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Rogdaki M, Devroye C, Ciampoli M, Veronese M, Ashok AH, McCutcheon RA, Jauhar S, Bonoldi I, Gudbrandsen M, Daly E, van Amelsvoort T, Van Den Bree M, Owen MJ, Turkheimer F, Papaleo F, Howes OD. Striatal dopaminergic alterations in individuals with copy number variants at the 22q11.2 genetic locus and their implications for psychosis risk: a [18F]-DOPA PET study. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1995-2006. [PMID: 33981004 PMCID: PMC10575769 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic dysregulation is one of the leading hypotheses for the pathoetiology underlying psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Molecular imaging studies have shown increased striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (DSC) in schizophrenia and people in the prodrome of psychosis. However, it is unclear if genetic risk for psychosis is associated with altered DSC. To investigate this, we recruited healthy controls and two antipsychotic naive groups of individuals with copy number variants, one with a genetic deletion at chromosome 22q11.2, and the other with a duplication at the same locus, who are at increased and decreased risk for psychosis, respectively. Fifty-nine individuals (21 with 22q11.2 deletion, 12 with the reciprocal duplication and 26 healthy controls) received clinical measures and [18F]-DOPA PET imaging to index striatal Kicer. There was an inverse linear effect of copy number variant number on striatal Kicer value (B = -1.2 × 10-3, SE = 2 × 10-4, p < 0.001), with controls showing levels intermediate between the two variant groups. Striatal Kicer was significantly higher in the 22q11.2 deletion group compared to the healthy control (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.44) and 22q11.2 duplication (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 2) groups. Moreover, Kicer was positively correlated with the severity of psychosis-risk symptoms (B = 730.5, SE = 310.2, p < 0.05) and increased over time in the subject who went on to develop psychosis, but was not associated with anxiety or depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that genetic risk for psychosis is associated with dopaminergic dysfunction and identify dopamine synthesis as a potential target for treatment or prevention of psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rogdaki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - Céline Devroye
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Mariasole Ciampoli
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Centre for Neuroimaging Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Abhishekh H Ashok
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sameer Jauhar
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ilaria Bonoldi
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Eileen Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Van Den Bree
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Centre for Neuroimaging Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
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van Hooijdonk CF, Drukker M, van de Giessen E, Booij J, Selten JP, van Amelsvoort TA. Dopaminergic alterations in populations at increased risk for psychosis: a systematic review of imaging findings. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 213:102265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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van Duin EDA, Ceccarini J, Booij J, Kasanova Z, Vingerhoets C, van Huijstee J, Heinzel A, Mohammadkhani-Shali S, Winz O, Mottaghy F, Myin-Germeys I, van Amelsvoort T. Lower [ 18F]fallypride binding to dopamine D 2/3 receptors in frontal brain areas in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a positron emission tomography study. Psychol Med 2020; 50:799-807. [PMID: 30935427 PMCID: PMC7168654 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171900062x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is caused by a deletion on chromosome 22 locus q11.2. This copy number variant results in haplo-insufficiency of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, and is associated with a significant increase in the risk for developing cognitive impairments and psychosis. The COMT gene encodes an enzyme that primarily modulates clearance of dopamine (DA) from the synaptic cleft, especially in the prefrontal cortical areas. Consequently, extracellular DA levels may be increased in prefrontal brain areas in 22q11DS, which may underlie the well-documented susceptibility for cognitive impairments and psychosis in affected individuals. This study aims to examine DA D2/3 receptor binding in frontal brain regions in adults with 22q11DS, as a proxy of frontal DA levels. METHODS The study was performed in 14 non-psychotic, relatively high functioning adults with 22q11DS and 16 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs), who underwent DA D2/3 receptor [18F]fallypride PET imaging. Frontal binding potential (BPND) was used as the main outcome measure. RESULTS BPND was significantly lower in adults with 22q11DS compared with HCs in the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus. After Bonferroni correction significance remained for the anterior cingulate gyrus. There were no between-group differences in BPND in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate lower frontal D2/3 receptor binding in adults with 22q11DS. It suggests that a 22q11.2 deletion affects frontal dopaminergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther D. A. van Duin
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Ceccarini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Division of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Booij
- Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zuzana Kasanova
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven – Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jytte van Huijstee
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Heinzel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Winz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherland
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven – Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Zinkstok JR, Boot E, Bassett AS, Hiroi N, Butcher NJ, Vingerhoets C, Vorstman JAS, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. Neurobiological perspective of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Lancet Psychiatry 2019; 6:951-960. [PMID: 31395526 PMCID: PMC7008533 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is characterised by a well defined microdeletion that is associated with a high risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, including intellectual disability, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, seizures and epilepsy, and early-onset Parkinson's disease. Preclinical and clinical data reveal substantial variability of the neuropsychiatric phenotype despite the shared underlying deletion in this genetic model. Factors that might explain this variability include genetic background effects, additional rare pathogenic variants, and potential regulatory functions of some genes in the 22q11.2 deletion region. These factors might also be relevant to the pathophysiology of these neuropsychiatric disorders in the general population. We review studies that might provide insight into pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the expression of neuropsychiatric disorders in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and potential implications for these common disorders in the general (non-deleted) population. The recurrent hemizygous 22q11.2 deletion, associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, has attracted attention as a genetic model for common neuropsychiatric disorders because of its association with substantially increased risk of such disorders.1 Studying such a model has many advantages. First, 22q11.2 deletion has been genetically well characterised.2 Second, most genes present in the region typically deleted at the 22q11.2 locus are expressed in the brain.3-5 Third, genetic diagnosis might be made early in life, long before recognisable neuropsychiatric disorders have emerged. Thus, this genetic condition offers a unique opportunity for early intervention, and monitoring individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome throughout life could provide important information on factors contributing to disease risk and protection. Despite the commonly deleted region being shared by about 90% of individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, neuropsychiatric outcomes are highly variable between individuals and across the lifespan. A clear link remains to be established between genotype and phenotype.3,5 In this Review, we summarise preclinical and clinical studies investigating biological mechanisms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, with a focus on those that might provide insight into mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke R Zinkstok
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Erik Boot
- 's Heeren Loo Zorggroep, Amersfoort, Netherlands; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne S Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Cardiology & Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nancy J Butcher
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Sick Children Research Institute, Genetics & Genome Biology Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Pitzianti M, Pontillo M, Vicari S, Armando M, Pasini A. 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and ultra-high risk for psychosis: The role of neurological soft signs as an independent marker of vulnerability for psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2019; 13:1191-1198. [PMID: 30478947 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM 22q11 microdeletion syndrome has an increased risk for psychosis, similar to subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Neurological soft signs are considered an endophenotype of psychotic disorders and a marker of vulnerability to Schizophrenia, consisting of overflow movements, dysrhythmia and speed of timed activities. To date, there are no studies that have evaluated the presence of the neurological soft signs in subjects with 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and there are a few studies that have analysed this issue in subjects at ultra-high risk. METHODS We sought to measure neurological soft signs in these two conditions, compared to healthy controls and to analyse the possible correlation between neurological soft signs and positive/negative symptoms both in 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and ultra-high-risk groups. 54 drug-naive patients (29 with 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and 25 at ultra-high risk for psychosis) and 25 healthy controls were evaluated for neurological soft signs. RESULTS Both clinical groups showed a greater number of neurological soft signs compared to healthy control, although the two clinical groups did not differ for the number of neurological soft signs. Positive correlation between speed of timed activities and negative symptoms was found in subjects at ultra-high risk. CONCLUSION Neurological soft signs could represent a marker of atypical neurodevelopment in the two populations examined. Since we did not found a strong correlation between neurological soft signs and positive/negative symptoms, we suggest that neurological soft signs could be indicators of vulnerability to psychosis independent from the psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariabernarda Pitzianti
- Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of neuroscience, USL Umbria 2, Terni, Italy
| | - Maria Pontillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Armando
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Pasini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of neuroscience, USL Umbria 2, Terni, Italy
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van Duin EDA, Kasanova Z, Hernaus D, Ceccarini J, Heinzel A, Mottaghy F, Mohammadkhani-Shali S, Winz O, Frank M, Beck MCH, Booij J, Myin-Germeys I, van Amelsvoort T. Striatal dopamine release and impaired reinforcement learning in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:732-742. [PMID: 29703646 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22q11.2 and associated with an increased risk for developing psychosis. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene is located in the deleted region and involved in dopamine (DA) breakdown. Impaired reinforcement learning (RL) is a recurrent feature in psychosis and thought to be related to abnormal striatal DA function. This study aims to examine RL and the potential association with striatal DA-ergic neuromodulation in 22q11DS. Twelve non-psychotic adults with 22q11DS and 16 healthy controls (HC) were included. A dopamine D2/3 receptor [18F]fallypride positron emission tomography (PET) scan was acquired while participants performed a modified version of the probabilistic stimulus selection task. RL-task performance was significantly worse in 22q11DS compared to HC. There were no group difference in striatal nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) and task-induced DA release. In HC, striatal task-induced DA release was positively associated with task performance, but no such relation was found in 22q11DS subjects. Moreover, higher caudate nucleus task-induced DA release was found in COMT Met hemizygotes relative to Val hemizygotes. This study is the first to show impairments in RL in 22q11DS. It suggests that potentially motivational impairments are not only present in psychosis, but also in this genetic high risk group. These deficits may be underlain by abnormal striatal task-induced DA release, perhaps as a consequence of COMT haplo-insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther D A van Duin
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Zuzana Kasanova
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven - Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dennis Hernaus
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, MD, USA
| | - Jenny Ceccarini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Division of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander Heinzel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Felix Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Oliver Winz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Michael Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Merrit C H Beck
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven - Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Vingerhoets C, Bloemen OJN, Boot E, Bakker G, de Koning MB, da Silva Alves F, Booij J, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. Dopamine in high-risk populations: A comparison of subjects with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and subjects at ultra high-risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 272:65-70. [PMID: 29174435 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Striatal dopamine (DA) dysfunction has been consistently reported in psychotic disorders. Differences and similarities in the pathogenesis between populations at clinical and genetic risk for developing psychosis are yet to be established. Here we explored markers of dopamine (DA) function in subjects meeting clinically ultra-high risk criteria for psychosis (UHR) and in subjects with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a genetic condition associated with significant risk for developing psychotic disorders. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with 123I-labelled iodobenzamide ([123I]IBZM) was used to measure striatal DA D2/3 receptor binding potential (D2R BPND). Also, peripheral DAergic markers were assessed in serum and urine (plasma prolactin (pPRL), plasma homovanillic acid (pHVA) and urine DA(uDA)). No significant difference in striatal D2R BPND was found between UHR and 22q11DS subjects. Compared to UHR subjects, pPRL and pHVA were lower and uDA levels were higher in the 22q11DS subjects. However, after correcting for age and gender, only pPRL as significantly lower in the 22q11DS patients. These results may suggest that there are differences in DAergic markers between subjects with UHR and with 22q11DS that may reflect differences in the pathways to psychosis. However, bigger samples are needed to replicate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vingerhoets
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Oswald J N Bloemen
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; GGZ Centraal, Center for Mental Health Care Innova, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boot
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geor Bakker
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariken B de Koning
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Booij
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Boot E, Hollak CEM, Huijbregts SCJ, Jahja R, van Vliet D, Nederveen AJ, Nieman DH, Bosch AM, Bour LJ, Bakermans AJ, Abeling NGGM, Bassett AS, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, van Spronsen FJ, Booij J. Cerebral dopamine deficiency, plasma monoamine alterations and neurocognitive deficits in adults with phenylketonuria. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2854-2865. [PMID: 28552082 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic metabolic disorder that is characterized by the inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, leads to severe intellectual disability and other cerebral complications if left untreated. Dietary treatment, initiated soon after birth, prevents most brain-related complications. A leading hypothesis postulates that a shortage of brain monoamines may be associated with neurocognitive deficits that are observable even in early-treated PKU. However, there is a paucity of evidence as yet for this hypothesis. METHODS We therefore assessed in vivo striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor (D2/3R) availability and plasma monoamine metabolite levels together with measures of impulsivity and executive functioning in 18 adults with PKU and average intellect (31.2 ± 7.4 years, nine females), most of whom were early and continuously treated. Comparison data from 12 healthy controls that did not differ in gender and age were available. RESULTS Mean D2/3R availability was significantly higher (13%; p = 0.032) in the PKU group (n = 15) than in the controls, which may reflect reduced synaptic brain dopamine levels in PKU. The PKU group had lower plasma levels of homovanillic acid (p < 0.001) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (p < 0.0001), the predominant metabolites of dopamine and norepinephrine, respectively. Self-reported impulsivity levels were significantly higher in the PKU group compared with healthy controls (p = 0.033). Within the PKU group, D2/3R availability showed a positive correlation with both impulsivity (r = 0.72, p = 0.003) and the error rate during a cognitive flexibility task (r = 0.59, p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide further support for the hypothesis that executive functioning deficits in treated adult PKU may be associated with cerebral dopamine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Boot
- Department of Nuclear Medicine,Academic Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - C E M Hollak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine,Academic Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - S C J Huijbregts
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies & Leiden,Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University,Leiden,The Netherlands
| | - R Jahja
- Division of Metabolic Diseases,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital,Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - D van Vliet
- Division of Metabolic Diseases,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital,Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - A J Nederveen
- Department of Radiology,Academic Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - D H Nieman
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - A M Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - L J Bour
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology,Academic Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - A J Bakermans
- Department of Radiology,Academic Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - N G G M Abeling
- Laboratory for Genetic Metabolic Diseases,Academic Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - A S Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, andCenter for Mental Health, University Health Network,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - T A M J van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,Maastricht University,Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - F J van Spronsen
- Division of Metabolic Diseases,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital,Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - J Booij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine,Academic Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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9
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Butcher NJ, Marras C, Pondal M, Rusjan P, Boot E, Christopher L, Repetto GM, Fritsch R, Chow EWC, Masellis M, Strafella AP, Lang AE, Bassett AS. Neuroimaging and clinical features in adults with a 22q11.2 deletion at risk of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2017; 140:1371-1383. [PMID: 28369257 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrent 22q11.2 deletion is a genetic risk factor for early-onset Parkinson's disease. Adults with the associated 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) may exhibit phenotypes that could help identify those at highest risk and reveal disease trajectories. We investigated clinical and neuroimaging features relevant to Parkinson's disease in 26 adults: 13 with 22q11.2DS at genetic risk of Parkinson's disease (mean age = 41.5 years, standard deviation = 9.7), 12 healthy age and sex-matched controls, and a 22q11.2DS patient with l-DOPA-responsive early-onset Parkinson's disease. Neuroimaging included transcranial sonography and positron emission tomography using 11C-dihydrotetrabenazine (11C-DTBZ), a radioligand that binds to the presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter. The 22q11.2DS group without Parkinson's disease demonstrated significant motor and olfactory deficits relative to controls. Eight (61.5%) were clinically classified with parkinsonism. Transcranial sonography showed a significantly larger mean area of substantia nigra echogenicity in the 22q11.2DS risk group compared with controls (P = 0.03). The 22q11.2DS patient with Parkinson's disease showed the expected pattern of severely reduced striatal 11C-DTBZ binding. The 22q11.2DS group without Parkinson's disease however showed significantly elevated striatal 11C-DTBZ binding relative to controls (∼33%; P < 0.01). Results were similar within the 22q11.2DS group for those with (n = 7) and without (n = 6) psychotic illness. These findings suggest that manifestations of parkinsonism and/or evolution to Parkinson's disease in this genetic at-risk population may include a hyperdopaminergic mechanism. Adequately powered longitudinal studies and animal models are needed to evaluate the relevance of the observed clinical and imaging phenotypes to Parkinson's disease and other disorders that are more prevalent in 22q11.2DS, such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Marras
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margarita Pondal
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik Boot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leigh Christopher
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Hospital Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosemarie Fritsch
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Clínica Psiquiátrica Recoleta, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Hospital Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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de Kwaasteniet BP, Pinto C, Ruhé EHG, van Wingen GA, Booij J, Denys D. Striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in treatment resistant depression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113612. [PMID: 25411966 PMCID: PMC4239080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated improvement of depressive symptoms in treatment resistant depression (TRD) after administering dopamine agonists which suggest abnormal dopaminergic neurotransmission in TRD. However, the role of dopaminergic signaling through measurement of striatal dopamine D(2/3) receptor (D2/3R) binding has not been investigated in TRD subjects. We used [(123)I]IBZM single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to investigate striatal D2/3R binding in TRD. We included 6 severe TRD patients, 11 severe TRD patients on antipsychotics (TRD AP group) and 15 matched healthy controls. Results showed no significant difference (p = 0.75) in striatal D2/3R availability was found between TRD patients and healthy controls. In the TRD AP group D2/3R availability was significantly decreased (reflecting occupancy of D2/3Rs by antipsychotics) relative to TRD patients and healthy controls (p<0.001) but there were no differences in clinical symptoms between TRD AP and TRD patients. This preliminary study therefore does not provide evidence for large differences in D2/3 availability in severe TRD patients and suggests this TRD subgroup is not characterized by altered dopaminergic transmission. Atypical antipsychotics appear to have no clinical benefit in severe TRD patients who remain depressed, despite their strong occupancy of D2/3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart P. de Kwaasteniet
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chedwa Pinto
- Department of Psychiatry, MC groep, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Eric H. G. Ruhé
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guido A. van Wingen
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- The Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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van de Giessen E, Celik F, Schweitzer DH, van den Brink W, Booij J. Dopamine D2/3 receptor availability and amphetamine-induced dopamine release in obesity. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:866-73. [PMID: 24785761 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114531664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neurotransmitter dopamine is important in the regulation of food intake. It is hypothesised that obese people experience less reward from food due to lower striatal dopamine release, which consequently leads to overeating. This study is the first to assess whether obese subjects have blunted striatal dopamine release. METHOD We measured striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor (DRD2/3) availability and amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release in 15 obese and 15 age-matched, normal-weight women using [(123)I]iodobenzamide single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. In addition, correlations with food craving were examined. RESULTS Baseline striatal DRD2/3 availability was lower in obese subjects (0.91 ± 0.16) compared to controls (1.09 ± 0.16; p = 0.006). Amphetamine-induced dopamine release was significant in controls (7.5% ± 9.2; p = 0.007) and not in obese subjects (1.2% ± 17.7; p = 0.802), although the difference in release between groups (d=0.45) was not significant. Dopamine release positively correlated with the trait food craving in obese subjects. CONCLUSION This study replicates previous findings of lower striatal DRD2/3 availability in obesity and provides preliminary data that obesity is associated with blunted dopamine release. The positive correlation between dopamine release and food craving in obesity may seem contradictory with the latter finding but is presumably related to heterogeneity within the obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsmarieke van de Giessen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Funda Celik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dave H Schweitzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reinier de Graaf Group of Hospitals, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jonas RK, Montojo CA, Bearden CE. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome as a window into complex neuropsychiatric disorders over the lifespan. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:351-60. [PMID: 23992925 PMCID: PMC3875621 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is rapidly accumulating that rare, recurrent copy number variants represent large effect risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) (velocardiofacial syndrome or DiGeorge syndrome) is the most common known contiguous gene deletion syndrome and is associated with diverse neuropsychiatric disorders across the life span. One of the most intriguing aspects of the syndrome is the variability in clinical and cognitive presentation: children with 22q11DS have high prevalence of autism spectrum, attention deficit, and anxiety disorders, as well as psychotic-like features, and up to 30% of adolescents and adults develop schizophrenia-like psychosis. Recently, cases of early-onset Parkinson's disease in adults have been reported, collectively suggesting a role for disrupted dopaminergic neurotransmission in the observed neuropsychiatric phenotypes. There is also some evidence that 22q11DS-associated autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia represent two unrelated phenotypic manifestations, consistent with a neuropsychiatric pleiotropy model. This genetic lesion thus provides a unique model for the discovery of specific genomic risk and (potentially) protective factors for neuropsychiatric disease. Here, we provide an overview of neuropsychiatric findings to date, which highlight the value of this syndrome in mapping the developmental trajectory of dimensional phenotypes that traverse multiple diagnostic categories. Potential sources of genetic variability that may contribute to the disorder's heterogeneous presentation are reviewed. Because of its known genetic etiology, animal models can readily be developed that recapitulate specific aspects of the syndrome. Future research directions involve translational models and potential for drug screenable targets in the context of this human model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Jonas
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Caroline A Montojo
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Schreiner MJ, Lazaro MT, Jalbrzikowski M, Bearden CE. Converging levels of analysis on a genomic hotspot for psychosis: insights from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:157-73. [PMID: 23098994 PMCID: PMC3677073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder that, despite extensive research, still poses a considerable challenge to attempts to unravel its heterogeneity, and the complex biochemical mechanisms by which it arises. While the majority of cases are of unknown etiology, accumulating evidence suggests that rare genetic mutations, such as 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22qDS), can play a significant role in predisposition to the illness. Up to 25% of individuals with 22qDS eventually develop schizophrenia; conversely, this deletion is estimated to account for 1-2% of schizophrenia cases overall. This locus of Chromosome 22q11.2 contains genes that encode for proteins and enzymes involved in regulating neurotransmission, neuronal development, myelination, microRNA processing, and post-translational protein modifications. As a consequence of the deletion, affected individuals exhibit cognitive dysfunction, structural and functional brain abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental anomalies that parallel many of the phenotypic characteristics of schizophrenia. As an illustration of the value of rare, highly penetrant genetic subtypes for elucidating pathological mechanisms of complex neuropsychiatric disorders, we provide here an overview of the cellular, network, and systems-level anomalies found in 22qDS, and review the intriguing evidence for this disorder's association with schizophrenia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Schreiner
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Maria T. Lazaro
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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de Koning MB, Boot E, Bloemen OJN, van Duin EDA, Abel KM, de Haan L, Linszen DH, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. Startle reactivity and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response are modulated by catechol-O-methyl-transferase Val(158) Met polymorphism in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1548-60. [PMID: 22952320 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112456610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22, which includes the gene coding for catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT). High dopamine (DA) levels due to COMT haplo-insufficiency may be associated with the increased risk of developing schizophrenia in adults with 22q11DS. Reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response has been associated with schizophrenia and with disrupted DAergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism has been shown to influence PPI. We report the first study in adults with 22q11DS to examine PPI of the acoustic startle response and its modulation by COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism. Startle reactivity (SR) and PPI of the acoustic startle response were measured in 23 adults with 22q11DS and 21 healthy controls. 22q11DS subjects were genotyped for the functional COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism. 22q11DS Met hemizygotes showed reduced SR and PPI compared with 22q11DS Val hemizygotes. The effect of COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism on PPI was no longer significant when controlling for baseline SR. Met hemizygosity in 22q11DS is associated with reduced SR and influences PPI indirectly. Decreased PFC functioning following excessive PFC DA levels may be one of the mechanisms by which the Met genotype in 22q11DS disrupts SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariken B de Koning
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
The results of imaging studies have played an important role in the formulation of hypotheses regarding the etiology of psychosis and schizophrenia, as well as in our understanding of the mechanisms of action of antipsychotics. Since this volume is primarily directed to molecular aspects of psychosis and antipsychotics, only the results of molecular imaging techniques addressing these topics will be discussed here.One of the most consistent findings of molecular imaging studies in schizophrenia is an increased uptake of DOPA in the striatum, which may be interpreted as an increased synthesis of L-DOPA. Also, several studies reported an increased release of dopamine induced by amphetamine in schizophrenia patients. These findings played an important role in reformulating the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. To study the roles of the neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in schizophrenia, SPECT as well as MR spectroscopy have been used. The results of preliminary SPECT studies are consistent with the hypothesis of NMDA receptor dysfunction in schizophrenia. Regarding the GABA deficit hypothesis of schizophrenia, imaging results are inconsistent. No changes in serotonin transporters were demonstrated in imaging studies in schizophrenia, but studies of several serotonin receptors showed conflicting results. The lack of selective radiotracers for muscarinic receptors may have hampered examination of this system in schizophrenia as well as its role in the induction of side effects of antipsychotics. Interestingly, preliminary molecular imaging studies on the cannabinoid-1 receptor and on neuroinflammatory processes in schizophrenia have recently been published. Finally, a substantial number of PET/SPECT studies have examined the occupancy of receptors by antipsychotics and an increasing number of studies is now focusing on the effects of these drugs using techniques like spectroscopy and pharmacological MRI.
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de Weijer BA, van de Giessen E, van Amelsvoort TA, Boot E, Braak B, Janssen IM, van de Laar A, Fliers E, Serlie MJ, Booij J. Lower striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in obese compared with non-obese subjects. EJNMMI Res 2011; 1:37. [PMID: 22214469 PMCID: PMC3265412 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-1-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a result of a relative excess in energy intake over energy expenditure. These processes are controlled by genetic, environmental, psychological and biological factors. One of the factors involved in the regulation of food intake and satiety is dopaminergic signalling. A small number of studies have reported that striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor [D2/3R] availability is lower in morbidly obese subjects. METHODS To confirm the role of D2/3R in obesity, we measured striatal D2/3R availability, using [123I]IBZM SPECT, in 15 obese women and 15 non-obese controls. RESULTS Striatal D2/3R availability was 23% (p = 0.028) lower in obese compared with non-obese women. CONCLUSION This study is an independent replication of the finding that severely obese subjects have lower striatal D2/3R availability. Our findings invigorate the evidence for lower striatal D2/3R availability in obesity and confirm the role of the striatal dopaminergic reward system in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A de Weijer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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Boot E, Booij J, Zinkstok JR, Baas F, Swillen A, Owen MJ, Murphy DG, Murphy KC, Linszen DH, Van Amelsvoort TA. COMT Val158met genotype and striatal D2/3 receptor binding in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Synapse 2011; 65:967-70. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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