might be due to the inhibition of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, possibly decreasing production of oxygen-free radicals or promoting the accumulation of purines. Controlled studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo R Lara
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Faculdade de Biociências, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Machado-Vieira R, Lara DR, Souza DO, Kapczinski F. Purinergic dysfunction in mania: an integrative model. Med Hypotheses 2002; 58:297-304. [PMID: 12027524 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.2001.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic system, which includes the anticonvulsant and antikindling neuromodulator adenosine and the neurotransmitter ATP, modulates second messenger systems, neurotransmitters, energy metabolism and different behaviors, such as sleep, motor activity, cognition, memory, aggressive behavior and social interaction. At the same time, mania is characterized by similar behavioral changes and a molecular basis to explain the pathological activation observed during manic episodes has been also associated with second messenger systems dysfunction and kindling. This hypothesis put forward an integrative model of neuronal communication, associating a reduced adenosinergic activity, mostly at A1 receptors, with the complex network of changes on neurotransmitters pathways related to manic behavior.
Collapse
|
23
|
Machado-Vieira R, Lara DR, Souza DO, Kapczinski F. Therapeutic efficacy of allopurinol in mania associated with hyperuricemia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21:621-2. [PMID: 11763015 DOI: 10.1097/00004714-200112000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
24
|
Lara DR, Brunstein MG, Ghisolfi ES, Lobato MI, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Souza DO. Allopurinol augmentation for poorly responsive schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16:235-7. [PMID: 11459338 DOI: 10.1097/00004850-200107000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine has been proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizoprenia and as a target for therapeutic intervention. In the lack of direct adenosine agonists, allopurinol may indirectly elevate adenosine levels by inhibiting degradation of purines. We report two cases of poorly responsive schizophrenic patients who improved considerably with add-on allopurinol 300 mg/day. Their clear clinical improvement warrant further investigation of allopurinol, as well as other purinergic strategies, for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Lara
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|