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Stachowiak M, Szczerbal I, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Nowak T, Sowinska N, Lukomska A, Gogulski M, Badura M, Sklorz-Mencel K, Jagodka D, Nizanski W, Dzimira S, Switonski M. Cytogenetic and molecular insight into the genetic background of disorders of sex development in seventeen cats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17807. [PMID: 36280698 PMCID: PMC9592617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic background of feline disorders of sex development (DSDs) is poorly understood. We performed comprehensive cytogenetic, molecular, and histological studies of 17 cats with abnormal external genitalia, unusual behavior, or tricolor coats (atypical in males). The DSD phenotype of three cats was associated with sex chromosome abnormalities: X/Y translocation (38,XXSRY+), 37,X/38,XY mosaicism, and XX/XY leukocyte chimerism. The remaining 14 affected cats were classified as XY DSD (SRY-positive). In this group and 38 normal males, we analyzed a priori selected candidate genes (SRY, TAC3, CYP11B1 and LHCGR). Only a previously reported nonpathogenic variant was found in SRY. Moreover, SRY gene copy number was determined, and three variants were observed: 6, 5 (modal), and 4 copies in a single DSD case. The known variants in TAC3 and CYP11B1, responsible for testicular hypoplasia, persistent primary dentition or congenital adrenal hyperplasia, were not found in the study group. Nine novel polymorphisms were identified in the LHCGR gene, one of which, a potentially regulatory indel variant in 5'UTR, was significantly associated (p = 0.0467) with XY DSD. Our report confirmed that abnormalities of sex chromosomes are important causes of feline DSDs. We also showed that the indel variant of LHCGR can be considered a promising marker associated with XY DSD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stachowiak
- grid.410688.30000 0001 2157 4669Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- grid.410688.30000 0001 2157 4669Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- grid.410688.30000 0001 2157 4669Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- grid.410688.30000 0001 2157 4669Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Sowinska
- grid.410688.30000 0001 2157 4669Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Lukomska
- grid.410688.30000 0001 2157 4669Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Gogulski
- grid.410688.30000 0001 2157 4669Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland ,grid.424906.d0000 0000 9858 6214Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Kosice, Slovakia ,grid.410688.30000 0001 2157 4669University Centre for Veterinary Medicine, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Badura
- grid.410688.30000 0001 2157 4669Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | - Wojciech Nizanski
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- grid.410688.30000 0001 2157 4669Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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2
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Morphological and Imaging Features of Male Pseudohermaphroditism in a Feral Cat. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A one-year-old European shorthair feral cat with signs of heat was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University. After the physical exam, histology, hormonal analysis, ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) studies were performed. Examination of the external genitalia revealed the absence of one of the testes in the scrotal sac and the presence of a structure whose appearance could suggest an enlarged penis-like clitoris with small spines. The ultrasound study showed compatible images with the left ovary and intra-abdominal testis and tubular structures, which closely resembled the uterine horns. Similar structures were confirmed in the CT study. Exploratory celiotomy revealed the presence of the uterus and undescended testis attached to the uterine horn. Histological examination revealed immature testicular tissue in both gonads and the presence of Persistent Müllerian Duct (PMD). Though a karyotype was not performed, it was presumed to be the standard 38 XY found in pseudohermaphrodites. To date, this type of disorder of sexual development (DSD) has been scarcely reported in cats. Further studies are on the way to knowing the genetic mechanism of this disease.
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Foster RA. Disorders of sexual development in the cat: Current state of knowledge and diagnostic approach. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:257-265. [PMID: 35209773 PMCID: PMC9052703 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221079711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Any congenital or developmental abnormality of any part of the male or female
reproductive tract is a ‘disorder of sexual development’ (DSD). The
tricolored male cat phenotype, cryptorchidism, gonadal hypoplasia and
incidental abnormalities such as cystic remnants or embryonic ducts are
well-known feline DSDs. Clinical challenges: Full characterization of DSDs requires sex chromosome determination and
identification of genes related to development of the gonads, internal
tubular genitalia and external genitalia. Fortunately, affected cats are
seen sporadically and the clinical effects are usually minimal. Classification: The classification nomenclature has changed. In place of intersex,
hermaphrodite, pseudohermaphrodite and sex reversal, the newer standard
classification, based on sex chromosomes, designates sex chromosome DSD when
there is an abnormality in the sex chromosomes, and XX (female) and XY
(male) DSDs where there is not. Identification of the gonadal type (testes,
ovaries, ovotestes or gonadal dysgenesis) and documentation of the internal
and external genital components completes the classification. Evidence base: The original basis of the DSD classification was a consensus reached in
humans. It was quickly accepted in veterinary pathology, courtesy of its
logic and ease of application, and it has subsequently begun to appear in
peer-reviewed papers and clinical reviews. This article reviewing the
various disorders in cats is based on application of the classification and
draws on the feline peer-reviewed literature encompassing chromosome
analysis and definition of reproductive abnormalities, syndromes and
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Szczerbal I, Krzeminska P, Dzimira S, Tamminen TM, Saari S, Nizanski W, Gogulski M, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Switonski M. Disorders of sex development in cats with different complements of sex chromosomes. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1317-1322. [PMID: 30099782 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The genetic background of disorders of sex development (DSDs) in cats is poorly understood, due to a relatively low number of such studies in this species. Here we present three new DSD cases with different complements of sex chromosomes. The first, an Oriental Shorthair cat with a rudimentary penis, abdominal atrophic testicles and lack of uterus appeared to be a freemartin, since leucocyte chimerism XX/XY and a lack of Y-linked genes (SRY and ZFY) were observed in DNA isolated from hair follicles. XXY trisomy was identified in the second case, a tortoiseshell Devon Rex male cat with atrophic scrotal testicles and a normal penis. Finally, a European Shorthair cat with atrophic testicles in a bifid scrotum, rudimentary penis and a lack of uterus had XY complement, including Y chromosome of normal size and morphology. Also presence of eight Y-linked genes, detected by PCR, was confirmed. Due to the low testosterone level in this last patient, we searched for a causative mutation in two candidate genes (HSD3B2 and HSD17B3) involved in the metabolism of this steroid hormone. Altogether, five polymorphic sites in HSD3B2 and two in HSD17B3 were found, but none of them showed associations with DSD phenotype. We thus excluded a possibility that the causative mutation is present in these genes. In conclusion, we confirmed that analysis of the sex chromosome complement is a crucial step in diagnosis of DSDs. However, extensive molecular studies of the genes involved in sex development are needed to elucidate the causes of DSDs in cats with normal complements of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Krzeminska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tuire Maria Tamminen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Saari
- Veterinary Histopathology Service Patovet Ay Kivihaantie 7, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Gogulski
- University Centre for Veterinary Medicine, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Abstract
Case summary Mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia (MFH) is a benign pathology characterised by extensive proliferation of the ductal epithelium and mammary stroma. It typically occurs in young female cats, and seems to result from hypersensitivity to progesterone. A 2-year-old entire male European Shorthair cat presented to the veterinary clinic with enlargement of several mammary glands, which had developed within the previous 10 days. There was no prior administration of progestin in the cat’s medical history. Diagnostic tests were performed to assess the basal progesterone concentration and the concentration after stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which ruled out the presence of functional ovarian tissue. Histological examination of the testes excluded hormone-secreting testicular tumours. Histological examination of the mammary gland confirmed the diagnosis of MFH. Treatment was started with aglepristone, a selective competitor for progesterone receptors, administered subcutaneously at 15 mg/kg at days 1, 2, 8 and 15. A reduction in the size of the mammary glands was evident 6 days after the first administration, with complete remission observed after 4 weeks. Relevance and novel information To the best of our knowledge, this is the first full report of MFH in a male cat. Although the origin of the progestins responsible for MFH in this case could not be confirmed, in the light of the diagnostic tests performed and the results obtained, accidental contact with hormone-like substances seems to be the only plausible explanation for the cat’s clinical signs. Inhibitor therapy was successful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Bo
- Veterinary Association of Bo-Ferro Outpatient Clinic, Turin, Italy
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Dzimira S, Nizanski W, Madej J. Morphological analysis of testicles in cats with disorders of sex development. Pol J Vet Sci 2017; 20:123-131. [DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2017-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rare in cats. They can be caused by chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations or other undefined factors. The aim of the present study was to compare the histological structure and immunohistochemical reactivity of testes in cats with DSD and in healthy cats. The research material consisted of the gonads of four cats - phenotypic males with an incorrect structure of the reproductive system. The control group consisted of the testes of four healthy cats - routinely castrated phenotypical males. The material was fixed with formalin and embedded in paraffin; the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The immunohistochemical investigation were performed using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against desmin, vimentin, actin of smooth muscles, S100 protein and MCM3 protein. The results obtained allow concluding that the testes of cats with DSD differed in certain respects, mainly in the number of blood vessels, from the normal testes. Moreover, the results of immunohistochemical examination indicate that in the testes of cats with DSD the number of supporting cells is lower, the amount of interstitial cells is comparable and spermatogenesis is correct es compared to those determined in the control gonads. The number of blood vessels in cats with DSD is reduced by about 30%. It confirms the recommendations for castration of these animals in order to eliminate the potential inheritance of sex development disorders.
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Albarella S, Ciotola F, D'Anza E, Coletta A, Zicarelli L, Peretti V. Congenital Malformations in River Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7020009. [PMID: 28208595 PMCID: PMC5332930 DOI: 10.3390/ani7020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Congenital malformations (due to genetic causes) represent a hidden danger for animal production, above all when genetic selection is undertaken for production improvements. These malformations are responsible for economic losses either because they reduce the productivity of the farm, or because their spread in the population would decrease the total productivity of that species/breed. River buffalo is a species of increasing interest all over the world for its production abilities, as proved by the buffalo genome project and the genetic selection plans that are currently performed in different countries. The aim of this review is to provide a general view of different models of congenital malformations in buffalo and their world distribution. This would be useful either for those who performed buffalo genetic selection or for researchers in genetic diseases, which would be an advantage to their studies with respect to the knowledge of gene mutations and interactions in this species. Abstract The world buffalo population is about 168 million, and it is still growing, in India, China, Brazil, and Italy. In these countries, buffalo genetic breeding programs have been performed for many decades. The occurrence of congenital malformations has caused a slowing of the genetic progress and economic loss for the breeders, due to the death of animals, or damage to their reproductive ability or failing of milk production. Moreover, they cause animal welfare reduction because they can imply foetal dystocia and because the affected animals have a reduced fitness with little chances of survival. This review depicts, in the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) world population, the present status of the congenital malformations, due to genetic causes, to identify their frequency and distribution in order to develop genetic breeding plans able to improve the productive and reproductive performance, and avoid the spreading of detrimental gene variants. Congenital malformations most frequently reported in literature or signaled by breeders to the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production of the University Federico II (Naples, Italy) in river buffalo are: musculoskeletal defects (transverse hemimelia, arthrogryposis, umbilical hernia) and disorders of sexual development. In conclusion this review put in evidence that river buffalo have a great variety of malformations due to genetic causes, and TH and omphalocele are the most frequent and that several cases are still not reported, leading to an underestimation of the real weight of genetic diseases in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ciotola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Emanuele D'Anza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Angelo Coletta
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Specie Bufalina-ANASB, Caserta 81100, Italy.
| | - Luigi Zicarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Peretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
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8
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Parma P, Veyrunes F, Pailhoux E. Sex Reversal in Non-Human Placental Mammals. Sex Dev 2016; 10:326-344. [PMID: 27529721 DOI: 10.1159/000448361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonads are very peculiar organs given their bipotential competence. Indeed, early differentiating genital ridges evolve into either of 2 very distinct organs: the testis or the ovary. Accumulating evidence now demonstrates that both genetic pathways must repress the other in order for the organs to differentiate properly, meaning that if this repression is disrupted or attenuated, the other pathway may completely or partially be expressed, leading to disorders of sex development. Among these disorders are the cases of XY male-to-female and XX female-to-male sex reversals as well as true hermaphrodites, in which there is a discrepancy between the chromosomal and gonadal sex. Here, we review known cases of XY and XX sex reversals described in mammals, focusing mostly on domestic animals where sex reversal pathologies occur and on wild species in which deviations from the usual XX/XY system have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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9
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Szczerbal I, Stachowiak M, Dzimira S, Sliwa K, Switonski M. The first case of 38,XX (SRY-positive) disorder of sex development in a cat. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:22. [PMID: 25838845 PMCID: PMC4382857 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SRY-positive XX testicular disorder of sex development (DSD) caused by X;Y translocations was not yet reported in domestic animals. In humans it is rarely diagnosed and a majority of clinical features resemble those which are typical for Klinefelter syndrome (KS). Here we describe the first case of SRY-positive XX DSD in a tortoiseshell cat with a rudimentary penis and a lack of scrotum. Results Molecular analysis showed the presence of two Y-linked genes (SRY and ZFY) and a normal sequence of the SRY gene. Application of classical cytogenetic techniques revealed two X chromosomes (38,XX), but further FISH studies with the use of the whole X chromosome painting probe and BAC probes specific to the Yp chromosome facilitated identification of Xp;Yp translocation. The SRY gene was localised at a distal position of Xp. The karyotype of the studied case was described as: 38,XX.ish der(X)t(X;Y)(p22;p12)(SRY+). Moreover, the X inactivation status assessed by a sequential R-banding and FISH with the SRY-specific probe showed a random inactivation of the derivative XSRY chromosome. Conclusions Our study showed that among DSD tortoiseshell cats, apart from XXY trisomy and XX/XY chimerism, also SRY-positive XX cases may occur. It is hypothesized that the extremely rare occurrence of this abnormality in domestic animals, when compared with humans, may be associated with a different organisation of the Yp arm in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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10
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The health of the cat is a complex interaction between its environment (nurture) and its genetics (nature). Over 70 genetic mutations (variants) have been defined in the cat, many involving diseases, structural abnormalities and clinically relevant health concerns. As more of the cat's genome is deciphered, less commonly will the term 'idiopathic' be used regarding the diagnosis of diseases and unique health conditions. State-of-the-art health care will include DNA profiling of the individual cat, and perhaps its tumor, to establish the best treatment approaches. Genetic testing and eventually whole genome sequencing should become routine diagnostics for feline health care. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Cat breeds have disseminated around the world. Thus, practitioners should be aware of the breeds common to their region and the mutations found in those regional populations. Specific random-bred populations can also have defined genetic characteristics and mutations. AUDIENCE This review of 'the good, the bad and the ugly' DNA variants provides the current state of knowledge for genetic testing and genetic health management for cats. It is aimed at feline and general practitioners wanting to update and review the basics of genetics, what tests are available for cats and sources for genetic testing. The tables are intended to be used as references in the clinic. Practitioners with a high proportion of cat breeder clientele will especially benefit from the review. EVIDENCE BASE The data presented is extracted from peer-reviewed publications pertaining to mutation identification, and relevant articles concerning the heritable trait and/or disease. The author also draws upon personal experience and expertise in feline genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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11
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Nowacka-Woszuk J, Szczerbal I, Salamon S, Kociucka B, Jackowiak H, Prozorowska E, Slaska B, Rozanska D, Orzelski M, Ochota M, Dzimira S, Lipiec M, Nizanski W, Switonski M. Testicular disorder of sex development in four cats with a male karyotype (38,XY; SRY-positive). Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 151:42-8. [PMID: 25455261 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular background of disorders of sex development (DSD) in cats is poorly recognized. In this study we present cytogenetic, molecular and histological analyses of four cats subjected for the analysis due to ambiguous external genitalia. Three cases, with rudimentary penises and an abnormal position of the urethral orifice, represented different types of hypospadias. The fourth case had a normal penis, a blind vulva and spermatogenetically active testes. Histological studies showed structures typical of testes, but spermatogenic activity was observed in two cats only. All the cats had a normal male chromosome complement (38,XY) and the Y-chromosome linked genes (SRY and ZFY) were also detected. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), with the use of the feline BAC probe harboring the SRY gene, excluded the possibility of chromosome translocation of the Y chromosome fragment carrying the SRY gene onto another chromosome. Sequencing of four candidate genes (SRY--sex determining region Y; AR--androgen receptor; SRD5A2--steroid-5-alfa reductase 2 and MAMLD1--mastermind-like domain containing (1) revealed one SNP in the SRY gene, one common polymorphism in exon 1 of the AR gene (tandem repeat of a tri-nucleotide motif--CAG), six polymorphisms (5 SNPs and 1 indel) in the SRD5A2 gene and one SNP in the MAMLD1 gene. Molecular studies of the candidate genes showed no association with the identified polymorphisms, thus molecular background of the studied DSD phenotypes remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Salamon
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Kociucka
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Jackowiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewelina Prozorowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Brygida Slaska
- Department of Biological Bases of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Rozanska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Orzelski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Ochota
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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12
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Reynolds BS, Pain A, Meynaud-Collard P, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Szczerbal I, Switonski M, Chastant-Maillard S. Partial urorectal septum malformation sequence in a kitten with disorder of sexual development. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:1016-9. [PMID: 24718294 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14529958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 2-month-old kitten exhibited simultaneously an imperforate anus, hypospadias, rectourethral fistula and genital dysgenesis (penis restricted to the glans, absence of prepuce and bifid scrotum). Surgical correction consisted of separation of the urinary and digestive tracts, perineal urethrostomy and connection of the rectum to the newly made anal opening. Pathological examination of the testes, conventionally removed at 9 months of age, showed no mature spermatozoa and underdevelopment of germ and Leydig cells. In humans, the absence of an anal opening in association with abnormal sexual development defines the urorectal septum malformation sequence. Here, we describe the first case of this syndrome in a kitten with a normal male karyotype (38,XY) and a normal coding sequence for the SRY gene. Both the rectourethral fistula and observed genital abnormalities might have been induced by a disturbance in the hedgehog signalling pathway. However, although four polymorphic sites were identified by DHH gene sequencing, none cosegregated with the malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice S Reynolds
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital CHUVAC, University of Toulouse, INP-ENVT, Toulouse, France Clinical Research Unit, University of Toulouse, INP-ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Amélie Pain
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital CHUVAC, University of Toulouse, INP-ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Patricia Meynaud-Collard
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital CHUVAC, University of Toulouse, INP-ENVT, Toulouse, France Clinical Research Unit, University of Toulouse, INP-ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Lyons LA. Genetic testing in domestic cats. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:224-30. [PMID: 22546621 PMCID: PMC3541004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Varieties of genetic tests are currently available for the domestic cat that support veterinary health care, breed management, species identification, and forensic investigations. Approximately thirty-five genes contain over fifty mutations that cause feline health problems or alterations in the cat's appearance. Specific genes, such as sweet and drug receptors, have been knocked-out of Felidae during evolution and can be used along with mtDNA markers for species identification. Both STR and SNP panels differentiate cat race, breed, and individual identity, as well as gender-specific markers to determine sex of an individual. Cat genetic tests are common offerings for commercial laboratories, allowing both the veterinary clinician and the private owner to obtain DNA test results. This article will review the genetic tests for the domestic cat, and their various applications in different fields of science. Highlighted are genetic tests specific to the individual cat, which are a part of the cat's genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Jiménez R, Barrionuevo FJ, Burgos M. Natural exceptions to normal gonad development in mammals. Sex Dev 2012; 7:147-62. [PMID: 22626995 DOI: 10.1159/000338768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonads are the only organs with 2 possible developmental pathways, testis or ovary. A consequence of this unique feature is that mutations in genes controlling gonad development give rise not only to gonadal malformation or dysfunction but also to frequent cases of sex reversal, including XY females, XX males and intersexes. Most of our current knowledge on mammalian sex determination, the genetic process by which the gonadal primordia are committed to differentiate as either testes or ovaries, has derived mainly from the study of sex-reversed mice obtained by direct genetic manipulation. However, there are also numerous cases of natural exceptions to normal gonad development which have been described in a variety of mammals, including both domestic and wild species. Here, we review the most relevant cases of: (1) natural, non-induced sex reversal and intersexuality described in laboratory rodents, including Sxr and B6-Y(DOM) mice; (2) sex reversal in domestic animals, including freemartinism in bovids and pigs, XX sex reversal in pigs, goats and dogs, XY sex reversal in the horse, and sex chromosome chimerism and sex reversal in the cat, and (3) sex reversal in wild mammals, including the generalised true hermaphroditism described in talpid moles, XY sex reversal in Akodon, Microtus and Dicrostonyx species, males lacking a Y chromosome and SRY in Ellobius lutescens, the X* chromosome of Myopus schisticolor, and sex chromosome mosaicism and X0 females in Microtus oregoni. These studies are necessary to elucidate particular aspects of mammalian gonad development in some instances and to understand how the genetic mechanisms controlling gonad development have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jiménez
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Laboratorio 127 CIBM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, ES–18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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Abstract
The molecular steps in normal sexual development were largely discovered by studying patients and animal models with disorders of sexual development (DSD). Although several types of DSD have been reported in the cat and dog, which are often strikingly similar to human DSD, these have been infrequently utilized to contribute to our knowledge of mammalian sexual development. Canine and feline cases of DSD with sufficient evidence to be considered as potential models are summarized in this report. The consensus DSD terminology, and reference to previous terminology, is used to foster adoption of a common nomenclature that will facilitate communication and collaboration between veterinarians, physicians, and researchers. To efficiently utilize these unique resources as molecular tools continue to improve, it will be helpful to deposit samples from valuable cases into repositories where they are available to contribute to our understanding of sexual development, and thus improve human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Meyers-Wallen
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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