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Ostrager A, Bentley RT, Lewis MJ, Moore GE. Survival in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology with and without lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 38804716 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of individual dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE) remains difficult to predict. MUE cases with no lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) occur, but it is unknown whether this finding is associated with prognosis. HYPOTHESIS MUE cases without detectable lesions on MRI have a better outcome than cases with detectable lesions. ANIMALS Study included 73 client-owned dogs with MUE presenting to Purdue University Veterinary Hospital from 2010 to 2020. METHODS Retrospective study. Dogs with a clinical diagnosis of MUE were identified by medical record search. MRI reports were reviewed for presence or absence of lesions consistent with MUE. Clinical findings at presentation, treatment, disease-specific survival, and outcomes including rates of remission and relapse were compared between cases with normal MRI or abnormal MRI. RESULTS Overall, 54 dogs (74%) were classified as abnormal MRI, and 19 dogs (26%) were classified as normal MRI cases. Death caused by MUE occurred in 1/19 (5%) normal MRI dogs and 18/54 (33%) abnormal MRI dogs (P = .016). Median survival was >107 months in both groups, but survival was significantly longer in the normal MRI group (P = .019). On multivariate analysis, abnormal MRI was significantly related to death (hazard ratio, 7.71; 95% confidence interval 1.03-58.00, P = .0470), whereas significant relationships with death were not identified for either the use of secondary immunosuppressive medications or cerebrospinal fluid nucleated cell count. CONCLUSIONS MUE dogs with no detectable lesions on MRI have reduced disease-related death compared with dogs with abnormal MRI. The presence or absence of MRI lesions in MUE dogs is prognostically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Ostrager
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Melissa J Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - George E Moore
- Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Sung J, Chae Y, Yun T, Koo Y, Lee D, Kim H, Yang MP, Kang BT. Use of neurofilament light chain to identify structural brain diseases in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 38778568 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is released into the peripheral circulation by damaged axons. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic value of serum NfL concentration in dogs with intracranial diseases. ANIMALS Study included 37 healthy dogs, 31 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE), 45 dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE), 20 dogs with hydrocephalus, and 19 dogs with brain tumors. METHODS Cohort study. Serum NfL concentrations were measured in all dogs using single-molecule array technology. RESULTS Serum NfL concentration in dogs with each structural disease was significantly higher than in healthy dogs and dogs with IE (P = .01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of NfL for differentiating between dogs with structural diseases and IE was 0.868. An optimal cutoff value of the NfL 27.10 pg/mL had a sensitivity of 86.67% and a specificity of 74.19% to differentiate the dogs with IE from those with structural brain diseases. There were significant correlations between NfL concentrations and lesion size: (1) MUE, P = .01, r = 0.429; (2) hydrocephalus, P = .01, r = 0.563. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Serum NfL could be a useful biomarker for distinguishing IE from structural diseases in dogs and predicting the lesion sizes of MUE and hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jookyung Sung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhoi Koo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Rohdin C, Ljungvall I, Jäderlund KH, Svensson A, Lindblad-Toh K, Häggström J. Assessment of glial fibrillary acidic protein and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein autoantibody concentrations and necrotising meningoencephalitis risk genotype in dogs with pug dog myelopathy. Vet Rec 2024:e3895. [PMID: 38704817 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pugs commonly present with thoracolumbar myelopathy, also known as pug dog myelopathy (PDM), which is clinically characterised by progressive signs involving the pelvic limbs, no apparent signs of pain and, often, incontinence. In addition to meningeal fibrosis and focal spinal cord destruction, histopathology has confirmed lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in the central nervous system (CNS) in a considerable number of pugs with PDM. Lymphohistiocytic CNS inflammation also characterises necrotising meningoencephalitis (NME) in pugs. This study aimed to investigate the potential contribution of an immunological aetiology to the development of PDM. METHODS The concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in serum and CSF and of anti-GFAP autoantibodies in CSF were measured with an ELISA. In addition, a commercial test was used for genetic characterisation of the dog leukocyte antigen class II haplotype, which is associated with NME susceptibility. RESULTS This study included 87 dogs: 52 PDM pugs, 14 control pugs, four NME pugs and 17 dogs of breeds other than pugs that were investigated for neurological disease (neuro controls). Anti-GFAP autoantibodies were present in 15 of 19 (79%) of the PDM pugs tested versus six of 16 (38%) of the neuro controls tested (p = 0.018). All 18 PDM pugs evaluated had detectable CSF GFAP. Serum GFAP was detected in two of three (67%) of the NME pugs and in two of 11 (18%) of the control pugs but not in any of the 40 tested PDM pugs. Male pugs heterozygous for the NME risk haplotype had an earlier onset of clinical signs (70 months) compared to male pugs without the risk haplotype (78 months) (p = 0.036). LIMITATIONS The study was limited by the lack of healthy dogs of breeds other than pugs and the small numbers of control pugs and pugs with NME. CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of PDM pugs with anti-GFAP autoantibodies and high CSF GFAP concentrations provide support for a potential immunological contribution to the development of PDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rohdin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Anicura, Albano Small Animal Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Hultin Jäderlund
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anna Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Yun T, Kim S, Koo Y, Chae Y, Lee D, Kim H, Yang MP, Kang BT, Kim S. Expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 in neuroinflammation of canine brains. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 60:100847. [PMID: 38182045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2024.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid mediator that is involved in multiple biological processes. The S1P/S1P receptor (S1PR) signaling pathway has an important role in the central nervous system. It contributes to physiologic cellular homeostasis and is also associated with neuroinflammation. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the expression of S1PR in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The analysis used 12 brain samples from three neurologically normal dogs, seven dogs with MUE, and two canine EAE models. Anti-S1PR1 antibody was used for immunohistochemistry. In normal brain tissues, S1PR1s were expressed on neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells. In MUE and EAE lesions, there was positive staining of S1PR1 on leukocytes. Furthermore, the expression of S1PR1 on neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells was upregulated compared to normal brains. This study shows that S1PR1s are expressed in normal brain tissues and leukocytes in inflammatory lesions, and demonstrates the upregulation of S1PR1 expression on nervous system cells in inflammatory lesions of MUE and EAE. These findings indicate that S1P/S1PR signaling pathway might involve physiologic homeostasis and neuroinflammation and represent potential targets for S1PR modulators to treat MUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesik Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Yoonhoi Koo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Yeon Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Dohee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea.
| | - Soochong Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea.
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Heidemann PL, Erhald B, Koch BC, Gredal H. Investigation of side effects to treatment and cause of death in 63 Scandinavian dogs suffering from meningoencephalitis of unknown origin: a retrospective study. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:46. [PMID: 37858113 PMCID: PMC10588026 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin is a common cause of severe neurological disease in dogs. The term covers a heterogeneous group of noninfectious inflammatory diseases, with immune dysregulation widely accepted as the underlying disease mechanism. Current treatment consists of immunosuppression, with corticosteroids being the mainstay of virtually all treatment regimens. However, side effects of corticosteroids can be severe, and might be the cause of death in some patients. This retrospective, multi-centric study aimed at describing a population of Scandinavian dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in regards to reported side effects and cause of death, and to highlight possible differences in survival, when comparing corticosteroid monotherapy with other treatment regimens. RESULTS Within the 5-year study period, 63 dogs were included. Of these, 35 (49.3%) died or were euthanized during the study period. Median survival time from time of diagnosis based on Kaplan-Meier curves for the overall population was 714 days (equivalent to around 25 months, range 0-1678 days). There was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.31) in survival between dogs treated with corticosteroid monotherapy (n = 26, median survival time 716 days, equivalent to around 25 months, range 5-911 days), dogs receiving a combination of corticosteroids and ciclosporin (n = 15, median survival time 916 days, equivalent to around 31 months, range 35-1678 days), and dogs receiving corticosteroids combined with either cytosine arabinoside, leflunomide, or a combination of 2 or more add-on drugs (n = 13, median survival time 1186 days, equivalent to around 40 months, range 121-1640 days). Side effects were registered for 47/63 dogs. Polyphagia (n = 37/47), polyuria/polydipsia (n = 37/47), diarrhea (n = 29/47) and lethargy (n = 28/47) were most frequently reported. The most common cause for euthanasia was relapse (n = 15/35, 42.9%), followed by insufficient or lack of treatment response (n = 9, 25.7%). Side effects were the direct cause of euthanasia in 2/35 dogs (5.7%). CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of dogs in the overall population were euthanized due to relapse, emphasizing a need for treatment regimens aimed at specifically preventing relapse for an improved long-term survival. Side effects in dogs receiving corticosteroid monotherapy were rarely a direct cause of death, but were reported for all dogs. No statistically significant difference in survival was found when corticosteroid monotherapy was compared to other treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Lindholm Heidemann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, Frederiksberg, 1870, Denmark.
| | - Bolette Erhald
- Evidensia Södra Djursjukhuset Kungens Kurva, Månskärsvägen 13, 141 75 Kungens, Kurva, Sweden
| | - Bodil Cathrine Koch
- Fredrikstad Dyrehospital (Fredrikstad Small Animal Hospital), Wilbergjordet 2, Fredrikstad, 1605, Norway
| | - Hanne Gredal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, Frederiksberg, 1870, Denmark
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Palus V, Stehlik L, Necas A, Srnec R, Urbanova L, Lu D. Cervical intervertebral disc disease in 60 Yorkshire terriers. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148802. [PMID: 37252381 PMCID: PMC10213352 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is a common neurological condition in many dog breeds. This study aimed to describe this condition in Yorkshire terriers (YT) and calculate the prevalence of this condition amongst the YTs with neurological diseases. This is a double-centre retrospective study which was conducted in two arms. The first part of the study, describing the clinical features and prognosis of cervical (C) IVDE in YTs, is based on data from 2005 to 2021. The second part of the study calculated the prevalence of C IVDE amongst the YTs with neurological diseases based on data from 2016 to 2021. A retrospective search through the medical records was conducted. YTs with C IVDE diagnosed with MRI and confirmed surgically were eligible for inclusion in this study. Sixty YTs were included in the first part of the study. There were 48 (80%) dogs with acute onset and 12 (20%) with chronic onset with acute deterioration. Ambulation was preserved in 31 (51.7%) dogs on admission, and the remaining 29 (48.3%) dogs were non-ambulatory. No significant association was found between ambulation on admission and recovery status (p = 0.547). Seventy-three intervertebral spaces were treated during the surgical intervention. Relapses were seen in seven (11.7%) dogs. Forty-nine (81.7%) dogs were ambulatory at discharge. A complete recovery was observed in 46 (76.7%) dogs; the remaining dogs (14, 23.3%) were classified as incomplete recovery. A significant difference was found in time to ambulation (p = 0.0238) and time to discharge (p = 0.0139) between the on-admission ambulatory and non-ambulatory dogs. Three hundred and eight YTs were diagnosed with neurological diseases between 2016 and 2021 in one referral centre. C IVDE was diagnosed in 31 (10.06%) dogs. This is the first study explicitly describing the C IVDE in YTs and establishing the prevalence of this condition amongst YTs with other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Palus
- Neurovet, Trencin, Slovakia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Alois Necas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Robert Srnec
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lucie Urbanova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Diane Lu
- CityU Veterinary Medical Centre, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Prümmer JK, Stein VM, Marti E, Lutterotti A, Jelcic I, Schüpbach-Regula G, Buch T, Maiolini A. Assessment of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280864. [PMID: 36696385 PMCID: PMC9876372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) is an inflammatory disease of the canine central nervous system (CNS) that shares several features with multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans. In approximately 95% of MS patients, ≥ two immunoglobulin G (IgG) oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are detectable exclusively in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To investigate OCBs in CSF and serum in dogs affected by MUO, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), idiopathic epilepsy (IE), intracranial neoplasia (IN), steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA), and diseases outside the CNS. We hypothesize that the highest prevalence of CSF-specific OCBs (≥ two OCBs uniquely in the CSF) would be found in dogs affected by MUO. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n = 121) presented to the neurology service due to neurological deficits. METHODS Prospective study. Measurement of IgG concentration in CSF and serum via a canine IgG ELISA kit. OCB detection via isoelectric focusing (IEF) and immunoblot. RESULTS Presence of CSF-specific OCBs was significantly higher in dogs with MUO (57%) compared to 22% in IN, 6% in IE, 15% in SRMA, 13% in IVDD, and 0% in the non-CNS group (p < .001). Dogs with MUO were 9.9 times more likely to show CSF-specific OCBs than all other diseases together (95% confidence interval, 3.7-26.4; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE MUO showed the highest prevalence of CSF-specific OCBs, indicating an inflammatory B cell response. Future studies are needed to evaluate the prevalence in the specific MUO subtypes and a possible similarity with human MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K. Prümmer
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Veronika M. Stein
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ilijas Jelcic
- Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gertraud Schüpbach-Regula
- Department of Clinical Research and Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Maiolini
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Nessler JN, Oevermann A, Schawacht M, Gerhauser I, Spitzbarth I, Bittermann S, Steffen F, Schmidt MJ, Tipold A. Concomitant necrotizing encephalitis and granulomatous meningoencephalitis in four toy breed dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:957285. [PMID: 36118343 PMCID: PMC9477003 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.957285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “meningoencephalitis of unknown origin” (MUO) describes a group of different encephalitides in dogs in which no infectious agent can be identified and a multifactorial etiology is suspected. Among others, genetic factors and unknown triggers seem to be involved. Included are necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE), necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME), and granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME). In this case series, we describe the histopathological findings of four toy breed dogs with focal or multifocal necrotizing encephalitis and mainly lymphocytic perivascular infiltrates on histopathological examination. At the same time, however, in all dogs, focal or multifocal high-grade angiocentric granulomatous inflammatory lesions were evident with focal histiocytic perivascular infiltrates in the brain. The former changes are typical for NLE and NME. In contrast, the latter changes are indicative of GME. This case series shows that the boundaries between the necrotizing and granulomatous variants of MUO might be smooth and suggests that NLE, NME, and GME are not as distinct as previously described. This finding could be a crucial piece of the puzzle in the study of the pathogenesis of MUO as individual susceptibility and specific triggers could be responsible for the manifestation of the different MUO subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Nicole Nessler
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jasmin Nicole Nessler
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marina Schawacht
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Bittermann
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank Steffen
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jürgen Schmidt
- Clinic for Small Animal-Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Park J, Lee D, Yun T, Koo Y, Chae Y, Kim H, Yang MP, Kang BT. Evaluation of the blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a biomarker for meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1719-1725. [PMID: 35929724 PMCID: PMC9511057 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been identified as a biomarker in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been found to be associated with changes in the NLR in humans. Objectives To examine the diagnostic value of the NLR in meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE) in dogs. Animals Thirty‐eight MUE dogs, 20 hydrocephalic dogs, 10 brain tumor (BT) dogs, 32 idiopathic epilepsy (IE) dogs, and 41 healthy dogs. Methods Retrospective study. Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs with a diagnosis of neurologic disease. The NLR was determined in all dogs. Results The median NLR was significantly higher in MUE dogs (6.08) than in healthy (1.78, P < .001), IE (2.50, P < .05), and hydrocephalic dogs (1.79, P < .05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the NLR for differentiation between MUE and healthy dogs was 0.96, and between the MUE dogs and dogs with other forebrain diseases was 0.86. An optimal cutoff of 4.16 for the NLR had a sensitivity of 71.1% and specificity of 83.9% to differentiate the MUE dogs from the dogs with other forebrain diseases. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The NLR could be a biomarker for diagnosing MUE and distinguishing it from other intracranial diseases in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhoi Koo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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10
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Barber R, Barber J. Differential T-cell responses in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin compared to healthy controls. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:925770. [PMID: 35990273 PMCID: PMC9386037 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.925770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO) is a common disorder in dogs that results in mononuclear inflammation in the brain and/or spinal cord. MUO is presumed to be autoimmune but specific immunological aberrations have not been identified. This exploratory study aimed to evaluate T cell production of two cytokines commonly implicated in autoimmune disease, interferon-gamma (IFNg) and interleukin-17 (IL17). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 12 dogs with MUO and 10 healthy controls, stimulated to activate intracellular signaling pathways, and stained with a cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), cluster of differentiation eight (CD8), IFNg, and IL17 antibodies prior to analysis by flow cytometry. Mean differences in absolute cell numbers are represented as MUO cases minus healthy controls, and 95% Cis are reported. Overall IFNg-producing lymphocytes (mean difference = 241.8 cells/ul, 95% CI = 65.6 to 418.1) and CD4+ IFNg-producing T-cells (mean difference = 188.4, 95% CI = 77.3 to 299.5) were fewer in MUO cases. Additionally, CD4+ IL17-producing T-cells were greater in MUO cases (mean difference −34.9, 95% CI = −50.54 to −19.17) and CD8+ IL17-producing T-cells were fewer in MUO cases (mean difference = 73.5, 95% CI = 6.8 to 140.1). These results support that immunological changes can be identified in peripheral blood cells of dogs with MUO and suggest that T-helper type 17 (Th17) cells may play a role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Barber
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Renee Barber
| | - James Barber
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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11
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Windsor R, Stewart S, Schmidt J, Mosqueda M, Piras I, Keller SM, Steinmetz B, Borjesson DL, Huentelman M, Khanna C. A potential early clinical phenotype of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in genetically at-risk pug dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1382-1389. [PMID: 35621070 PMCID: PMC9308433 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) in the pug dogs is a fatal neuroinflammatory disease associated with rapid progression and poor response to conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Diagnosis is typically made after severe neurological abnormalities have manifested. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE Pug dogs at genetic risk for NME might manifest neurological abnormalities before developing pathognomonic clinical signs of NME. ANIMALS Thirty-six pug dogs less than 4 years of age asymptomatic for NME. METHODS Prospective observational cohort study with germline genome-wide genotyping. Neurological examinations were performed 4 weeks apart to document reproducible findings of central nervous system disease. Magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and testing for infectious diseases were performed in all pugs with reproducible abnormalities detected on neurological examination. RESULTS The overall risk allele frequency in this cohort was 40%; 5 (14%) dogs were high risk, 19 (53%) dogs were medium risk, and 12 (33%) dogs were low genetic risk for NME. Reproducible abnormalities detected on neurological examination were identified in 8/24 (33%) genetically at-risk dogs and 0/12 (0%) low risk dogs. Clinical abnormalities included multifocal spinal pain in 8/8, reduced menace response in 5/8, and lateralizing postural reaction deficits in 5/8 pugs. There was a strong association between genotype risk and the presence of this clinical phenotype (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our findings suggest the presence of a novel early clinical phenotype of NME in apparently asymptomatic genetically at-risk pugs which might be used to plan early diagnostic and therapeutic clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Windsor
- Ethos Veterinary HealthWoburnMassachusettsUSA
- Ethos Discovery (501c.3.)San DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samuel Stewart
- Ethos Veterinary HealthWoburnMassachusettsUSA
- Ethos Discovery (501c.3.)San DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Mario Mosqueda
- Neurogenomics DivisionTranslational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Ignazio Piras
- Neurogenomics DivisionTranslational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Stefan M. Keller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Briana Steinmetz
- Ethos Veterinary HealthWoburnMassachusettsUSA
- Ethos Discovery (501c.3.)San DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dori L. Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew Huentelman
- Neurogenomics DivisionTranslational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Chand Khanna
- Ethos Veterinary HealthWoburnMassachusettsUSA
- Ethos Discovery (501c.3.)San DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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12
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Prümmer JK, Moioli M, Richard OK, Maiolini A. Clinical, imaging and histopathological features of concurrent malignancies in a dog: Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin and a malignant parotid gland carcinoma. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Katrin Prümmer
- Division of Clinical Neurology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Melania Moioli
- Division of Clinical Radiology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Clinica Veterinaria Orobica Bergamo Italy
| | - Olivia Kristina Richard
- Institute of Animal Pathology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Pathovet Tagelswangen Germany
| | - Arianna Maiolini
- Institute of Animal Pathology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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13
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Church ME, Ceja G, McGeehan M, Miller MC, Farias P, Sánchez MD, Swain GP, Assenmacher CA, Stopa EG, Vite CH, Bar-Or A, Alvarez JI. Meningeal B Cell Clusters Correlate with Submeningeal Pathology in a Natural Model of Multiple Sclerosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:44-54. [PMID: 34162727 PMCID: PMC8695639 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an idiopathic demyelinating disease in which meningeal inflammation correlates with accelerated disease progression. The study of meningeal inflammation in MS has been limited because of constrained access to MS brain/spinal cord specimens and the lack of experimental models recapitulating progressive MS. Unlike induced models, a spontaneously occurring model would offer a unique opportunity to understand MS immunopathogenesis and provide a compelling framework for translational research. We propose granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) as a natural model to study neuropathological aspects of MS. GME is an idiopathic, progressive neuroinflammatory disease of young dogs with a female bias. In the GME cases examined in this study, the meninges displayed focal and disseminated leptomeningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging, which correlated with heavy leptomeningeal lymphocytic infiltration. These leptomeningeal infiltrates resembled tertiary lymphoid organs containing large B cell clusters that included few proliferating Ki67+ cells, plasma cells, follicular dendritic/reticular cells, and germinal center B cell-like cells. These B cell collections were confined in a specialized network of collagen fibers associated with the expression of the lympho-organogenic chemokines CXCL13 and CCL21. Although neuroparenchymal perivascular infiltrates contained B cells, they lacked the immune signature of aggregates in the meningeal compartment. Finally, meningeal B cell accumulation correlated significantly with cortical demyelination reflecting neuropathological similarities to MS. Hence, during chronic neuroinflammation, the meningeal microenvironment sustains B cell accumulation that is accompanied by underlying neuroparenchymal injury, indicating GME as a novel, naturally occurring model to study compartmentalized neuroinflammation and the associated pathology thought to contribute to progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Church
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Guadalupe Ceja
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Megan McGeehan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Miles C Miller
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Priscilla Farias
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Melissa D Sánchez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gary P Swain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Edward G Stopa
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI; and
| | - Charles H Vite
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jorge I Alvarez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;
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14
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Andersen-Ranberg E, Berendt M, Gredal H. Biomarkers of non-infectious inflammatory CNS diseases in dogs - Where are we now? Part I: Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin. Vet J 2021; 273:105678. [PMID: 34148601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Meningoencephalitides of Unknown Origin (MUO) comprises a group of non-infectious inflammatory brain conditions, which frequently cause severe neurological disease and death in dogs. Although multiple diagnostic markers have been investigated, a conclusive diagnosis, at present, essentially relies on postmortem histopathology. However, different groups of biomarkers, e.g. acute phase proteins, antibodies, cytokines, and neuro-imaging markers may prove useful in the diagnostic investigation of dogs with MUO. It appears from the current literature that acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein are often normal in MUO, but may be useful to rule out steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis as well as other systemic inflammatory conditions. In antibody research, anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) may play a role, but further research is needed to establish this as a consistent marker of particularly Pug dog encephalitis. The proposed diagnostic markers often lack specificity to distinguish between the subtypes of MUO, but an increased expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) in tissue biopsies may indicate their potential as specific markers of NME and GME, respectively, suggesting further investigations of these in serum and CSF. While neuro-imaging is already an important part of the diagnostic work-up in MUO, further promising results have been shown with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) as well as proton resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS), which may be able to detect areas of necrosis and granulomas, respectively, with relatively high specificity. This review presents different groups of established and potential diagnostic markers of MUO assessing current results and future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Andersen-Ranberg
- Copenhagen University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mette Berendt
- Copenhagen University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gredal
- Copenhagen University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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15
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Brady SL, Woodward AP, le Chevoir M. Survival time and relapse in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin treated with prednisolone and ciclosporin: a retrospective study. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:491-498. [PMID: 32794230 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse outcome in dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO) treated with prednisolone and ciclosporin and to assess the effect of a number of patient variables on survival time and rate of relapse. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Medical records of 40 client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of MUO treated with prednisolone and ciclosporin at one institution between June 2010 and January 2018 were reviewed retrospectively to assess survival times and prognostic indicators for death and/or relapse. The minimum follow-up time was 11 months post-diagnosis. RESULTS Median survival was 1345 days (95% confidence interval: 487-∞). No associations with hazard of death or relapse were detected for the presence of multifocal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities, caudal fossa location of MRI abnormalities, value of cerebrospinal fluid total nucleated cell count or total protein at time of diagnosis, or suspected elevation in intracranial pressure at time of diagnosis. CONCLUSION Protracted survival time may be achieved with a treatment combination of prednisolone and ciclosporin. Suspected elevation in intracranial pressure at the time of diagnosis did not affect long-term outcome in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Brady
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.,The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A P Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mar le Chevoir
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.,Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Hospital, Singapore
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16
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Collinet A, Garcia G, Wellehan J, Childress A, Carrera-Justiz S. Investigation of astrovirus and bornavirus in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs clinically diagnosed with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:232-236. [PMID: 31785029 PMCID: PMC6979266 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-suppurative encephalitides in a variety of species, including humans and dogs, have been linked to infection by astroviruses and bornaviruses. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine whether or not ribonucleic acid of astroviruses or bornaviruses was present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs with clinically diagnosed meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE). ANIMALS Twenty-five client-owned dogs evaluated by CSF analysis at a single university referral hospital. METHODS Prospective case-control study. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from clinically diagnosed MUE and control cases and evaluated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the presence of astrovirus and bornavirus. RESULTS Neither astrovirus nor bornavirus nucleic acids were identified in CSF collected from 20 clinically diagnosed MUE and 5 control cases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The negative results of this investigation suggest that astrovirus and bornavirus are not commonly detectable in CSF of dogs with MUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Collinet
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gabriel Garcia
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jim Wellehan
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - April Childress
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sheila Carrera-Justiz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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17
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Amude AM, Arias MVB, Headley SA, Bracarense APFRL, Silva NF, Alfieri AA. Necrotizing leukoencephalitis in a Yorkshire dog from Brazil. SEMINA: CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS 2019; 40:3321. [DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl2p3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE) is an uncommon inflammatory condition of brain of dogs, and was described in dogs from North America, Europe, and Asia. Cases of NLE from South America were not located when major data bases were examined. Consequently, this report describes the findings associated with NLE in a Brazilian 3.5-year-old female Yorkshire dog with neurological findings related to the myelencephalon; the dog died, besides medical treatment, and was submitted for autopsy exam and histopathological evaluation. Lesions were restricted to the encephalon and characterized as leukoencephalomalacia with severe non-suppurative inflammation with extensive perivascular cuffing; the non-suppurative inflammation was characterized by influx of lymphocytes and histiocytes, and occasionally plasma cells, and gitter cells. Infectious disease agents were not identified by molecular techniques or visualized with histochemical stains. This report represents the first definitive diagnose of NLE in Brazil, suggesting that this disease may be present in South America dogs suffering from neurological conditions. This knowledge may be useful for veterinarians in Brazil, taking into account that this disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis when infectious causes are excluded.
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18
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Vitale S, Foss K. Immune-Mediated Central Nervous System Disease-Current Knowledge and Recommendations. Top Companion Anim Med 2019; 34:22-29. [PMID: 30808493 PMCID: PMC7185457 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammation is responsible for about 25% of central nervous system disease in dogs. The disease can affect all ages and breeds, but young to middle-aged small breed dogs are over-represented for most forms. Diagnosis consists of advanced imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and infectious disease testing, but biopsy is required for definitive diagnosis and classification of the disease into one of the many subtypes. Treatment consists of immunosuppressive medication with the goal being to control and/or improve clinical signs. Current literature shows that prognosis is variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Vitale
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Kari Foss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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19
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Taddonio AP, Veloso EJ, Baldwin KJ. Human Chronic Necrotizing Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis: A Novel Case Report. Case Rep Neurol 2018; 10:302-308. [PMID: 30483106 PMCID: PMC6243906 DOI: 10.1159/000494079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing and granulomatous meningoencephalitis are common central nervous system diseases known to affect canines. To date, necrotizing granulomatous meningoencephalitis has yet to be described in humans. Current studies of presumed pathogenesis and possible treatment options have only been described in canines. This is a case report of a 55-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with necrotizing granulomatous meningoencephalitis in the setting of new-onset neurological symptoms without any infectious or malignant source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelly J. Baldwin
- Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
- *Kelly Baldwin, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 N Academy Ave, Danville, PA 17822 (USA), E-Mail
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20
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Dandrieux JR, Martinez Lopez LM, Stent A, Jergens A, Allenspach K, Nowell CJ, Firestone SM, Kimpton W, Mansfield CS. Changes in duodenal CD163-positive cells in dogs with chronic enteropathy after successful treatment. Innate Immun 2018; 24:400-410. [PMID: 30223681 PMCID: PMC6830873 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918799865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs is characterized retrospectively per treatment response as food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), antibiotic-responsive enteropathy (ARE), and immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE) - the latter most resembling inflammatory bowel disease in people. The aim of this study was to characterize duodenal macrophages (Mϕ) in CE using immunohistochemistry; with calprotectin (CAL) as a marker of early differentiated Mϕ and CD163 expression as a marker for resident Mϕ in the duodenum before and after treatment. Prior to treatment, dogs with FRE and IRE had a lower CD163+/CAL+ ratio than control dogs (CTRL) in crypts; this increased significantly and normalized compared with CTRL after treatment. Conversely, the CD163+/CAL+ ratio in dogs with ARE was comparable to that in healthy dogs before and after treatment. In summary, these results suggest that Mϕ play a role in the pathogenesis of CE in FRE and IRE, with a decrease in resident Mϕ and an increase in early differentiated Mϕ, but not in ARE dogs. Mϕ normalize after successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rs Dandrieux
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.,2 Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) group, U-Vet Animal Hospital, Australia
| | - Lina Maria Martinez Lopez
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.,2 Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) group, U-Vet Animal Hospital, Australia
| | - Andrew Stent
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.,2 Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) group, U-Vet Animal Hospital, Australia
| | - Albert Jergens
- 3 College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, USA
| | | | - Cameron J Nowell
- 4 Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.,5 Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wayne Kimpton
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline S Mansfield
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.,2 Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) group, U-Vet Animal Hospital, Australia
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21
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Laws EJ, Harcourt-Brown TR, Granger N, Rose JH. An exploratory study into factors influencing development of acute canine polyradiculoneuritis in the UK. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:437-443. [PMID: 28463414 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the development of acute canine polyradiculoneuritis is associated with various putative risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective case-control study with conditional logistic regression analysis from a referral hospital population in the UK where controls were matched for year of presentation. RESULTS Forty-three cases were identified with acute canine polyradiculoneuritis and 86 controls were selected. Jack Russell terriers and West Highland white terriers were found to have a significantly greater odds of developing acute canine polyradiculoneuritis compared to a mixed baseline group of dogs. The odds of developing acute canine polyradiculoneuritis were greater in the autumn and winter compared to spring. Vaccination, rural/urban habitation, sex, neuter status and age were not associated with development of acute canine polyradiculoneuritis in our population of dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Breed and season were associated with development of acute canine polyradiculoneuritis. However, this is a small sample and so this observation needs confirmation in further studies and other factors may also be involved. Nevertheless, these findings may be important in further understanding the aetiopathogenesis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Laws
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford Small Animal Hospital, Bristol, BS405DU, UK
| | | | - N Granger
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J H Rose
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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22
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Jeffery ND, Barker AK, Alcott CJ, Levine JM, Meren I, Wengert J, Jergens AE, Suchodolski JS. The Association of Specific Constituents of the Fecal Microbiota with Immune-Mediated Brain Disease in Dogs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170589. [PMID: 28125651 PMCID: PMC5268494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO) is a common, naturally-occurring, clinical disease of pet dogs. It is an immune-mediated condition that has many similarities with experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) in rodents and so investigation of its pathogenesis may aid in understanding factors that contribute to development of multiple sclerosis in people. Gut microbiota are known to modulate immune responses that influence susceptibility to immune-mediated brain disease. In this study we aimed to compare abundance of specific constituents of the fecal microbiota, namely Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Prevotellaceae, between dogs diagnosed with MUO and matched controls. Fecal samples were obtained from 20 dogs diagnosed with MUO and 20 control dogs matched for breed, age and gender. Bacterial abundance was measured using qPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. We found that Prevotellaceae were significantly less abundant in cases compared with controls (p = 0.003) but there was no difference in abundance of F.prausnitzii. There was no evidence of other differences in gut microbiota between groups. These data, derived from this naturally-occurring canine clinical model, provide strong corroborative evidence that high abundance of Prevotellaceae in the gut is associated with reduced risk for developing immune-mediated brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D. Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United State of America
| | - Andrew K. Barker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United State of America
| | - Cody J. Alcott
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United State of America
| | - Jon M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United State of America
| | - Ilyssa Meren
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United State of America
| | - Jane Wengert
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United State of America
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United State of America
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United State of America
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23
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Uchida K, Park E, Tsuboi M, Chambers JK, Nakayama H. Pathological and immunological features of canine necrotising meningoencephalitis and granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Vet J 2016; 213:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Michaels DL, Leibowitz JA, Azaiza MT, Shil PK, Shama SM, Kutish GF, Distelhorst SL, Balish MF, May MA, Brown DR. Cellular Microbiology of Mycoplasma canis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1785-1795. [PMID: 27045036 PMCID: PMC4907131 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01440-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma canis can infect many mammalian hosts but is best known as a commensal or opportunistic pathogen of dogs. The unexpected presence of M. canis in brains of dogs with idiopathic meningoencephalitis prompted new in vitro studies to help fill the void of basic knowledge about the organism's candidate virulence factors, the host responses that it elicits, and its potential roles in pathogenesis. Secretion of reactive oxygen species and sialidase varied quantitatively (P < 0.01) among strains of M. canis isolated from canine brain tissue or mucosal surfaces. All strains colonized the surface of canine MDCK epithelial and DH82 histiocyte cells and murine C8-D1A astrocytes. Transit through MDCK and DH82 cells was demonstrated by gentamicin protection assays and three-dimensional immunofluorescence imaging. Strains further varied (P < 0.01) in the extents to which they influenced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the neuroendocrine regulatory peptide endothelin-1 by DH82 cells. Inoculation with M. canis also decreased major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) antigen expression by DH82 cells (P < 0.01), while secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and complement factor H was unaffected. The basis for differences in the responses elicited by these strains was not obvious in their genome sequences. No acute cytopathic effects on any homogeneous cell line, or consistent patterns of M. canis polyvalent antigen distribution in canine meningoencephalitis case brain tissues, were apparent. Thus, while it is not likely a primary neuropathogen, M. canis has the capacity to influence meningoencephalitis through complex interactions within the multicellular and neurochemical in vivo milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina L Michaels
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Leibowitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammed T Azaiza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Suzanne M Shama
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Meghan A May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Daniel R Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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25
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Eberly JA, Hague DW, Singh K, Lezmi S. Pathology in Practice. Necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016. [PMID: 26225607 DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.4.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cornelis I, Volk HA, De Decker S. Clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and long-term survival in large breed dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology. Vet Rec 2016; 179:147. [PMID: 27165997 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies indicate that meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology (MUA) might affect every dog breed at every age, little is known about clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and long-term survival in large breed dogs. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and long-term survival between large and small/medium breed dogs diagnosed with MUA. One hundred and eleven dogs met the inclusion criteria. 28 (25 per cent) dogs were considered large breed dogs compared with 83 (75 per cent) small/medium breed dogs. Large breed dogs presented significantly more often with a decreased mentation. Age, gender, duration of clinical signs prior to diagnosis, presence of seizures or cluster seizures, variables on complete blood count and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and all variables on MRI were not significantly different between small/medium and large breed dogs. Median survival time was 281 and 106 days for the large and small/medium breed dogs, respectively, with no significant difference in survival curves for both groups. Although considered not typically affected by MUA, 25 per cent of dogs included in this study were considered large breed dogs. Therefore, MUA should be included in the differential diagnosis for large breed dogs presenting with intracranial neurological signs. If diagnosed with MUA, large breed dogs also carried a guarded prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cornelis
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - H A Volk
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - S De Decker
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Viall AK, Nixon BK, Ruaux CG, Bildfell RJ. Pathology in Practice: severe, multifocal-to-coalescing, histiocytic and lymphoplasmacytic, necrotizing meningoencephalomyelitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:377-9. [PMID: 26829267 DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.4.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Estey CM, Scott SJ, Cerda-Gonzalez S. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis in a large mixed-breed dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 245:1274-8. [PMID: 25406708 DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.11.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 4-year-old 26-kg (57.2-lb) spayed female Staffordshire Bull Terrier mix was evaluated because of a 24-hour history of cluster seizures. CLINICAL FINDINGS Neurologic examination revealed altered mentation and multifocal intracranial signs; MRI was performed. The MRI findings included multifocal, asymmetric forebrain lesions affecting both the gray and white matter, an area suggestive of focal necrosis, and loss of corticomedullary distinction. A midline shift and caudal transtentorial herniation were noted, suggestive of greater than normal intracranial pressure. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Because the dog's clinical signs worsened despite medical treatment and additional evidence of increased intracranial pressure, bilateral craniectomy and durectomy were performed. Histologic evaluation of a brain biopsy specimen revealed bilateral and asymmetric areas of necrosis in the subcortical white matter and adjacent gray matter. At the periphery of the necrotic areas, there was increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and Virchow-Robin spaces were expanded by CD3+ lymphocytes. Results of immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissue were negative for canine distemper virus, Neospora canis, and Toxoplasma gondii. These clinical, imaging, and histopathologic findings were compatible with necrotizing meningoencephalitis. The dog's neurologic status continued to worsen following surgery. Repeated MRI revealed ongoing signs of increased intracranial pressure, despite the bilateral craniectomy. The owners elected euthanasia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in a large mixed-breed dog. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs other than small or toy breeds that have signs suggestive of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie M Estey
- Neurology Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Kegler K, Spitzbarth I, Imbschweiler I, Wewetzer K, Baumgärtner W, Seehusen F. Contribution of Schwann Cells to Remyelination in a Naturally Occurring Canine Model of CNS Neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196511 PMCID: PMC4510361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliogenesis under pathophysiological conditions is of particular clinical relevance since it may provide evidence for regeneration promoting cells recruitable for therapeutic purposes. There is evidence that neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR)-expressing cells emerge in the lesioned CNS. However, the phenotype and identity of these cells, and signals triggering their in situ generation under normal conditions and certain pathological situations has remained enigmatic. In the present study, we used a spontaneous, idiopathic and inflammatory CNS condition in dogs with prominent lympho-histiocytic infiltration as a model to study the phenotype of Schwann cells and their relation to Schwann cell remyelination within the CNS. Furthermore, the phenotype of p75NTR-expressing cells within the injured CNS was compared to their counter-part in control sciatic nerve and after peripheral nerve injury. In addition, organotypic slice cultures were used to further elucidate the origin of p75NTR-positive cells. In cerebral and cerebellar white and grey matter lesions as well as in the brain stem, p75NTR-positive cells co-expressed the transcription factor Sox2, but not GAP-43, GFAP, Egr2/Krox20, periaxin and PDGFR-α. Interestingly, and contrary to the findings in control sciatic nerves, p75NTR-expressing cells only co-localized with Sox2 in degenerative neuropathy, thus suggesting that such cells might represent dedifferentiated Schwann cells both in the injured CNS and PNS. Moreover, effective Schwann cell remyelination represented by periaxin- and P0-positive mature myelinating Schwann cells, was strikingly associated with the presence of p75NTR/Sox2-expressing Schwann cells. Intriguingly, the emergence of dedifferentiated Schwann cells was not affected by astrocytes, and a macrophage-dominated inflammatory response provided an adequate environment for Schwann cells plasticity within the injured CNS. Furthermore, axonal damage was reduced in brain stem areas with p75NTR/Sox2-positive cells. This study provides novel insights into the involvement of Schwann cells in CNS remyelination under natural occurring CNS inflammation. Targeting p75NTR/Sox2-expressing Schwann cells to enhance their differentiation into competent remyelinating cells appears to be a promising therapeutic approach for inflammatory/demyelinating CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilka Imbschweiler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Konstantin Wewetzer
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Center of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Beckmann K, Carrera I, Steffen F, Golini L, Kircher PR, Schneider U, Bley C. A newly designed radiation therapy protocol in combination with prednisolone as treatment for meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in dogs: a prospective pilot study introducing magnetic resonance spectroscopy as monitor tool. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:4. [PMID: 25637270 PMCID: PMC4316757 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A plethora of treatment options have been described for canine meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO), yet a gold standard has not been established. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to document the effect of a newly designed 30 Gray (Gy) radiation therapy (RT) protocol plus corticosteroids as treatment for focal and multifocal MUO, to monitor clinical and imaging changes during the course of the disease with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton MR Spectroscopy (H-1 MRS) and to detect the occurrence of radiation related side effects. Results Six dogs (3 with focal and 3 with multifocal lesions) were included in the study. The RT protocol used consisted of 30 Gy in 10 fractions. The neurological status of all six dogs improved during RT, with 3 of 6 cases returning to a normal condition. One dog was euthanized early during follow-up (<3 weeks after end of RT). Three month follow up MRI was normal in one dog and improved in 3 dogs and H-1 MRS normalized in 4. In the dog without improvement of the MRI lesions, the N-acetyl aspartate continued to decrease, while choline and creatine concentrations remained stable during that time. This dog was euthanized 18 month after the end of RT due to relapse. One dog was lost to follow up 12 month after completion of RT. The other 3 dogs are still alive at the time of writing. Conclusions RT with 30 Gy in 10 fractions can provide an additional option for anti-inflammatory treatment of focal and multifocal MUO. The protocol used for treatment monitoring was feasible while no side effects of RT could be observed during the follow up period. Moreover, H-1 MRS could represent a new and non-invasive tool to control the progression of the disease during the treatment course.
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31
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Coates JR, Jeffery ND. Perspectives on Meningoencephalomyelitis of Unknown Origin. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 44:1157-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Moon JH, Jung HW, Lee HC, Jeon JH, Kim NH, Sur JH, Ha J, Jung DI. A study of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in dogs as a disease model for canine necrotizing encephalitis. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:203-11. [PMID: 25269720 PMCID: PMC4483504 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the use of dogs with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a disease model for necrotizing encephalitis (NE) was assessed. Twelve healthy dogs were included in this study. Canine forebrain tissues (8 g), including white and grey matter, were homogenized with 4 mL of phosphate-buffered saline for 5 min in an ice bath. The suspension was emulsified with the same volume of Freund's complete adjuvant containing 1 mg/mL of killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Under sedation, each dog was injected subcutaneously with canine brain homogenate at four sites: two in the inguinal and two in the axillary regions. A second injection (booster) was administered to all the dogs using the same procedure 7 days after the first injection. Clinical assessment, magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analyses, necropsies, and histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed for the dogs with EAE. Out of the 12 animals, seven (58%) developed clinically manifest EAE at various times after immunization. Characteristics of canine EAE models were very similar to canine NE, suggesting that canine EAE can be a disease model for NE in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Moon
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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Bartels J, Darrow BG, Schatzberg SJ, Bu L, Carlson R, Tipold A. MIP-3β/CCL19 is associated with the intrathecal invasion of mononuclear cells in neuroinflammatory and non-neuroinflammatory CNS diseases in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:157. [PMID: 25016392 PMCID: PMC4105050 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokines such as MIP-3β/CCL19 are important factors in the mechanism of cell migration and pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory reactions. The hypothesis of this study is that CCL19, also known as MIP-3β, is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and non-inflammatory CNS diseases of dogs. Experiments were performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples of dogs affected with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) during the acute phase as well as during treatment. Dogs with SRMA were compared to dogs with presumed meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO), and both groups sub-categorized into dogs receiving no therapy and with patients receiving prednisolone therapy. Idiopathic epilepsy (IE), a group with normal CSF cell count, was used as a control. Additionally, dogs with intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) of varying severity were analyzed. Chemokine concentrations were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Migration assays were performed on seven selected CSF samples using a disposable 96-well chemotaxis chamber. Results CCL19 was detectable in CSF samples of all dogs. Dogs with untreated SRMA and MUO displayed pronounced CCL19 elevations compared to the control group and patients receiving glucocorticosteroid treatment. CSF cell counts of untreated SRMA and MUO patients were significantly positively correlated with the CCL19 CSF concentration. IVDD patients also had elevated CCL19 concentration compared to controls, but values were considerably lower than in inflammatory CNS diseases. Selected CSF samples displayed chemotactic activity for mononuclear cells in the migration assay. Conclusions CCL19 CSF concentrations were markedly elevated in patients affected with the neuroinflammatory diseases SRMA and MUO and showed a strong correlation with the CSF cell count. This chemokine may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SRMA and MUO. The elevation of CSF CCL19 in IVDD suggests that it may also be involved in the secondary wave of spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 9, Hannover 30559, Germany.
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Park ES, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Establishment of a rat model for canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME). Vet Pathol 2014; 51:1151-64. [PMID: 24448672 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813519115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME), necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE), and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) is still uncertain, although they are considered immune-mediated diseases. The purpose of the present study is to generate a rodent model(s) of these diseases. Rats were injected with rat cerebral or cerebellar homogenate. Rats injected with cerebral homogenate (Cbr) exhibited vacuolar or malacic changes mainly in the cerebral cortex. CD3-positive T cells and Iba-1-positive and CD163-negative microglia infiltrated and activated around the lesions. IgG deposited in the glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)-positive glia limitans from the early phase, and CD3-positive T cells attached to GFAP-positive astrocytes. Autoantibodies against GFAP were detected in the sera. These pathological features of Cbr rats were consistent with those of canine NME. In contrast, rats injected with cerebral homogenate (Cbe) exhibited demyelinating lesions with inflammatory reactions in the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. The presence of demyelination and autoantibodies against myelin proteins in Cbe rats was similar to murine experimental autoimmune encephalitis and differed from NME, NLE, and GME. All the present findings indicate that autoantibodies together with microglia and T cells may play a major role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic canine meningoencephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-S Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lavely
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, VCA Animal Care Center of Sonoma, 6470 Redwood Drive, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
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36
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Miyake H, Inoue A, Tanaka M, Matsuki N. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein as a specific marker for necrotizing meningoencephalitis in Pug dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1543-5. [PMID: 23856761 PMCID: PMC3942992 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the ability of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) concentration as
a diagnostic marker for canine central nervous system (CNS) disorders, sera from dogs with
various CNS (n=47) and non-CNS (n=56) disorders were measured for GFAP by using an ELISA
kit. Healthy Beagles (n=15) and Pug dogs (n=12) were also examined as controls.
Interestingly, only Pug dogs with necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) showed elevated
serum GFAP concentrations (<0.01 to 1.14 ng/ml),
while other breeds of dogs with NME did not. Among the Pug dogs with NME, serum GFAP
concentrations did not correlate with their clinical features, such as ages or survival
times. Our data indicate the usefulness of serum GFAP as a novel marker for Pug dogs with
NME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hizuru Miyake
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Park ES, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-Related Cytokine and Chemokine Receptor mRNA and Protein Expression in the Brain Tissues, T Cells, and Macrophages of Dogs With Necrotizing and Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:1127-34. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813488957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E.-S. Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H. Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Baiker K, Matiasek K. SNE is not NLE is not GME. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:366. [PMID: 23645615 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813476068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Park ES, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Response. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:367. [PMID: 23645616 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813480218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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