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Ivancev K, Lunderquist A, Isaksson A, Hochbergs P, Wretlind A. Clinical Trials with a New Iodinated Lipid Emulsion for Computed Tomography of the Liver. Acta Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/028418518903000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new iodinated lipid emulsion, Intraiodol, for which animal studies have indicated better tolerance than for other iodinated lipid emulsions, was tested in 15 patients with malignant lesions, and in one patient with focal nodular hyperplasia. Repeated CT scans of the liver and spleen and blood tests were performed for 24 hours after intravenous injection of Intraiodol. The uptake of Intraiodol in the liver (peak mean 28.6 HU) was higher than in the spleen (peak mean 21.8 HU). The uptake of Intraiodol in malignant lesions was minimal (peak mean 2.8 HU). The detection rate of hepatic lesions was equal to or better than that achieved by US, CT, and/or CT angiography. However, liver uptake of Intraiodol was low in 2 patients with severe fatty infiltration. Intraiodol produced vascular enhancement up to one hour after injection since it was eliminated slowly from the circulation. The observed adverse reactions consisted of temporary metallic taste in 5 of the patients, fever and exacerbation of back pain in one patient, and transient thrombocytopenia in one patient. Alkaline phosphatase increased (17%, p<0.01) only at two hours, and erythrocyte count (6%, p<0.05) at 24 hours after injection. Our initial results indicate diagnostic advantages of Intraiodol without serious adverse reactions. Further clinical studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ivancev
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. Lunderquist
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. Isaksson
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - P. Hochbergs
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. Wretlind
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Kindberg GM, Tolleshaug H, Roos N, Skotland T. Hepatic clearance of Sonazoid perfluorobutane microbubbles by Kupffer cells does not reduce the ability of liver to phagocytose or degrade albumin microspheres. Cell Tissue Res 2003; 312:49-54. [PMID: 12712317 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-003-0698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2002] [Accepted: 01/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study has been performed to examine which cells are responsible for the hepatic clearance of the new ultrasound contrast agent Sonazoid and to study whether uptake of these gas microbubbles disturbs the function of the cells involved. Sonazoid was injected into rats and perfused fixed livers were studied by electron microscopy, which revealed that the Sonazoid microbubbles were exclusively internalised in Kupffer cells, i.e. by the macrophages located in the liver sinusoids, and not by parenchymal, stellate or endothelial cells. This is the first demonstration of intact phagocytosed gas microbubbles within Kupffer cells. Uptake of the Sonazoid perfluorobutane microbubbles by the Kupffer cells following injection of a dose corresponding to 20x the anticipated clinical dose for liver imaging did not result in measurable changes in the uptake and degradation of radioactively labelled albumin microspheres previously shown to be a useful indicator marker for Kupffer cell phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grete Mørk Kindberg
- Research and Development, Amersham Health AS, P.O. Box 4220 Nydalen, N-0401, Oslo, Norway.
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Doerr-Stevens JK, Bakan DA, Lee FT, Chosy SG, Markhardt BK, Bonneville AK, Burrascano C, Delaney C, Longino MA, Greener Y, Weichert JP. Imaging efficacy of a hepatocyte-selective polyiodinated triglyceride (DHOG-LE) for contrast-enhanced CT. Acad Radiol 2002; 9 Suppl 1:S200-4. [PMID: 12019869 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)80436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Doerr-Stevens
- Department of Preclinical Studies, Molecular Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Kjeken R, Kindberg GM, Berg T. Distribution of liposome-encapsulated iodixanol in rat liver cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:553-9. [PMID: 10874130 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Distribution of liposome-encapsulated [(125)I]iodixanol in different types of liver cells following intravenous injection was studied in rats. The data showed that liposome-encapsulated [(125)I]iodixanol was rapidly taken up by the liver; after 15 min, radioactivity corresponding to nearly 25% of the injected radioactivity could be recovered therein. After 4 hr, approximately 60% of the injected radioactivity was in the liver. One week after injection, nearly 30% of the encapsulated radioactivity could still be recovered in the liver. Liposome-encapsulated [(125)I]iodixanol was taken up both by hepatocytes and the Kupffer cells. On a per cell basis, the uptake of liposome-encapsulated [(125)I]iodixanol in Kupffer cells was more than 10-fold greater than that in hepatocytes, while the contribution of liver endothelial cells to uptake was negligible. Osmotic protection studies showed that iodixanol does not readily diffuse across lysosomal membranes, indicating that loss of iodixanol from the liver probably occurred by recycling rather than by diffusion across phagolysosomal and plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kjeken
- University of Oslo, Institute of Biology, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, P.O. Box 1050, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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Bakan DA, Longino MA, Weichert JP, Counsell RE. Physicochemical characterization of a synthetic lipid emulsion for hepatocyte-selective delivery of lipophilic compounds: application to polyiodinated triglycerides as contrast agents for computed tomography. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85:908-14. [PMID: 8877877 DOI: 10.1021/js960119z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic lipid emulsion (LE) has been developed with physicochemical properties that closely resemble those of a specific class of naturally-occurring lipoproteins known as chylomicron remnants. The formulation has the potential to serve as a hepatocyte-selective delivery system for any lipophilic or amphipathic compounds that can be associated with the internal lipid phase of the emulsion. In the present studies, a lipophilic polyiodinated triglyceride (ITG) was successfully incorporated into the delivery vehicle to form a stable chylomicron-remnant-like emulsion capable of localizing material to the liver following intravenous injection. The preferred ITG-LE formulation was shown to have a mean particle diameter of less than 200 nm and a particle size stability profile in excess of 12 months. The viscosity, pH, and osmolality of the formulation also appeared favorable for safe and convenient intravenous injection. The particle size profile, chemical properties, and high degree of incorporation of ITG into the emulsion suggest that the ITG-LE formulation holds substantial promise as a hepatocyte-selective imaging agent for computed tomography of the liver. Biodistribution, elimination, and computed tomography (CT) imaging results in animals corroborated the hepatocyte-selective nature of the ITG-LE formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bakan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Leander P. A new liposomal contrast medium for CT of the liver. An imaging study in a rabbit tumour model. Acta Radiol 1996; 37:63-8. [PMID: 8611327 DOI: 10.1177/02841851960371p113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A new type of liposomal liver-specific contrast medium was studied in an experimental tumour model. Rabbits were inoculated with VX2-carcinoma directly in the liver of laparotomy. CT studies were carried out 14 days after inoculation. The liver-specific contrast medium consisted of a suspension of liposomes in a 100 mg I/ml iodixanol solution, with equal amounts of encapsulated and nonencapsulated iodixanol. It was administered at a dose of 200 mg I/kg. The contrast of normal liver tissue to tumorous tissue was significantly increased by contrast medium administration, the increase being largest 10 min after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Leander
- Department of Experimental Research. Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
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Tibell A, Lindholm A, Säwe J, Chen G, Norrlind B. Cyclosporin A in fat emulsion carriers: experimental studies on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1995; 76:115-21. [PMID: 7746794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1995.tb00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the commercially available intravenous formulation of Cyclosporin A (Sandimmun), polyoxyethylated castor oil (Cremophor EL) is used as a solubilizing agent. We have recently reported that the acute nephrotoxic effect of this preparation was alleviated by replacing Cremophor EL with a soybean oil-based fat emulsion in a rat model. To further explore the potential of fat emulsions as carriers for cyclosporin A, data on the in vivo pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution are required. In this study in pigs, the pharmacokinetics of soybean oil-cyclosporin A was compared to that of Sandimmun. The two formulations seemed bioequivalent, as there were no significant differences in the systemic clearances, volumes of distribution or elimination half-lives. Moreover, the tissue distributions of soybean oil-cyclosporin A and Sandimmun were compared in rats. These studies also included two additional lipid-based carriers: one based on iodized ester of poppy seed oil and the other on a liposomal preparation. The tissue distributions were found to be similar regardless of the carriers used. Fat emulsion carriers seem to offer possibilities for preparing better tolerated intravenous formulations of cyclosporin A while maintaining the same characteristics concerning pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tibell
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tibell A, Norrlind B. Cyclosporin A in fat emulsion carriers: studies on the immunosuppressive potential, using the heterotopic heart transplant model in rats. Transpl Int 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.1994.tb01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Ekelund M, Roth B, Trelde H, Ekstrom U, Nilsson-Ehle P. Effects of total parenteral nutrition on lipid metabolism in rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1994; 18:503-9. [PMID: 7602725 DOI: 10.1177/0148607194018006503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiologic mechanisms behind the development of liver steatosis during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and the possible relationship to alterations of lipoprotein lipase activities in different tissues are not fully known. It is also unknown whether continuous and discontinuous administration of TPN affect lipid metabolism differently. METHODS TPN, including 8.4 g of triglycerides per kilogram per day, was given for 10 days to two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats that received the infusions discontinuously and continuously, respectively. Freely fed rats were used as controls. RESULTS TPN led to hyperlipidemia and accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. High-density lipoproteins were enriched in triglycerides, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and phospholipid levels were low. The activities of hepatic lipase were markedly decreased, and lipoprotein lipase activities in adipose tissue and in cardiac muscle were both up-regulated. The increased levels of cholesterol and phospholipids in the serum of TPN animals were more pronounced after discontinuous administration. CONCLUSIONS TPN including lipids interferes with the normal regulation of lipid metabolism. Although the mechanisms remain obscure, the elevation of lipoprotein lipase activities seems functionally important to accommodate the increased input of triglycerides during TPN. Possibly, the observed alterations in lipase activities may be attributed to a state of hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ekelund
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Tibell A, Norrlind B. Cyclosporin A in fat emulsion carriers: studies on the immunosuppressive potential, using the heterotopic heart transplant model in rats. Transpl Int 1994; 7:438-41. [PMID: 7865109 DOI: 10.1007/bf00346039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CyA) is an extremely lipophilic drug that needs a solubilizing agent to become soluble in water. In the commercially available intravenous formulation--Sandimmun--Cremophor EL is used for this purpose. It is likely that Cremophor EL contributes to some of the side effects produced by i.v. Sandimmun. We have recently shown that if Cremophor EL is replaced by a soybean oil (SBO)-based fat emulsion carrier, the acute renal side effects following i.v. administration of CyA are avoided in a rat model. It is then important to ascertain whether the use of a fat emulsion carrier alters the immunosuppressive effect of CyA. Moreover, fatty acids can themselves influence the immune system, and both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have been reported to possess immunosuppressive properties. In the present study, the effect on graft survival of i.v. CyA administered in five different formulations, using fat emulsions or liposomes as carriers, was compared to that of conventional Sandimmun infusion substance in the heterotopic heart transplant model in rats. The new formulations tested did not reduce the immunosuppressive effect of CyA. On the contrary, a small but significant increase in graft survival was noted in the groups given CyA in the SBO-based fat emulsion carrier (17.0 +/- 0.82 days) and CyA in liposomes (16.0 +/- 0.63 days) as compared to the results in the Sandimmun-treated group (15.0 +/- 0.58 days: P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tibell
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden
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Bhattacharya S, Novell JR, Winslet MC, Hobbs KE. Iodized oil in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1994; 81:1563-71. [PMID: 7827876 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800811105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
When injected into the hepatic artery the contrast agent Lipiodol (iodized poppy seed oil) is selectively retained by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for a prolonged period of time. Liver computed tomography (CT) performed after Lipiodol angiography is more sensitive than ordinary CT at imaging HCC. Arterial administration of cytotoxic drugs and radioisotopes conjugated to Lipiodol has been shown to be reasonably safe in patients with irresectable HCC. These therapies, often combined with embolization, provide effective palliation, better tumour response and improved survival compared with other available treatments. Their use as a preoperative adjunct to surgical resection of HCC is controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhattacharya
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital and School of Medicine, London, UK
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Novell R, Dusheiko G, Hilson A, Dick R, Begent R, Hobbs K. Lipiodol computed tomography for small hepatocellular carcinomas. Lancet 1991; 337:729. [PMID: 1672188 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90307-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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