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SALEH AG, ANWAR SI, ABAS OM, ABD-ELLATIEFF HA, NASR M, SALEH I, FUKUSHI H, YANAI T. Effect of a single point mutation on equine herpes virus 9 (EHV-9) neuropathogenicity after intranasal inoculation in a hamster model. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1426-1436. [PMID: 28717112 PMCID: PMC5573833 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the neuropathogenesis of equine herpes virus 9 (EHV-9) by studying the effects of a single point mutation introduced in two different EHV-9 genes. The two EHV-9 mutants, 14R and 19R, were generated carrying a point mutation in two separate EHV-9 genes. These mutants, along with the wild-type EHV-9, were used to infect a hamster model. The EHV-9- and 19R-infected groups showed earlier and more severe clinical signs of infection than the 14R-infected group. The white blood cells (WBCs) count was significantly increased in both EHV-9- and 19R-infected groups compared to the 14R-infected group at the 4th day post infection (DPI). Viremia was also detected earlier in both EHV-9- and 19R-infected groups than 14R-infected group. There were differences in the anterograde transmission pattern of both EHV-9 and 19R compared to 14R inside the brain. Serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were significantly increased in both EHV-9- and 19R-infected groups compared to the 14R-infected group. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the mean group scores for the entire brain were significantly higher in both EHV-9- and 19R- infected groups than 14R-infected group. Collectively, these results confirm that the gene product of Open Reading Frame 19 (ORF19) plays an important role in EHV-9 neuropathogenicity and that the mutation in ORF19 is responsible for the attenuation of EHV-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa G. SALEH
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied
Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Shehata I. ANWAR
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Osama M. ABAS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied
Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda A. ABD-ELLATIEFF
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied
Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Mohamed NASR
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim SALEH
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hideto FUKUSHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied
Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tokuma YANAI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied
Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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El-Nahass E, El-Habashi N, El-Dakhly KM, Tsuchiya Y, Yanai T. Effect of Mouse Strain on Equine Herpesvirus 9 Infection. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:67-74. [PMID: 28735674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The infectivity of equine herpesvirus (EHV)-9 has been studied in different animal models including immunocompromised animals. The current study focused on the infectivity of EHV-9 in different mouse strains (C3H, C57BL, DBA, BALB/c-nu/nu, BALB/c and ICR) by intranasal inoculation of 2 × 106 plaque forming units (PFU). Various organs, including head and lungs, were collected 7 days post infection (dpi) to investigate microscopical lesions and the distribution of EHV-9 antigen. Immunopositivity of tissue sections was scored using ImageJ software. Open reading frame (ORF) 30 expression in lung tissues was quantified using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Pathological examination revealed different degrees of rhinitis in the different mouse strains. Severe rhinitis was detected in C3H and BALB/c-nu/nu strains, moderate rhinitis was observed in C57BL and DBA strains and no lesions were detected in BALB/c mice. Immunopositivity for EHV-9 antigens was detected in the olfactory epithelium of C3H and BALB/c-nu/nu strains. Compared with C57BL, DBA, BALB/c-nu/nu, ICR and BALB/c strains, the C3H strain showed greater expression of EHV-9 antigens in the brain. The proportion of areas with high positive to positive immunoreactivity for EHV-9 were 7.57, 3.42, 3.12, 2.51, 1.79 and 0.03% for C3H, C57BL, DBA, BALB/c-nu/nu, ICR and BALB/c strains, respectively. The proportions of areas with low positive to negative immunoreactivity were 92.42, 96.70, 96.87, 97.48, 98.16 and 99.96%, respectively. The highest relative expression levels for EHV-9 ORF30 in the lungs were in C3H mice. No significant differences in the expression of ORF30 were observed in other strains. In conclusion, of the strains examined, C3H, C57BL, DBA, BALB/c-nu/nu and ICR were the most susceptible to EHV-9 infection, and the BALB/c strain was less susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- E El-Nahass
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - N El-Habashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt
| | - Kh M El-Dakhly
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Y Tsuchiya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - T Yanai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Japan.
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Equine herpesvirus type 1 induces both neurological and respiratory disease in Syrian hamsters. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:117-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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El-Habashi N, Kato Y, EL-Nahass E, Fukushi H, Hirata A, Sakai H, Kimura J, Yanai T. An Ocular Infection Model Using Suckling Hamsters Inoculated With Equine Herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9). Vet Pathol 2012; 50:56-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985812442691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
By using a new member of the neurotropic equine herpesviruses, EHV-9, which induced encephalitis in various species via various routes, an ocular infection model was developed in suckling hamsters. The suckling hamsters were inoculated with EHV-9 via the conjunctival route and were sacrificed after 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours (h) post inoculation (PI). Three horizontal sections of the brains, including the eyes and cranial cavity, were examined histologically to assess the viral kinetics and time-course neuropathological alterations using a panoramic view. At 6 to 24 h PI, there were various degrees of necrosis in the conjunctival epithelial cells, as well as frequent mononuclear cell infiltrations in the lamina propria and the tarsus of the eyelid, and frequent myositis of the eyelid muscles. At 96 h PI, encephalitis was observed in the brainstem at the level of the pons and cerebellum. EHV-9 antigen immunoreactivity was detected in the macrophages circulating in the eyelid and around the fine nerve endings supplying the eyelid, the nerves of the extraocular muscles, and the lacrimal glands from 6 h to 144 h PI. At 96 h PI, the viral antigen immunoreactivity was detected in the brainstem at the level of the pons and cerebellum. These results suggest that EHV-9 invaded the brain via the trigeminal nerve in addition to the abducent, oculomotor, and facial nerves. This conjunctival EHV-9 suckling hamster model may be useful in assessing the neuronal spread of neuropathogenic viruses via the eyes to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. El-Habashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Y. Kato
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - E. EL-Nahass
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H. Fukushi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - A. Hirata
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - H. Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - J. Kimura
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - T. Yanai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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El-Habashi N, El-Nahass ES, Fukushi H, Hibi D, Sakai H, Sasseville V, Yanai T. Experimental intranasal infection of equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) in suckling hamsters: kinetics of viral transmission and inflammation in the nasal cavity and brain. J Neurovirol 2010; 16:242-8. [PMID: 20500017 DOI: 10.3109/13550284.2010.489596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9), the newest member of the equine herpesvirus family, is a highly neurotropic herpesvirus that induces encephalitis in a variety of animals. To access transmission of EHV-9 in the nasal cavity and brain, a suckling hamster model was developed so that precise sagittal sections of nasal and cranial cavities including the brain could be processed, which proved useful in detecting viral transmission as well as extension of pathological lesions. Suckling hamsters were inoculated intranasally with EHV-9, and were sacrificed at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h post inoculation (PI). Sagittal sections of the entire head, including nasal and cranial cavities including the brain, were made to assess viral kinetics and identify the progress of the neuropathological lesions. At 12 to 24 h PI the virus attached to and propagated in the olfactory epithelium, and infected adjacent epithelial cells. At 48 h PI, immunohistochemistry for EHV-9 viral antigen showed that virus had extended from the site of infection into the olfactory bulb and olfactory nerve. These results indicate that EHV-9 rapidly invades the brain via the olfactory route after experimental intranasal infection.
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