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Zhou C, Nutt DJ, Davies SJC. Visualizing classification of drugs used in psychotic disorders: A 'subway map' representing mechanisms, established classes and informal categories. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1007-1015. [PMID: 36045588 PMCID: PMC9516596 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221115758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Drugs used to treat psychotic disorders ('antipsychotics') have been widely used in psychiatry since the introduction of chlorpromazine in the mid-1950s. The categorization of these drugs evolved in a piecemeal way, relying initially on grouping by chemical structure (e.g. phenothiazines, butyrophenones), then by epoch of introduction (e.g. first generation ('conventional') vs second generation ('atypical')). As psychopharmacological expertise has advanced, it has become possible to quantify affinities for each drug in this class for relevant receptors including dopamine D2, 5HT2A, 5HT2C, histamine H1 and others. However, until the recent emergence of a new generation of agents known collectively as dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists (e.g. aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine), there had been little reference in drug classification to specific pharmacological properties. An overview of data on receptor affinities across multiple drugs and receptor types would permit categorization according to binding affinities and putative pharmacological mechanisms. In this paper, we have attempted to construct a 'subway map' of 32 drugs used for treatment of psychotic disorders. This design allows a visualization of both the historical classifications by structure and epoch of introduction, and of the binding affinities for key receptors based on appraisal of scientific literature. The map represents a step towards categorization by mechanism, allowing prescribers and patients to understand which drugs share common biological features and the extent to which drugs may have similarities and differences in their mechanisms. In addition, this approach may encourage more logical groupings of drugs to be used in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Zhou
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for
Addiction and Mental Health/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Vancouver
Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - David J Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of
Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon JC Davies
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for
Addiction and Mental Health/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Simon JC Davies, Geriatric Psychiatry Division,
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health/University of Toronto, 1001 Queen Street West,
Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada.
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2
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Creatine and taurine mixtures alleviate depressive-like behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster and mice via regulating Akt and ERK/BDNF pathways. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11370. [PMID: 32647316 PMCID: PMC7347602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antidepressant effect of creatine (CRE) and taurine (TAU) mixtures on behavioural changes and biomarkers in stress-induced depression in Drosophila melanogaster and a mouse model. Following CRE/TAU mixture administration in the Drosophila model, depression-like state induced by vibration, locomotion, climbing activity, and survival rate were measured. The normal stress (NS) group demonstrated decreased movement than the control (CON) group; movements in the CRE/TAU-treated group (particularly 0.15/0.5%) returned to the CON levels. Antidepressant effects of CRE/TAU mixtures were confirmed in a depressive mouse model induced by chronic mild stress. In behavioural assessments, movement and sucrose preference of the CRE/TAU group increased to a similar level as in the positive control group; hippocampal catecholamine and serotonin levels increased significantly. Stress-related hormones (adrenocorticotropic and corticotropin-releasing hormones) and inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) increased in the NS group but significantly decreased in the CRE/TAU-treated group. Brain signalling protein expression ratio of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt)/Akt, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK)/ERK, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) significantly increased in the CRE/TAU-treated group. These results indicate that CRE/TAU-induced antidepressant effects are associated with increased behavioural patterns and downregulation of stress hormones and cytokines, mediated through Akt and ERK/BDNF pathways in vertebrate models.
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Fornaro M, Anastasia A, Valchera A, Carano A, Orsolini L, Vellante F, Rapini G, Olivieri L, Di Natale S, Perna G, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, De Berardis D. The FDA "Black Box" Warning on Antidepressant Suicide Risk in Young Adults: More Harm Than Benefits? Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:294. [PMID: 31130881 PMCID: PMC6510161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision made in the year 2004 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to require a boxed warning on antidepressants regarding the risk of suicidality in young adults still represents a matter of controversy. The FDA warning was grounded on industry-sponsored trials carried one decade ago or earlier. However, within the past decade, an increasing number of reports have questioned the actual validity of the FDA warning, especially considering a decline in the prescription of the antidepressant drugs associated with an increase in the rate of suicidal events among people with severe depression. The present report provides an overview of the FDA black box warning, also documenting two Major Depressive Disorder patients whose refusal to undergo a pharmacological antidepressant treatment possibly led to an increased risk for suicidal behaviors. The concerns raised by the FDA black box warning need to be considered in real-world clinical practice, stating the associated clinical and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaro
- Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostolmatology, Section of Psychiatry, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Polyedra Research Group, Teramo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Anastasia
- Polyedra Research Group, Teramo, Italy.,Alma Mater S.P.A. Villa Camaldoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Valchera
- Alma Mater S.P.A. Villa Camaldoli, Naples, Italy.,Villa S. Giuseppe Hospital, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carano
- Polyedra Research Group, Teramo, Italy.,NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Laura Orsolini
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Vellante
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Rapini
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Luigi Olivieri
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Natale
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Perna
- Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Menni, Como, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostolmatology, Section of Psychiatry, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Polyedra Research Group, Teramo, Italy.,NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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4
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Blier P, Oquendo MA, Kupfer DJ. Progress on the Neuroscience-Based Nomenclature (NbN) for Psychotropic Medications. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1927-1928. [PMID: 28181516 PMCID: PMC5561343 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Blier
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Mood Disorders Research Unit, The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada, Tel: +1 613 722 6521, Fax: +1 613 761 3610, E-mail:
| | | | - David J Kupfer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kundu M, Roy MN. Preparation, interaction and spectroscopic characterization of inclusion complex of a cyclic oligosaccharide with an antidepressant drug. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-017-0745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Hjorth S. Looking back (and in)to the future: A personal reflection on 'Serotonin autoreceptor function and antidepressant drug action' (Hjorth et al., 2000). J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:1129-1136. [PMID: 27166363 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116647621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our article in this journal some 15 years ago focussed on the role of serotonin (5-HT) autoreceptors in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Specifically in this regard, the results were summarised of rat microdialysis studies carried out to examine: (a) the relative importance of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B autoreceptors, including (b) possible regional variation, and (c) potential changes in autoreceptor responsiveness following chronic selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor administration. In the present reflection piece, I recap some of the key findings against a brief background and provide an account of their bearing within the context of subsequent endeavours in the antidepressant drug research and development field. I conclude by shortly commenting on selected topics relevant to novel, interesting advances and avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hjorth
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Frazer); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (Dr Blier)
| | - Pierre Blier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Frazer); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (Dr Blier)
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pierre Blier
- Department of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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11
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Sanchez C, Asin KE, Artigas F. Vortioxetine, a novel antidepressant with multimodal activity: Review of preclinical and clinical data. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 145:43-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Michl J, Scharinger C, Zauner M, Kasper S, Freissmuth M, Sitte HH, Ecker GF, Pezawas L. A multivariate approach linking reported side effects of clinical antidepressant and antipsychotic trials to in vitro binding affinities. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1463-74. [PMID: 25044049 PMCID: PMC4502613 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of approved antidepressants and antipsychotics exhibit a complex pharmacology. The mechanistic understanding of how these psychotropic medications are related to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is crucial for the development of novel drug candidates and patient adherence. This study aims to associate in vitro assessed binding affinity profiles (39 compounds, 24 molecular drug targets) and ADRs (n=22) reported in clinical trials of antidepressants and antipsychotics (n>59.000 patients) by the use of robust multivariate statistics. Orthogonal projection to latent structures (O-PLS) regression models with reasonable predictability were found for several frequent ADRs such as nausea, diarrhea, hypotension, dizziness, headache, insomnia, sedation, sleepiness, increased sweating, and weight gain. Results of the present study support many well-known pharmacological principles such as the association of hypotension and dizziness with α1-receptor or sedation with H1-receptor antagonism. Moreover, the analyses revealed novel or hardly investigated mechanisms for common ADRs including the potential involvement of 5-HT6-antagonism in weight gain, muscarinic receptor antagonism in dizziness, or 5-HT7-antagonism in sedation. To summarize, the presented study underlines the feasibility and value of a multivariate data mining approach in psychopharmacological development of antidepressants and antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Michl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Scharinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Zauner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Harald H Sitte
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lukas Pezawas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Monoamine-based treatments for depression have evolved greatly over the past several years, but shortcomings such as suboptimal efficacy, treatment lag, and residual cognitive dysfunction are still significant. Preclinical and clinical studies using compounds directly targeting glutamatergic neurotransmission present new opportunities for antidepressant treatment, with ketamine having a surprisingly rapid and sustained antidepressant effect that is presumably mediated through glutamate-dependent mechanisms. While direct modulation of glutamate transmission for antidepressant and cognition-enhancing actions may be hampered by nonspecific effects, indirect modulation through the serotonin (5-HT) system may be a viable alternative approach. Based on localization and function, 5-HT can modulate glutamate neurotransmission at least through the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors, which presents a rational pharmacological opportunity for modulating glutamatergic transmission without the direct use of glutamatergic compounds. Combining one or more of these glutamate-modulating 5-HT targets with 5-HT transporter inhibition may offer new therapeutic opportunities. The multimodal compounds vortioxetine and vilazodone are examples of this approach with diverse mechanisms, and their different clinical effects will provide valuable insights into serotonergic modulation of glutamate transmission for the potential treatment of depression and associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Abstract
Effective treatment with antidepressants is currently limited by factors that affect treatment compliance, including delay in onset of therapeutic effects and intolerable side-effects. Recent data suggest that use of antidepressant combinations with different mechanisms of action may be a better first-line strategy prior to augmentation with other drug classes. The rationale for this approach is that combining multiple pharmacological actions affecting multiple monoamine targets produces greater efficacy. Several new multi-modal compounds are in development and early results for the most advanced agents indicate shorter onset of therapeutic effects and improved tolerability. By modulating multiple receptors and transmitter systems, it is hoped that these new agents may also treat some of the associated symptoms of major depressive disorder, such as anxiety and cognitive dysfunction.
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Lu AA21004, a novel multimodal antidepressant, produces regionally selective increases of multiple neurotransmitters--a rat microdialysis and electrophysiology study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:133-45. [PMID: 22612991 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The monoaminergic network, including serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) pathways, is highly interconnected and has a well-established role in mood disorders. Preclinical research suggests that 5-HT receptor subtypes, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors as well as the 5-HT transporter (SERT), may have important roles in treating depression. This study evaluated the neuropharmacological profile of Lu AA21004, a novel multimodal antidepressant combining 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonism, 5-HT1B receptor partial agonism, 5-HT1A receptor agonism, and SERT inhibition in recombinant cell lines. Extracellular 5-HT, NE and DA levels were evaluated in the ventral hippocampus (vHC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) after acute and subchronic treatment with Lu AA21004 or escitalopram. The acute effects of LuAA21004 on NE and DA neuronal firing were also evaluated in the locus coeruleus (LC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), respectively. Acute Lu AA21004 dose-dependently increased 5-HT in the vHC, mPFC and NAc. Maximal 5-HT levels in the vHC were higher than those in the mPFC. Furthermore, mPFC 5-HT levels were increased at low SERT occupancy levels. In the vHC and mPFC, but not the NAc, high Lu AA21004 doses increased NE and DA levels. Lu AA21004 slightly decreased LC NE neuronal firing and had no effect on VTA DA firing. Results are discussed in context of occupancy at 5-HT3, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1A receptors and SERT. In conclusion, Lu AA21004, acting via two pharmacological modalities, 5-HT receptor modulation and SERT inhibition, results in a brain region-dependent increase of multiple neurotransmitter concentrations.
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Abstract
Antidepressants were first developed serendipitously 60 years ago and gave rise to the monoamine hypothesis of depression and antidepressant action which has persisted in various forms ever since. Although we have made huge strides in our understanding of the pharmacology of antidepressants, and in the neuroscience of depression, our current antidepressants have changed little since the original drugs. In this chapter I first review some controversies in the use of antidepressant drugs including whether they actually work, and then go on to describe the current state of our clinical use of antidepressants, looking both at the principles and practice of treatment and reviewing the evidence for efficacy, tolerability and safety in acute and sequenced treatments. I finally briefly consider future directions and the aspiration of developing more effective antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Anderson
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK.
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Baldwin DS, Hansen T, Florea I. Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in the long-term open-label treatment of major depressive disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2012; 28:1717-24. [PMID: 22978748 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2012.725035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the investigational drug vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in the long-term treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. METHODS Patients entered this 52-week, open-label extension study after completing an 8-week lead-in study. Safety and tolerability were evaluated at regular intervals on the basis of spontaneously reported adverse events (AEs), clinical safety laboratory tests, vital signs, ECG and physical examination. Effectiveness of treatment was assessed using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score. RESULTS A total of 535 patients were treated and 61.3% (n = 328) completed the study, resulting in 393 patient years of exposure to vortioxetine. AEs reported by ≥10% of patients were nausea, headache, and nasopharyngitis. Taken together, six patients had eight AEs related to sexual dysfunction. There were no clinically significant safety findings with respect to mean changes of vital signs, weight, ECG parameters, or clinical laboratory values. Patients entered the extension study with a mean MADRS total score of 13.5 ± 8.7. The mean MADRS total score decreased (improved) by approximately 8 points to 5.5 ± 6.0 at Week 52 (OC). By the end of the study, the proportion of responders had increased from 63% to 94% (OC), as had the proportion in remission (MADRS ≤10), increasing from 42% to 83% (OC). Patients in remission (n = 226) at the start of this study had a relapse rate (MADRS ≥22) of 9.7%. CONCLUSIONS As with all open-label studies, the conclusions that can be drawn are limited by the lack of a placebo control, making it difficult to assess causality of any changes in outcome measures. However, on the basis of these findings, vortioxetine (2.5, 5, 10 mg/day) demonstrated a favourable safety and tolerability profile and maintained effectiveness over 12 months of treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study has the ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00694304.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
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18
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JS01-01 - New classification of psychiatric medications: report of work in progress. Eur Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(12)74098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Bang-Andersen B, Ruhland T, Jørgensen M, Smith G, Frederiksen K, Jensen KG, Zhong H, Nielsen SM, Hogg S, Mørk A, Stensbøl TB. Discovery of 1-[2-(2,4-dimethylphenylsulfanyl)phenyl]piperazine (Lu AA21004): a novel multimodal compound for the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3206-21. [PMID: 21486038 DOI: 10.1021/jm101459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a novel series of compounds with combined effects on 5-HT(3A) and 5-HT(1A) receptors and on the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) are described. Compound 5m (Lu AA21004) was the lead compound, displaying high affinity for recombinant human 5-HT(1A) (K(i) = 15 nM), 5-HT(1B) (K(i) = 33 nM), 5-HT(3A) (K(i) = 3.7 nM), 5-HT(7) (K(i) = 19 nM), and noradrenergic β(1) (K(i) = 46 nM) receptors, and SERT (K(i) = 1.6 nM). Compound 5m displayed antagonistic properties at 5-HT(3A) and 5-HT(7) receptors, partial agonist properties at 5-HT(1B) receptors, agonistic properties at 5-HT(1A) receptors, and potent inhibition of SERT. In conscious rats, 5m significantly increased extracellular 5-HT levels in the brain after acute and 3 days of treatment. Following the 3-day treatment (5 or 10 (mg/kg)/day) SERT occupancies were only 43% and 57%, respectively. These characteristics indicate that 5m is a novel multimodal serotonergic compound, and 5m is currently in clinical development for major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Bang-Andersen
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S , 9 Ottiliavej, DK-2500 Copenhagen-Valby, Denmark.
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Chu YQ, Dai XH, Jiang D, Jiang GY, Fang X, Ding CF. Studies on the non-covalent interactions between cyclodextrins and aryl alkanol piperazine derivatives by mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2255-2261. [PMID: 20623479 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The non-covalent complexes of alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins (alpha-, beta-CDs) with two aryl alkanol piperazine derivatives (Pipe I and Pipe II) have been studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The ESI-MS experimental results demonstrated that Pipe I can conjugate to beta-CD and form 1:1 or 1:2 stoichiometric non-covalent complexes, and Pipe II can only form 1:1 complexes with alpha- or beta-CD. Fluorescence spectra indicated that the fluorescence intensities of Pipe I and Pipe II can be enhanced by increasing the content of beta-CD. The mass spectrometric titration experiments showed that the dissociation constants K(d1) were 5.77 and 9.52 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) for the complexes of alpha-CD with Pipe I and Pipe II, respectively, revealing that the binding of alpha-CD-Pipe I was stronger than alpha-CD-Pipe II. The K(d1) and K(d2) values were 9.81 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) and 1.11 x 10(-7) (mol L(-1))(2) for 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of Pipe I with beta-CD, respectively. The K(d) values obtained from fluorescence spectroscopy were in agreement with those from ESI-MS titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Chu
- Laser Chemistry Institute, Chemistry Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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