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Rentschler KM, Milosavljevic S, Baratta AM, Wright CJ, Piroli MV, Tentor Z, Valafar H, O’Reilly C, Pocivavsek A. Reducing brain kynurenic acid synthesis precludes kynurenine-induced sleep disturbances. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14038. [PMID: 37678806 PMCID: PMC10918043 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with neurocognitive disorders often battle sleep disturbances. Kynurenic acid is a tryptophan metabolite of the kynurenine pathway implicated in the pathology of these illnesses. Modest increases in kynurenic acid, an antagonist at glutamatergic and cholinergic receptors, result in cognitive impairments and sleep dysfunction. We explored the hypothesis that inhibition of the kynurenic acid synthesising enzyme, kynurenine aminotransferase II, may alleviate sleep disturbances. At the start of the light phase, adult male and female Wistar rats received systemic injections of either: (i) vehicle; (ii) kynurenine (100 mg kg-1; i.p.); (iii) the kynurenine aminotransferase II inhibitor, PF-04859989 (30 mg kg-1; s.c.); or (iv) PF-04859989 and kynurenine in combination. Kynurenine and kynurenic acid levels were evaluated in the plasma and brain. Separate animals were implanted with electroencephalogram and electromyogram telemetry devices to record polysomnography, and evaluate the vigilance states wake, rapid eye movement sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep following each treatment. Kynurenine challenge increased brain kynurenic acid and resulted in reduced rapid eye movement sleep duration, non-rapid eye movement sleep delta power and sleep spindles. PF-04859989 reduced brain kynurenic acid formation when given prior to kynurenine, prevented disturbances in rapid eye movement sleep and sleep spindles, and enhanced non-rapid eye movement sleep. Our findings suggest that reducing kynurenic acid in conditions where the kynurenine pathway is activated may serve as a potential strategy for improving sleep dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Rentschler
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Snezana Milosavljevic
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Annalisa M. Baratta
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Current affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Courtney J. Wright
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Maria V. Piroli
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Zachary Tentor
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Homayoun Valafar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Christian O’Reilly
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, USA
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Benarroch E. What Is the Role of the "GABA Tone" in Normal and Pathological Conditions? Neurology 2024; 102:e209152. [PMID: 38252909 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
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Anthoney N, Tainton-Heap L, Luong H, Notaras E, Kewin AB, Zhao Q, Perry T, Batterham P, Shaw PJ, van Swinderen B. Experimentally induced active and quiet sleep engage non-overlapping transcriptional programs in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:RP88198. [PMID: 37910019 PMCID: PMC10619980 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep in mammals can be broadly classified into two different physiological categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep (SWS), and accordingly REM and SWS are thought to achieve a different set of functions. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly being used as a model to understand sleep functions, although it remains unclear if the fly brain also engages in different kinds of sleep as well. Here, we compare two commonly used approaches for studying sleep experimentally in Drosophila: optogenetic activation of sleep-promoting neurons and provision of a sleep-promoting drug, gaboxadol. We find that these different sleep-induction methods have similar effects on increasing sleep duration, but divergent effects on brain activity. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that drug-induced deep sleep ('quiet' sleep) mostly downregulates metabolism genes, whereas optogenetic 'active' sleep upregulates a wide range of genes relevant to normal waking functions. This suggests that optogenetics and pharmacological induction of sleep in Drosophila promote different features of sleep, which engage different sets of genes to achieve their respective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Anthoney
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Lucy Tainton-Heap
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Hang Luong
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Eleni Notaras
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Amber B Kewin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Qiongyi Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Trent Perry
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Philip Batterham
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Paul J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
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Anthoney N, Tainton-Heap LA, Luong H, Notaras E, Kewin AB, Zhao Q, Perry T, Batterham P, Shaw PJ, van Swinderen B. Experimentally induced active and quiet sleep engage non-overlapping transcriptional programs in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535331. [PMID: 37066182 PMCID: PMC10103959 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep in mammals can be broadly classified into two different physiological categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS), and accordingly REM and SWS are thought to achieve a different set of functions. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly being used as a model to understand sleep functions, although it remains unclear if the fly brain also engages in different kinds of sleep as well. Here, we compare two commonly used approaches for studying sleep experimentally in Drosophila: optogenetic activation of sleep-promoting neurons and provision of a sleep-promoting drug, Gaboxadol. We find that these different sleep-induction methods have similar effects on increasing sleep duration, but divergent effects on brain activity. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that drug-induced deep sleep ('quiet' sleep) mostly downregulates metabolism genes, whereas optogenetic 'active' sleep upregulates a wide range of genes relevant to normal waking functions. This suggests that optogenetics and pharmacological induction of sleep in Drosophila promote different features of sleep, which engage different sets of genes to achieve their respective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Anthoney
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | | | - Hang Luong
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Eleni Notaras
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Amber B. Kewin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Qiongyi Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Trent Perry
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Paul J. Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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Palepu K, Sadeghi K, Kleinschmidt DF, Donoghue J, Chapman S, Arslan AR, Westover MB, Cash SS, Pathmanathan J. An examination of sleep spindle metrics in the Sleep Heart Health Study: superiority of automated spindle detection over total sigma power in assessing age-related spindle decline. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:359. [PMID: 37803266 PMCID: PMC10557170 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep spindle activity is commonly estimated by measuring sigma power during stage 2 non-rapid eye movement (NREM2) sleep. However, spindles account for little of the total NREM2 interval and therefore sigma power over the entire interval may be misleading. This study compares derived spindle measures from direct automated spindle detection with those from gross power spectral analyses for the purposes of clinical trial design. METHODS We estimated spindle activity in a set of 8,440 overnight electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from 5,793 patients from the Sleep Heart Health Study using both sigma power and direct automated spindle detection. Performance of the two methods was evaluated by determining the sample size required to detect decline in age-related spindle coherence with each method in a simulated clinical trial. RESULTS In a simulated clinical trial, sigma power required a sample size of 115 to achieve 95% power to identify age-related changes in sigma coherence, while automated spindle detection required a sample size of only 60. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of spindle activity utilizing automated spindle detection outperformed conventional sigma power analysis by a wide margin, suggesting that many studies would benefit from incorporation of automated spindle detection. These results further suggest that some previous studies which have failed to detect changes in sigma power or coherence may have failed simply because they were underpowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Palepu
- Beacon Biosignals, 22 Boston Wharf Rd 7th Floor, Suite 41, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Kolia Sadeghi
- Beacon Biosignals, 22 Boston Wharf Rd 7th Floor, Suite 41, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Dave F Kleinschmidt
- Beacon Biosignals, 22 Boston Wharf Rd 7th Floor, Suite 41, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Jacob Donoghue
- Beacon Biosignals, 22 Boston Wharf Rd 7th Floor, Suite 41, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Seth Chapman
- Beacon Biosignals, 22 Boston Wharf Rd 7th Floor, Suite 41, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Alexander R Arslan
- Beacon Biosignals, 22 Boston Wharf Rd 7th Floor, Suite 41, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - M Brandon Westover
- Beacon Biosignals, 22 Boston Wharf Rd 7th Floor, Suite 41, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Beacon Biosignals, 22 Boston Wharf Rd 7th Floor, Suite 41, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
- Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jay Pathmanathan
- Beacon Biosignals, 22 Boston Wharf Rd 7th Floor, Suite 41, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
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Li Y, Li Q, Zou X, Zhong Z, Ouyang Q, Zeng Q, Hu Y, Wang M, Luo Y, Yao D. Effects of CPAP treatment on electroencephalographic activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome during deep sleep: Preliminary findings of a cross-sectional study. Chron Respir Dis 2023; 20:14799731231215094. [PMID: 37967573 PMCID: PMC10655652 DOI: 10.1177/14799731231215094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Study objectives: To investigate whether electroencephalographic (EEG) activities during non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 3 (N3) in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients were changed with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment.Methods: A cross-sectional study of EEG activity during N3 sleep was conducted in 15 patients with moderate to severe OSAS without and with CPAP treatment compared to 15 normal controls. The amplitude, and absolute and relative power of delta, theta, alpha and beta waves as well as the absolute power ratio of slow to fast EEG waves (i.e., absolute power of delta and theta waves/absolute power of alpha and beta waves) and the spectral power density of 0-30 Hz EEG activities were analyzed.Results: CPAP significantly increased N3 sleep, the absolute and relative powers, amplitudes of delta and theta waves, and absolute power ratio of slow to fast EEG waves, but decreased relative alpha and beta powers during N3 sleep. However, there were no significant differences in those parameters between the OSAS patients with CPAP treatment and normal controls.Conclusions: CPAP prolongs N3 sleep and increases the power and amplitude of slow EEG waves during N3 sleep, which indicates an improvement in sleep quality and further provides evidence for recommendation of CPAP treatment for OSAS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Li
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Li
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
| | - Xueliang Zou
- Jiangxi Mental Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
| | - Qian Ouyang
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
| | - Qinghong Zeng
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
| | - Yinyin Hu
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
| | - Yaxing Luo
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
| | - Dongyuan Yao
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
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Leong CWY, Leow JWS, Grunstein RR, Naismith SL, Teh JZ, D’Rozario AL, Saini B. A systematic scoping review of the effects of central nervous system active drugs on sleep spindles and sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 62:101605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Carbone J, Bibián C, Reischl P, Born J, Forcato C, Diekelmann S. The effect of zolpidem on targeted memory reactivation during sleep. Learn Mem 2021; 28:307-318. [PMID: 34400532 PMCID: PMC8372567 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052787.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
According to the active system consolidation theory, memory consolidation during sleep relies on the reactivation of newly encoded memory representations. This reactivation is orchestrated by the interplay of sleep slow oscillations, spindles, and theta, which are in turn modulated by certain neurotransmitters like GABA to enable long-lasting plastic changes in the memory store. Here we asked whether the GABAergic system and associated changes in sleep oscillations are functionally related to memory reactivation during sleep. We administered the GABAA agonist zolpidem (10 mg) in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. To specifically focus on the effects on memory reactivation during sleep, we experimentally induced such reactivations by targeted memory reactivation (TMR) with learning-associated reminder cues presented during post-learning slow-wave sleep (SWS). Zolpidem significantly enhanced memory performance with TMR during sleep compared with placebo. Zolpidem also increased the coupling of fast spindles and theta to slow oscillations, although overall the power of slow spindles and theta was reduced compared with placebo. In an uncorrected exploratory analysis, memory performance was associated with slow spindle responses to TMR in the zolpidem condition, whereas it was associated with fast spindle responses in placebo. These findings provide tentative first evidence that GABAergic activity may be functionally implicated in memory reactivation processes during sleep, possibly via its effects on slow oscillations, spindles and theta as well as their interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Carbone
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carlos Bibián
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Reischl
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cecilia Forcato
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires C1106ACD, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Zhang J, Yetton B, Whitehurst LN, Naji M, Mednick SC. The effect of zolpidem on memory consolidation over a night of sleep. Sleep 2021; 43:5824815. [PMID: 32330272 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Nonrapid eye movement sleep boosts hippocampus-dependent, long-term memory formation more so than wake. Studies have pointed to several electrophysiological events that likely play a role in this process, including thalamocortical sleep spindles (12-15 Hz). However, interventional studies that directly probe the causal role of spindles in consolidation are scarce. Previous studies have used zolpidem, a GABA-A agonist, to increase sleep spindles during a daytime nap and promote hippocampal-dependent episodic memory. The current study investigated the effect of zolpidem on nighttime sleep and overnight improvement of episodic memories. METHODS We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject design to test the a priori hypothesis that zolpidem would lead to increased memory performance on a word-paired associates task by boosting spindle activity. We also explored the impact of zolpidem across a range of other spectral sleep features, including slow oscillations (0-1 Hz), delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), sigma (12-15 Hz), as well as spindle-SO coupling. RESULTS We showed greater memory improvement after a night of sleep with zolpidem, compared to placebo, replicating a prior nap study. Additionally, zolpidem increased sigma power, decreased theta and delta power, and altered the phase angle of spindle-SO coupling, compared to placebo. Spindle density, theta power, and spindle-SO coupling were associated with next-day memory performance. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sleep, specifically the timing and amount of sleep spindles, plays a causal role in the long-term formation of episodic memories. Furthermore, our results emphasize the role of nonrapid eye movement theta activity in human memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine
| | - Ben Yetton
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Mohsen Naji
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine
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El-Mallakh RS, Ali Z. Extra-synaptic modulation of GABA A and efficacy in bipolar disorder. Med Hypotheses 2021; 147:110501. [PMID: 33515862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder type I is a severe psychiatric condition that leads to significant morbidity and mortality and whose treatment remains suboptimal. Its pathophysiology involves disturbance in the control of ionic fluxes so that when patients are either manic or depressed, the resting membrane potential of neurons is more depolarized than normal. Available mood stabilizers have a shared mechanism of normalizing ion flux by compensating for ionic abnormalities, and normalizing membrane potential. HYPOTHESIS Agents that significantly potentiate extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are expected to be particularly effective in hyperpolarizing resting membrane potential in bipolar patients, thereby normalizing their membrane potential. DISCUSSION New neuroactive steroid-like agents are being tested in humans for depression and insomnia. These agents include brexanolone, ganaxolone, and gaboxadol. Brexanolone has been approved for the treatment of postpartum depression, ganaxolone is being studied for treatment-resistant depression, and gaboxadol development for the treatment of insomnia has been abandoned due to narrow therapeutic index. In addition to the current studies, these agents are expected to have particular efficacy in acute and prophylactic management of bipolar I disorder by hyperpolarizing the resting potential of neurons and antagonizing one of the most reproducible demonstrated biologic abnormalities of this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rif S El-Mallakh
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Depression Center Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Louisville School of Medicine, 401 East Chestnut Street, Suite 610 Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
| | - Ziad Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, The Medical Center of Bowling Green, Bowling Green, KY, USA
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Nonclinical pharmacology of daridorexant: a new dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2693-2708. [PMID: 34415378 PMCID: PMC8455402 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) represent a novel type of sleep medication that provide an alternative to the traditionally used positive allosteric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor modulators. Daridorexant is a new DORA that exhibited in phase 3 trials in insomnia not only a beneficial effect on sleep variables, measured objectively and assessed subjectively, but also an improvement in daytime functioning. Daridorexant was discovered through a tailored research program aimed at identifying an optimized sleep-promoting molecule with pharmacokinetic properties appropriate for covering the whole night while avoiding next-morning residual activity at efficacious doses. By specific binding to both orexin receptors, daridorexant inhibits the actions of the wake-promoting orexin (also called hypocretin) neuropeptides. This mechanism avoids a more widespread inhibition of neuronal pathways and associated side effects that are intrinsic to positive allosteric GABA-A receptor modulators. Here, we review the general pharmacology of daridorexant, based on nonclinical pharmacology studies of daridorexant, unpublished or already described, or based on work with other DORAs. Some unique features of daridorexant will be highlighted, such as the promotion of natural and surmountable sleep, the preservation of memory and cognition, the absence of tolerance development or risk of physical dependence, and how it can benefit daytime functioning.
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12
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Uygun DS, Katsuki F, Bolortuya Y, Aguilar DD, McKenna JT, Thankachan S, McCarley RW, Basheer R, Brown RE, Strecker RE, McNally JM. Validation of an automated sleep spindle detection method for mouse electroencephalography. Sleep 2020; 42:5185635. [PMID: 30476300 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Sleep spindles are abnormal in several neuropsychiatric conditions and have been implicated in associated cognitive symptoms. Accordingly, there is growing interest in elucidating the pathophysiology behind spindle abnormalities using rodent models of such disorders. However, whether sleep spindles can reliably be detected in mouse electroencephalography (EEG) is controversial necessitating careful validation of spindle detection and analysis techniques. Methods Manual spindle detection procedures were developed and optimized to generate an algorithm for automated detection of events from mouse cortical EEG. Accuracy and external validity of this algorithm were then assayed via comparison to sigma band (10-15 Hz) power analysis, a proxy for sleep spindles, and pharmacological manipulations. Results We found manual spindle identification in raw mouse EEG unreliable, leading to low agreement between human scorers as determined by F1-score (0.26 ± 0.07). Thus, we concluded it is not possible to reliably score mouse spindles manually using unprocessed EEG data. Manual scoring from processed EEG data (filtered, cubed root-mean-squared), enabled reliable detection between human scorers, and between human scorers and algorithm (F1-score > 0.95). Algorithmically detected spindles correlated with changes in sigma-power and were altered by the following conditions: sleep-wake state changes, transitions between NREM and REM sleep, and application of the hypnotic drug zolpidem (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Conclusions Here we describe and validate an automated paradigm for rapid and reliable detection of spindles from mouse EEG recordings. This technique provides a powerful tool to facilitate investigations of the mechanisms of spindle generation, as well as spindle alterations evident in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Uygun
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Fumi Katsuki
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Yunren Bolortuya
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - David D Aguilar
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - James T McKenna
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Stephen Thankachan
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Robert W McCarley
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Radhika Basheer
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Ritchie E Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - James M McNally
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
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Abstract
Current GABAergic sleep-promoting medications were developed pragmatically, without making use of the immense diversity of GABAA receptors. Pharmacogenetic experiments are leading to an understanding of the circuit mechanisms in the hypothalamus by which zolpidem and similar compounds induce sleep at α2βγ2-type GABAA receptors. Drugs acting at more selective receptor types, for example, at receptors containing the α2 and/or α3 subunits expressed in hypothalamic and brain stem areas, could in principle be useful as hypnotics/anxiolytics. A highly promising sleep-promoting drug, gaboxadol, which activates αβδ-type receptors failed in clinical trials. Thus, for the time being, drugs such as zolpidem, which work as positive allosteric modulators at GABAA receptors, continue to be some of the most effective compounds to treat primary insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wisden
- Department Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - X Yu
- Department Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - N P Franks
- Department Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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14
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Nigam G, Camacho M, Riaz M. The effect of nonbenzodiazepines sedative hypnotics on apnea-hypopnea index: A meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Med 2019; 14:49-55. [PMID: 30745935 PMCID: PMC6341859 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_198_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Nonbenzodiazepine (non-BZD) sedative hypnotics (NBSH) refer to non-BZD sedatives that act as BZD receptor agonists such as zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone. Today, there is a high prevalence of insomnia with or without concurrent obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Our goal was to study how NBSH use impacts the baseline apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) in patients with or without OSA. METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched. RESULTS: Seventeen studies comprising a cumulative total of 2099 patients were identified in the last 30 years (between 1988 and 2017) that evaluated the effect of NBSH on respiratory parameters during sleep. The AHI mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD) in NBSH group was 13.17 ± 16.27 versus 15.94 ± 19.31 (mean difference [MD]-95% confidence interval [CI], 2.77 [1.463–4.076]). Six studies (100 patients) compared zolpidem with either placebo or no medication and demonstrated an AHI MD of −0.61 events/h (95% CI − 1.94, 0.71), overall effect Z = 0.9, P = 0.36. Four studies (362 patients) compared eszopiclone with placebo and demonstrated an AHI MD of −5.73 events/h0 (95% CI − 8.90, −0.2.57). Two large studies (979 patients) compared both zolpidem and eszopiclone to no medication and found AHI MD of −1.66 events/h (95% CI − 5.87, 0.2.55). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients using NBSH did not develop any worsening of existing AHI, when using NBSH, regardless of their baseline AHI values (mild, moderate, severe, or no OSA). On average, the AHI improved minimally with NBSH and eszopiclone showed the largest difference in AHI with an MD of −5.73 events/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nigam
- Department of Medicine and Sleep Medicine, Clay County Hospital, Flora, Illinois, USA
| | - Macario Camacho
- Division of Otolaryngology, Sleep Surgery and Sleep Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Astria Health Center, Euclid, Grandview, Washington, USA
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15
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Cao Q, Jiang Y, Cui SY, Tu PF, Chen YM, Ma XL, Cui XY, Huang YL, Ding H, Song JZ, Yu B, Sheng ZF, Wang ZJ, Xu YP, Yang G, Ye H, Hu X, Zhang YH. Tenuifolin, a saponin derived from Radix Polygalae, exhibits sleep-enhancing effects in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1797-1805. [PMID: 27912882 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Polygalae, the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia, has been extensively used as a traditional Chinese medicine for promoting intelligence and tranquilization. Polygalasaponins extracted from the root of P. tenuifolia possess evident anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic activities. Previous studies have reported that tenuifolin was a major constituent of polygalasaponins. PURPOSE The currently study aims to investigate the hypnotic effect and possible mechanism of tenuifolin in freely moving mice. DESIGN/METHODS The hypnotic effects of tenuifolin (20, 40 and 80mg/kg, p.o.) were assessed by electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) analysis. Double-staining immunohistochemistry test was performed to evaluate the neuronal activity of sleep-wake regulating brain areas. High performance liquid chromatograph- electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) and ultrafast liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS) were used for the detection of neurotransmitters. Locomotor activity was measured by Open-field Test. RESULTS Tenuifolin at doses of 40 and 80mg/kg (p.o.) significantly prolonged the total sleep time by increasing the amount of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with the significant increase in the bouts of episodes respectively. After administration of tenuifolin, the cortical EEG power spectral densities during NREM and REM sleep were similar to that of natural sleep (vehicle) and thus compatible with physiological sleep. Double-immunohistochemistry staining test showed that tenuifolin increased the c-Fos positive ratios of GABAergic NREM sleep-promoting neurons in ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO), cholinergic REM sleep-promoting neurons in laterodorsal tegmental area (LDT) and pontomesencephalic tegmental area (PPT) and decreased the c-Fos positive ratios in wake-promoting neurons (locus coeruleus (LC) and perifornical area (Pef)). Neurotransmitter detections revealed that tenuifolin significantly reduced the noradrenaline (NA) levels in LC, VLPO, PPT and LDT, elevated the GABA levels in VLPO, LC and Pef and increased the acetylcholine (Ach) levels in LDT and PPT. In addition, tenuifolin did not cause any change to locomotor activity. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results provide the first experimental evidence of the significant sleep-enhancing effect of tenuifolin in mice. This effect appears to be mediated, at least in part, by the activation of GABAergic systems and/or by the inhibition of noradrenergic systems. Moreover, this study adds new scientific evidence and highlights the therapeutic potential of the medicinal plant P. tenuifolia in the development of phytomedicines with hypnotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Su-Ying Cui
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue-Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Cui
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Song
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhao-Fu Sheng
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xu
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yong-He Zhang
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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16
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Struyk A, Gargano C, Drexel M, Stoch SA, Svetnik V, Ma J, Mayleben D. Pharmacodynamic effects of suvorexant and zolpidem on EEG during sleep in healthy subjects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1649-56. [PMID: 27554636 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate sleep electrophysiology in healthy subjects after bedtime administration of therapeutic doses of two insomnia treatments - the orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant or the GABAergic agonist zolpidem. Eighteen healthy men received single bedtime doses of suvorexant 20mg, zolpidem 10mg, or placebo in a double-blinded, randomized, balanced 3-period crossover study. EEG power spectral densities during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were recorded in a polysomnography (PSG) laboratory using a 19-lead EEG recording array. Spectral density was analyzed for each lead for frequencies between 1-32Hz. During NREM and REM sleep, zolpidem treatment reduced spectral density across theta and alpha frequency bands in all leads. In contrast, suvorexant had no significant effects on spectral density in any frequency band during NREM sleep, and modestly increased spectral density in the theta frequency band during REM sleep. Although the study was not designed to detect effects on PSG sleep endpoints in healthy subjects, both suvorexant and zolpidem increased mean total sleep time and sleep efficiency. Zolpidem reduced latency to persistent sleep whereas suvorexant did not. Suvorexant decreased wake after sleep onset, whereas zolpidem did not. These findings suggest that EEG power spectral density profile after administration of suvorexant in healthy subjects more closely approximates placebo sleep physiology than after zolpidem treatment.
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17
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Saebipour MR, Joghataei MT, Yoonessi A, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Khalighinejad N, Khademi S. Slow oscillating transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep has a sleep-stabilizing effect in chronic insomnia: a pilot study. J Sleep Res 2015; 24:518-25. [PMID: 26014344 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that lack of slow-wave activity may play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of insomnia. Pharmacological approaches and brain stimulation techniques have recently offered solutions for increasing slow-wave activity during sleep. We used slow (0.75 Hz) oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation during stage 2 of non-rapid eye movement sleeping insomnia patients for resonating their brain waves to the frequency of sleep slow-wave. Six patients diagnosed with either sleep maintenance or non-restorative sleep insomnia entered the study. After 1 night of adaptation and 1 night of baseline polysomnography, patients randomly received sham or real stimulation on the third and fourth night of the experiment. Our preliminary results show that after termination of stimulations (sham or real), slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation increased the duration of stage 3 of non-rapid eye movement sleep by 33 ± 26 min (P = 0.026), and decreased stage 1 of non-rapid eye movement sleep duration by 22 ± 17.7 min (P = 0.028), compared with sham. Slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation decreased stage 1 of non-rapid eye movement sleep and wake time after sleep-onset durations, together, by 55.4 ± 51 min (P = 0.045). Slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation also increased sleep efficiency by 9 ± 7% (P = 0.026), and probability of transition from stage 2 to stage 3 of non-rapid eye movement sleep by 20 ± 17.8% (P = 0.04). Meanwhile, slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation decreased transitions from stage 2 of non-rapid eye movement sleep to wake by 12 ± 6.7% (P = 0.007). Our preliminary results suggest a sleep-stabilizing role for the intervention, which may mimic the effect of sleep slow-wave-enhancing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Saebipour
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad T Joghataei
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Medical Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Yoonessi
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,National Brain Mapping Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nima Khalighinejad
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Soroush Khademi
- School of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Decreased delta sleep ratio and elevated alpha power predict vulnerability to depression during interferon-alpha treatment. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2015; 27:14-24. [PMID: 25434651 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although poor sleep accompanies depression, it is unknown which specific sleep abnormalities precede depression. This is similarly the case for depression developing during interferon-α (IFN-α) therapy. Because vulnerability becomes evident in those who slept poorly before IFN-α, we prospectively determined which specific aspect of sleep could predict subsequent depression. METHODS Two nights of polysomnography with quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) were obtained in 24 adult, euthymic subjects--all subsequently treated with IFN-α for hepatitis C. Every 2 weeks, a Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) score was obtained, and the maximal increase in BDI-II from pre-treatment baseline--excluding the sleep question--was determined. RESULTS The delta sleep ratio (DSR; an index of early-night restorative delta power) was inversely associated with BDI-II increases (p<0.01), as was elevated alpha power (8-12 Hz; p<0.001). Both delta (0.5-4 Hz) and alpha power exhibited high between-night correlations (r=0.83 and 0.92, respectively). In mixed-effect repeated-measure analyses, there was an interaction between alpha power and DSR (p<0.001)--subjects with low alpha power and elevated DSR were resilient to developing depression. Most other sleep parameters--including total sleep time and percentage of time in slow wave sleep--were not associated with subsequent changes in depression. CONCLUSIONS Both high DSR and low alpha power may be specific indices of resilience. As most other aspects of sleep were not associated with resilience or vulnerability, sleep interventions to prevent depression may need to specifically target these specific sleep parameters.
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19
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Berdyyeva T, Otte S, Aluisio L, Ziv Y, Burns LD, Dugovic C, Yun S, Ghosh KK, Schnitzer MJ, Lovenberg T, Bonaventure P. Zolpidem reduces hippocampal neuronal activity in freely behaving mice: a large scale calcium imaging study with miniaturized fluorescence microscope. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112068. [PMID: 25372144 PMCID: PMC4221229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drugs for cognitive and psychiatric disorders are often characterized by their molecular mechanism of action. Here we demonstrate a new approach to elucidate drug action on large-scale neuronal activity by tracking somatic calcium dynamics in hundreds of CA1 hippocampal neurons of pharmacologically manipulated behaving mice. We used an adeno-associated viral vector to express the calcium sensor GCaMP3 in CA1 pyramidal cells under control of the CaMKII promoter and a miniaturized microscope to observe cellular dynamics. We visualized these dynamics with and without a systemic administration of Zolpidem, a GABAA agonist that is the most commonly prescribed drug for the treatment of insomnia in the United States. Despite growing concerns about the potential adverse effects of Zolpidem on memory and cognition, it remained unclear whether Zolpidem alters neuronal activity in the hippocampus, a brain area critical for cognition and memory. Zolpidem, when delivered at a dose known to induce and prolong sleep, strongly suppressed CA1 calcium signaling. The rate of calcium transients after Zolpidem administration was significantly lower compared to vehicle treatment. To factor out the contribution of changes in locomotor or physiological conditions following Zolpidem treatment, we compared the cellular activity across comparable epochs matched by locomotor and physiological assessments. This analysis revealed significantly depressive effects of Zolpidem regardless of the animal's state. Individual hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells differed in their responses to Zolpidem with the majority (∼ 65%) significantly decreasing the rate of calcium transients, and a small subset (3%) showing an unexpected and significant increase. By linking molecular mechanisms with the dynamics of neural circuitry and behavioral states, this approach has the potential to contribute substantially to the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Berdyyeva
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Stephani Otte
- Inscopix, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Leah Aluisio
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yaniv Ziv
- Inscopix, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | | | - Christine Dugovic
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sujin Yun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kunal K. Ghosh
- Inscopix, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | | | - Timothy Lovenberg
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Pascal Bonaventure
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
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20
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Ma J, Svetnik V, Snyder E, Lines C, Roth T, Herring WJ. Electroencephalographic power spectral density profile of the orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant in patients with primary insomnia and healthy subjects. Sleep 2014; 37:1609-19. [PMID: 25197807 PMCID: PMC4173918 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Suvorexant, an orexin receptor antagonist, improves sleep in healthy subjects (HS) and patients with insomnia. We compared the electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectral density (PSD) profile of suvorexant with placebo using data from a phase 2 trial in patients with insomnia. We also compared suvorexant's PSD profile with the profiles of other insomnia treatments using data from 3 HS studies. DESIGN Phase 2 trial--randomized, double-blind, two-period (4 w per period) crossover. HS studies--randomized, double-blind, crossover. SETTING Sleep laboratories. PARTICIPANTS Insomnia patients (n = 229) or HS (n = 124). INTERVENTIONS Phase 2 trial--suvorexant 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg, placebo; HS study 1--suvorexant 10 mg, 50 mg, placebo; HS study 2--gaboxadol 15 mg, zolpidem 10 mg, placebo; HS study 3--trazodone 150 mg, placebo. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The PSD of the EEG signal at 1-32 Hz of each PSG recording during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were calculated. The day 1 and day 28 PSD profiles of suvorexant at all four doses during NREM and REM sleep in patients with insomnia were generally flat and close to 1.0 (placebo) at all frequencies. The day 1 PSD profile of suvorexant in HS was similar to that in insomnia patients. In contrast, the other three drugs had distinct PSD profiles in HS that differed from each other. CONCLUSIONS Suvorexant at clinically effective doses had limited effects on power spectral density compared with placebo in healthy subjects and in patients with insomnia, in contrast to the three comparison insomnia treatments. These findings suggest the possibility that antagonism of the orexin pathway might lead to improvements in sleep without major changes in the patient's neurophysiology as assessed by electroencephalographic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshui Ma
- Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Roth
- Henry Ford Hospital Sleep Center, Detroit, MI
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21
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Chinoy ED, Frey DJ, Kaslovsky DN, Meyer FG, Wright KP. Age-related changes in slow wave activity rise time and NREM sleep EEG with and without zolpidem in healthy young and older adults. Sleep Med 2014; 15:1037-45. [PMID: 24980066 PMCID: PMC4615697 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether there are age-related changes in slow wave activity (SWA) rise time, a marker of homeostatic sleep drive, is unknown. Additionally, although sleep medication use is highest among older adults, the quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) profile of the most commonly prescribed sleep medication, zolpidem, in older adults is also unknown. We therefore quantified age-related and regional brain differences in sleep EEG with and without zolpidem. METHODS Thirteen healthy young adults aged 21.9 ± 2.2 years and 12 healthy older adults aged 67.4 ± 4.2 years participated in a randomized, double-blind, within-subject study that compared placebo to 5 mg zolpidem. RESULTS Older adults showed a smaller rise in SWA and zolpidem increased age-related differences in SWA rise time such that age differences were observed earlier after latency to persistent sleep. Age-related differences in EEG power differed by brain region. Older, but not young, adults showed zolpidem-dependent reductions in theta and alpha frequencies. Zolpidem decreased stage 1 in older adults and did not alter other age-related sleep architecture parameters. CONCLUSIONS SWA findings provide additional support for reduced homeostatic sleep drive or reduced ability to respond to sleep drive with age. Consequences of reduced power in theta and alpha frequencies in older adults remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Chinoy
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Danielle J Frey
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Daniel N Kaslovsky
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Francois G Meyer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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22
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Farabi SS, Prasad B, Quinn L, Carley DW. Impact of dronabinol on quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) measures of sleep in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med 2014; 10:49-56. [PMID: 24426820 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of dronabinol on quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) markers of the sleep process, including power distribution and ultradian cycling in 15 patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS EEG (C4-A1) relative power (% total) in the delta, theta, alpha, and sigma bands was quantified by fast Fourier transformation (FFT) over 28-second intervals. An activation ratio (AR = [alpha + sigma] / [delta + theta]) also was computed for each interval. To assess ultradian rhythms, the best-fitting cosine wave was determined for AR and each frequency band in each polysomnogram (PSG). RESULTS Fifteen subjects were included in the analysis. Dronabinol was associated with significantly increased theta power (p = 0.002). During the first half of the night, dronabinol decreased sigma power (p = 0.03) and AR (p = 0.03), and increased theta power (p = 0.0006). At increasing dronabinol doses, ultradian rhythms accounted for a greater fraction of EEG power variance in the delta band (p = 0.04) and AR (p = 0.03). Females had higher amplitude ultradian rhythms than males (theta: p = 0.01; sigma: p = 0.01). Decreasing AHI was associated with increasing ultradian rhythm amplitudes (sigma: p < 0.001; AR: p = 0.02). At the end of treatment, lower relative power in the theta band (p = 0.02) and lower AHI (p = 0.05) correlated with a greater decrease in sleepiness from baseline. CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study demonstrates that in individuals with OSA, dronabinol treatment may yield a shift in EEG power toward delta and theta frequencies and a strengthening of ultradian rhythms in the sleep EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bharati Prasad
- Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep and Health Research ; Department of Medicine
| | | | - David W Carley
- Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep and Health Research ; Department of Medicine ; Department of Biobehavioral Health Science ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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23
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Fox SV, Gotter AL, Tye SJ, Garson SL, Savitz AT, Uslaner JM, Brunner JI, Tannenbaum PL, McDonald TP, Hodgson R, Yao L, Bowlby MR, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Hargreaves R, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Quantitative electroencephalography within sleep/wake states differentiates GABAA modulators eszopiclone and zolpidem from dual orexin receptor antagonists in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2401-8. [PMID: 23722242 PMCID: PMC3799059 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) induce sleep by blocking orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptor-mediated activities responsible for regulating wakefulness. DORAs represent a potential alternative mechanism to the current standard of care that includes the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor-positive allosteric modulators, eszopiclone and zolpidem. This work uses an innovative method to analyze electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral frequencies within sleep/wake states to differentiate the effects of GABAA modulators from DORA-22, an analog of the DORA MK-6096, in Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of low, intermediate, and high doses of eszopiclone, zolpidem, and DORA-22 were examined after first defining each compound's ability to promote sleep during active-phase dosing. The EEG spectral frequency power within specific sleep stages was calculated in 1-Hz intervals from 1 to 100 Hz within each sleep/wake state for the first 4 h after the dose. Eszopiclone and zolpidem produced marked, dose-responsive disruptions in sleep stage-specific EEG spectral profiles compared with vehicle treatment. In marked contrast, DORA-22 exhibited marginal changes in the spectral profile, observed only during rapid eye movement sleep, and only at the highest dose tested. Moreover, while eszopiclone- and zolpidem-induced changes were evident in the inactive period, the EEG spectral responses to DORA-22 were absent during this phase. These results suggest that DORA-22 differs from eszopiclone and zolpidem whereby DORA-22 promotes somnolence without altering the neuronal network EEG activity observed during normal sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Fox
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP46-300, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA, Tel: +1 215 652 2740, Fax: +1 215 652 3811, E-mail:
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan L Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Alan T Savitz
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Joseph I Brunner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Terrence P McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Lihang Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Mark R Bowlby
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Richard Hargreaves
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
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Jakubcakova V, Curzi ML, Flachskamm C, Hambsch B, Landgraf R, Kimura M. The glycolytic metabolite methylglyoxal induces changes in vigilance by generating low-amplitude non-REM sleep. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:1070-5. [PMID: 23828824 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113495596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG), an essential by-product of glycolysis, is a highly reactive endogenous α-oxoaldehyde. Although high levels of MG are cytotoxic, physiological doses of MG were shown to reduce anxiety-related behavior through selective activation of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. Because the latter play a major role in sleep induction, this study examined the potential of MG to regulate sleep. Specifically, we assessed how MG influences sleep-wake behavior in CD1 mice that received intracerebroventricular injections of either vehicle or 0.7 µmol MG at onset of darkness. We used electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) recordings to monitor changes in vigilance states, sleep architecture and the EEG spectrum, for 24 h after receipt of injections. Administration of MG rapidly induced non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and, concomitantly, decreased wakefulness and suppressed EEG delta power during NREMS. In addition, MG robustly enhanced the amount and number of episodes of an unclassified state of vigilance in which EMG, as well as EEG delta and theta power, were very low. MG did not affect overall rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) in a given 24-h period, but significantly reduced the power of theta activity during REMS. Our results provide the first evidence that MG can exert sleep-promoting properties by triggering low-amplitude NREMS.
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Vanini G, Baghdoyan HA. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in rat pontine reticular formation increase wakefulness. Sleep 2013; 36:337-43. [PMID: 23450652 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) causes phasic inhibition via synaptic GABAA receptors and tonic inhibition via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. GABA levels in the extracellular space regulate arousal state and cognition by volume transmission via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. GABAergic transmission in the pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness. No previous studies have determined whether an agonist at extrasynaptic GABAA receptors administered into the pontine reticular formation alters sleep and wakefulness. Therefore, this study used gaboxadol (THIP; agonist at extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that contain a δ subunit) to test the hypothesis that extrasynaptic GABAA receptors within the pontine reticular formation modulate sleep and wakefulness. DESIGN Within/between subjects. SETTING University of Michigan. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Adult male Crl:CD*(SD) (Sprague-Dawley) rats (n = 10). INTERVENTIONS Microinjection of gaboxadol, the nonsubtype selective GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (positive control), and saline (negative control) into the rostral pontine reticular formation. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Gaboxadol significantly increased wakefulness and decreased both nonrapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in a concentration-dependent manner. Relative to saline, gaboxadol did not alter electroencephalogram power. Microinjection of muscimol into the pontine reticular formation of the same rats that received gaboxadol increased wakefulness and decreased sleep. CONCLUSION Tonic inhibition via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that contain a δ subunit may be one mechanism by which the extracellular pool of endogenous GABA in the rostral pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness. CITATION Vanini G; Baghdoyan HA. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in rat pontine reticular formation increase wakefulness. SLEEP 2013;36(3):337-343.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Vanini
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA.
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Sun H, Kennedy WP, Wilbraham D, Lewis N, Calder N, Li X, Ma J, Yee KL, Ermlich S, Mangin E, Lines C, Rosen L, Chodakewitz J, Murphy GM. Effects of suvorexant, an orexin receptor antagonist, on sleep parameters as measured by polysomnography in healthy men. Sleep 2013; 36:259-67. [PMID: 23372274 PMCID: PMC3542986 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Suvorexant (MK-4305) is an orexin receptor antagonist being developed for the treatment of insomnia. This report describes the effects of nighttime administration of suvorexant on polysomnography (PSG) sleep parameters in healthy young men. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-period crossover PSG study, followed by an additional 5(th) period to assess pharmacokinetics. SETTING Sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Healthy young men between 18 and 45 years of age (22 enrolled, 19 completed). INTERVENTIONS Periods 1-4: suvorexant (10 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg) or placebo 1 h before nighttime PSG recording. Period 5: suvorexant 10 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS In Periods 1-4, overnight sleep parameters were recorded by PSG and next-morning residual effects were assessed by psychomotor performance tests and subjective assessments. Statistically significant sleep-promoting effects were observed with all doses of suvorexant compared to placebo. Suvorexant 50 mg and 100 mg significantly decreased latency to persistent sleep and wake after sleep onset time, and increased sleep efficiency. Suvorexant 10 mg significantly decreased wake after sleep onset time. There were no statistically significant effects of suvorexant on EEG frequency bands including delta (slow wave) activity based on power spectral analysis. Suvorexant was well tolerated. There was no evidence of next-day residual effects for suvorexant 10 mg. Suvorexant 50 mg statistically significantly reduced subjective alertness, and suvorexant 100 mg significantly increased reaction time and reduced subjective alertness. There were no statistically significant effects of any suvorexant dose on digit symbol substitution test performance. In Period 5, plasma samples of suvorexant were collected for pharmacokinetic evaluation. The median T(max) was 3 hours and apparent terminal t(½) was 9-13 hours. CONCLUSIONS In healthy young men without sleep disorders, suvorexant promoted sleep with some evidence of residual effects at the highest doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Merck Sharp – Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | | | | | - Nicole Lewis
- Merck Sharp – Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | | | - Xiaodong Li
- Merck Sharp – Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Junshui Ma
- Merck Sharp – Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Ka Lai Yee
- Merck Sharp – Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | | | - Eric Mangin
- Merck Sharp – Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | | | - Laura Rosen
- Merck Sharp – Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ
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Ma J, Dijk DJ, Svetnik V, Tymofyeyev Y, Ray S, Walsh JK, Deacon S. EEG power spectra response to a 4-h phase advance and gaboxadol treatment in 822 men and women. J Clin Sleep Med 2012; 7:493-501A. [PMID: 22003345 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of gaboxadol on NREM EEG in transient insomnia using power spectral analysis and evaluate the response between men and women. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, 3-way, parallel-group transient insomnia study in 22 sleep laboratories. After a baseline night (N1), subjects underwent a 4-h phase-advance of their habitual sleep time the following night (N2). Healthy subjects aged 18-64 y were given single-blind placebo on N1 followed by double-blind treatment on N2 (gaboxadol 10 mg [n = 271], 15 mg [n = 274], or placebo [n = 277]) RESULTS At baseline, women showed significantly greater values in low frequency activity (< 10 Hz) and in high spindle/low beta frequency activity (14-18 Hz) compared to men. During the phase advance (placebo N2-baseline N1), there was a significant increase in power within the high spindle/low beta frequency range (15-17 Hz) and a significant reduction in beta activity (20-32 Hz), which was greater in women than men. Gaboxadol induced a significant (dose-related) increase in low frequencies (< 8 Hz) and a significant (dose-related) decrease within the alpha/spindle range (11-12 Hz). The effect was dependent upon sex, with a greater magnitude of effect observed in women than men. CONCLUSION Gaboxadol shows a characteristic NREM EEG spectral profile in a model of transient insomnia. Men and women show clear differences in NREM EEG activity at baseline, to gaboxadol treatment and to phase-shifts in habitual sleep/wake times. The exact mechanisms underlying the sex differences remain unclear, but sex is an important variable in studies evaluating sleep and gaboxadol. TRIAL REGISTRY INFORMATION: TRIAL REGISTRY www.clinicaltrials.gov, study identifier: NCT00102167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshui Ma
- Merck Research Laboratories, Biometrics Research, Rahway, NJ, USA
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Lundahl J, Staner L, Staner C, Loft H, Deacon S. Short-term treatment with gaboxadol improves sleep maintenance and enhances slow wave sleep in adult patients with primary insomnia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 195:139-46. [PMID: 17653697 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gaboxadol is a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) agonist, previously in development for the treatment of insomniac patients. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the acute efficacy and safety of gaboxadol in primary insomnia (PI). METHODS This was a randomised, double-blind, four-way crossover, polysomnograph study comparing gaboxadol 10 and 20 mg (GBX20) to placebo in 40 adults with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria for PI. Zolpidem 10 mg was used as an active reference. Treatment was administered on two consecutive nights in each treatment session. Next-day residual effects were evaluated 2 and 9 h after lights on. RESULTS Efficacy analysis included the per-protocol population (n = 38) from night 2. GBX20 reduced wake after sleep onset (p < 0.01). Both doses of gaboxadol, but not zolpidem, reduced the number of night awakenings (p < 0.001). GBX20 and zolpidem increased total sleep time (p < 0.05). Neither dose of gaboxadol nor zolpidem significantly reduced sleep onset latency, although a trend was seen for zolpidem. Gaboxadol enhanced slow wave sleep (SWS) dose-dependently (gaboxadol 10 mg: p < 0.01, GBX20: p < 0.001). Patients reported improved sleep quality following GBX20 (p < 0.05). Both doses of gaboxadol were generally well tolerated with almost exclusively mild to moderately severe adverse events (AEs). More frequent and severe AEs followed GBX20. No serious AEs were reported. No drug treatment was associated with next-day residual effects. CONCLUSION Acute administration of gaboxadol improves sleep maintenance and enhances SWS in a dose-dependent manner in adult patients with PI. Gaboxadol was not associated with next-day residual effects. Gaboxadol was generally well tolerated, although gaboxadol showed a dose-dependent increase in incidence and severity of AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lundahl
- Department of Neurology, H Lundbeck A/S, International Clinical Research, Ottiliavej 7-9, 2500, Valby, Denmark.
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