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Stefanello D, Gariboldi EM, Boracchi P, Ferrari R, Ubiali A, De Zani D, Zani DD, Grieco V, Giudice C, Recordati C, Caniatti M, Auletta L, Chiti LE. Weishaar's classification system for nodal metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes: Clinical outcome in 94 dogs with mast cell tumor. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1675-1685. [PMID: 38426589 PMCID: PMC11099738 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic role and prognostic relevance of lymphadenectomy in mast cell tumor (MCT) has historically been evaluated on regional rather than sentinel lymph nodes. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To update information about the association of histological nodal (HN) classes with clinical outcome in dogs with MCT after tumor excision and extirpation of normal-sized sentinel nodes (SLN) guided by radiopharmaceutical. ANIMALS Ninety-four dogs with histologically-confirmed treatment-naïve MCT (71 cutaneous, 22 subcutaneous and 1 conjunctival MCT) were included if without: distant metastases, lymphadenomegaly, concurrent mixed cutaneous, and subcutaneous MCT. METHODS This was a monoistitutional cohort study. Tumors characteristics were retrieved and SLNs were classified according to Weishaar's system. Incidence of MCT-related events (local, nodal, distant relapse), de novo MCT or other tumors and death (MCT-related and non-MCT-related), were recorded. Incidence curves were compared among the HN classes. RESULTS Twenty-seven dogs had HN0, 19 HN1, 37 HN2, and 11 HN3 SLN. Thirteen (2 HN0, 4 HN2, and 7 HN3) received adjuvant chemotherapies. Kiupel high grade, increasing number of SLN and lymphocentrums were associated with higher HN classes. Five dogs died for MCT-related causes: 1 low-grade (HN0) and 1 subcutaneous (HN3) had a local relapse, 2 high-grade had distant relapse (HN3-HN0) and 1 dog developed disease progression from a de novo subcutaneous MCT. No nodal relapse was registered. Fourteen dogs developed de novo MCTs. CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION Low grade/low-risk MCT with nonpalpable and normal sized SLN have a favorable outcome independently from the HN. Result should be considered strictly related to the successful SLN detection guided pre- and intraoperative by radiopharmaceutical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Stefanello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Elisa M. Gariboldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e ClinicheUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Roberta Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Alessandra Ubiali
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Donatella De Zani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Davide D. Zani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Chiara Giudice
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Camilla Recordati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Mario Caniatti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Luigi Auletta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Lavinia E. Chiti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
- Clinic for Small Animals Surgery—Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Bulak K, Kycko A, Śmiech A, Łopuszyński W. Immunoreactivity of p21, MMP-1 and CB2 receptor proteins in cutaneous canine mast cell tumours: an association with the three-tier grading system. J Vet Res 2023; 67:611-618. [PMID: 38130452 PMCID: PMC10730558 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mast cell tumours (MCTs) arise in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues in animals and humans and are one of the most common neoplasms of the skin in dogs. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p21) and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) are potential targets for novel anti-tumour therapeutic strategies. This study evaluated by immunohistochemical means the reactivity of p21, MMP-1 and CB2R proteins in association with a three-tier grading system in cutaneous canine MCTs. Material and Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine MCTs were processed for histochemical analysis and immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against p21, MMP-1 and CB2R. The results were analysed statistically. Results The strongest p21 immunolabelling was detected in grade 3 MCTs, while grade 1 tumours showed mild or no detectable p21 immunoreactivity (P-value < 0.001). Strong immunolabelling of MMP-1 was the most common in grade 1 tumours (P-value < 0.001) and CB2R was significantly less frequent in grade 3 tumours than in grade 1 (P-value < 0.001) and grade 2 (P-value < 0.001). Conclusion High immunoreactivity of MMP-1 can be a marker of grade 1 MCTs in dogs, whereas p21 protein overexpression can be a marker of grade 3 canine MCTs. Strong CB2R immunoreactivity with simultaneous underexpression of p21 and high immunoreactivity of MMP-1 proteins may indicate that the use of cannabinoids in grade 1 MCTs in dogs is practicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Bulak
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Kycko
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Śmiech
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łopuszyński
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612Lublin, Poland
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Cino M, Gariboldi EM, Stefanello D, Spindler KP, Ferraris EI, Morello EM, Bertola L, Maniscalco L, Martano M. Ki67 Index in Patnaik Grade 2/Kiupel Low-Grade Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors with Early Lymph Node Metastasis: A Descriptive Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:436. [PMID: 37505841 PMCID: PMC10384441 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies evaluating Ki67 in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (cMCTs) have reported its prognostic value when tumors of all histological grades are included. This study aims to evaluate whether the Ki67 index has a predictive value in a homogeneous cohort of G2/LG cMCTs with HN2 lymph nodes (LNs) and to describe the clinical outcome. The second goal was to explore the correlation between the Ki67 index and MC. The medical databases of three institutions were retrospectively searched for dogs undergoing surgical treatment for cMCT and LN extirpation, with a histological diagnosis of G2/LG with HN2 LNs. Information about histological margins, MC, Ki67 index, local recurrence, nodal relapse, distant metastasis, de novo cMCT occurrence and date and cause of death were included. A total of 39 cases were identified. None of these developed local and nodal relapse or metastatic distant disease. Median MC was 1 (0-2). Median Ki67 index was 3.5 (0.7-14.3). Ki67 and MC were not significantly correlated. At the end of the study, 32 (82%) dogs were alive, 7 (18%) dogs were dead from unrelated causes and 4 (10.2%) dogs were lost to follow-up. The median ST was not reached, and the mean was 893 days (104-2241 days). Considering the strict inclusion criteria, dogs affected by G2/LG with HN2 LNs treated with surgery alone may have a good oncologic outcome; the Ki67 index does not have prognostic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Cino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Elisa Maria Gariboldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell' Università 1, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell' Università 1, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Kevin Pascal Spindler
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Erica Ilaria Ferraris
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Emanuela Maria Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Luca Bertola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell' Università 1, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Lorella Maniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Burge R, Woolard KD, Willcox JL, Rebhun RB, Burton JH, Al-Nadaf S, Skorupski KA. High-Grade, Stage 2 Mast Cell Tumors: Outcome in Dogs With Local and Systemic Therapy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2023; 59:167-176. [PMID: 37432790 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Canine mast cell tumors (MCTs) have highly variable clinical behavior, and predicting outcomes in individual dogs remains challenging. Many studies combine dogs with varying tumor grades, clinical stage, or treatments, confounding those results. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine outcome and prognostic factors in a specific subset of dogs with high-grade, stage 2, cutaneous MCTs treated with adequate local control via surgery with or without radiation therapy and adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy. Seventeen dogs met the inclusion criteria, and the median survival time was 259 days. Development of local recurrence, tumor location, and presence of ulceration were all associated with shorter survival times. Tumor size, mitotic count, chemotherapy protocol, lymph node classification, and radiation therapy were not significantly associated with outcome. In this study, a specific population of dogs characterized by high-grade MCTs with local lymph node metastasis who received aggressive local and systemic therapy had a median survival of about 8.5 mo. Dogs with ulcerated tumors, recurrent tumors, or tumors located on the head had a worse outcome despite aggressive therapy. These results may serve as a basis of comparison for future research exploring alternative treatment combinations in this specific population of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Burge
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (R.B.), College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.D.W.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jennifer L Willcox
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (J.L.W., R.B.R., S.A.-N., K.A.S.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (J.L.W., R.B.R., S.A.-N., K.A.S.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jenna H Burton
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (J.H.B.)
| | - Sami Al-Nadaf
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (J.L.W., R.B.R., S.A.-N., K.A.S.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Katherine A Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (J.L.W., R.B.R., S.A.-N., K.A.S.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Preliminary Assessment of Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) in Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Prevalence and Prognostic Relevance and Its Association with Neoangiogenesis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020283. [PMID: 36670824 PMCID: PMC9855198 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs. In order to gain more information on the prognostic markers in MCT, the role of the eosinophil granulocytes infiltrates was investigated and assessed by the evaluation of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) in 87 canine cutaneous MCTs. In human medicine, high TATE are often described in highly angiogenic tumors: we therefore assessed the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in neoplastic mast cells. TATE and VEGF expression were compared between themselves, with histological grading, immunohistochemical expression of KIT and Ki-67, and with the recurrence. We found a statistically significant correlation between TATE and Patnaik grading (p = 0.041), Kiupel grading (p = 0.022), immunohistochemical KIT expression (p = 0.015), and tumor recurrence (p = 0.000). No associations were observed with Ki-67 and VEGF expression. This is the first evaluation of TATE and its prognostic value in canine MCTs in veterinary oncology. This study suggest that this investigation could be an important source of information for this tumor and for other neoplasms.
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Costa VR, Soileau AM, Liu CC, Moeller CE, Carossino M, Langohr IM, Withers SS. Exploring the association of intratumoral immune cell infiltrates with histopathologic grade in canine mast cell tumors. Res Vet Sci 2022; 147:83-91. [PMID: 35490489 PMCID: PMC11293894 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous canine mast cell tumors (ccMCTs) vary in their biological behavior, treatment, and prognosis, based on their grade. Immune cell infiltration has been associated with prognosis and response to treatments in some human cancers, and immune-targeting therapeutics are increasingly being explored in veterinary oncology. However, currently little is known about the tumor microenvironment (TME) in ccMCTs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of T lymphocytes, T regulatory lymphocytes, PD-1+ cells and macrophages in low- and high-grade ccMCTs. Thirty low-grade and 20 high-grade formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ccMCT samples were included. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect CD3, FOXP3, Iba1, and PD-1 on sequential sections. Three 400x fields with the highest numbers of CD3+ cells were identified for each tumor. The percentage of CD3+, FOXP3+, and Iba1+ cells, and the number of PD-1+ cells, was quantified in each of these three "hot-spot" fields using ImageJ software. Iba1 expression was significantly greater in high-grade compared to low-grade ccMCTs (mean = 12.5% vs. 9.6%, p = 0.043). PD-1 expression was low overall, but a significantly higher number of PD-1-expressing cells was observed in high-grade ccMCTs (median 1 vs. 0, p = 0.001). No significant difference was noted in CD3 and FOXP3 expression between ccMCT grades. Macrophages and PD-1+ cells were more frequent in high-grade, compared to low-grade ccMCTs. Further studies are needed to define the role of macrophages and rare PD-1+ cells in high-grade ccMCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Costa
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Aimee M Soileau
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Cambri E Moeller
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Louisiana State University, Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (LADDL), River Rd, #1043, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Louisiana State University, Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (LADDL), River Rd, #1043, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sita S Withers
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Paes PRO, Horta RS, Luza LC, Pierezan F, Costa MP, Lavalle GE. Inclusion of fibroblasts and collagen fibrils in the cytologic grading of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:339-348. [PMID: 35419864 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblasts and/or collagen fibrils have not been included in previous cytologic grading schemes of canine mast cell tumors (MCTs), and their association with biological behavior is broadly debated. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the cytologic findings of canine MCT, with emphasis on the microenvironment, and propose a novel cytologic grading system correlated with mortality and histologic grade. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cytology smears of canine cutaneous MCTs were retrospectively reviewed and compared with their histopathologic counterparts using Cohen´s Kappa test. One-year survival rates were also compared with the cytologic and histopathologic variables using Pearson´s correlation test. RESULTS From 92 first-occurrence canine cutaneous MCTs, the five features most associated with mortality were selected for a new grading system. The five features were cytoplasmic granulation, fibroblast and/or collagen fibril concentrations, and the presence of mitotic figures, multinucleation, and karyomegaly. Among concordant histopathologic and cytologic cases (ie, the same grades using both systems), mortality rates were 2.6% (1/38) for low-grade and 71.4% (10/14) for high-grade cases (P < 0.001, chi-square). For false-negative and false-positive results, mortality rates were 33% (1/3) and 45% (5/11), respectively (P = 0.707). CONCLUSIONS Unlike the Camus cytologic grading system, the present amendment excluded binucleation and included fibroblasts and/ or collagen fibrils, which in higher concentrations were associated with increased survival and a low histopathologic grade. Cytologic grading with the inclusion of fibroblast and collagen fibril concentrations correlated with survival, as did the Camus cytologic and Kiupel histopathologic grades; however, further studies are needed to confirm the prognostic value of this novel cytologic grading scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R O Paes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Horta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ludimila C Luza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pierezan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gleidice E Lavalle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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De Vos S, Demeyere K, De Cock H, Devriendt N, Schwarzkopf I, Fortrie R, Roggeman T, Meyer E, De Spiegelaere W, de Rooster H. Comparison of serum tryptase as a diagnostic oncological marker in canine versus human mast cell neoplasms. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Evaluation of Tumor Grade and Proliferation Indices before and after Short-Course Anti-Inflammatory Prednisone Therapy in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060277. [PMID: 35737330 PMCID: PMC9227510 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid administration is a common clinical practice that attempts to decrease the inflammation associated with and improve the resectability of canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). However, the impact of neoadjuvant glucocorticoids on the histological features and proliferation indices of canine MCTs is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in tumor grade, mitotic count, Ki67, AgNOR, and AgNORxKi67 scores following short-course anti-inflammatory neoadjuvant prednisone in canine patients with MCTs. This was a prospective single-arm pilot study. Client-owned dogs with treatment-naïve cytologically confirmed MCTs were enrolled. Patients underwent an initial incisional biopsy followed by a 10–14-day course of anti-inflammatory prednisone and surgical resection. All histological samples were randomized, masked, and evaluated by a single pathologist. Unstained paired pre- and post-treatment samples were submitted to a commercial laboratory for Ki67 and AgNOR immunohistochemical analysis. There were 11 dogs enrolled with 11 tumors. There were no statistical differences between the pre- and post-treatment histological parameters of mitotic index, Ki67, AgNOR, or Ki67xAgNOR. There were no clinically significant alterations between pre-treatment and post-treatment in the assignment of tumor grades. A short course of anti-inflammatory prednisone does not appear to alter the histological parameters that affect grade determination or significantly alter the proliferation indices in canine MCTs.
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Martins AL, Canadas-Sousa A, Mesquita JR, Dias-Pereira P, Amorim I, Gärtner F. Retrospective study of canine cutaneous tumors submitted to a diagnostic pathology laboratory in Northern Portugal (2014-2020). Canine Med Genet 2022; 9:2. [PMID: 35216632 PMCID: PMC8875941 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-022-00113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous neoplastic diseases are the most and second-most frequently reported tumors in male and female dogs, respectively. The aims of this study were to report the occurrence of canine cutaneous tumors in a pathology laboratory located in Northern Portugal between 2014 and 2020, and to characterize and categorize the anatomical locations, breed, age, and sex of the animals affected with different types of neoplasms. Results Throughout the 7-year study, 1,185 cases were diagnosed as cutaneous tumors, with 62.9% being classified as benign, and 37.1% as malignant. Mast cell tumors (22.7%) were the most frequently diagnosed tumor type, followed by benign soft tissue tumors (9.7%), sebaceous gland tumors (8.1%), vascular tumors (7.9%) and soft tissue sarcomas (7.6%). Cutaneous tumors commonly exhibited multicentric occurrence (14.6%) followed by single occurrence in hindlimb (12.1%), forelimb (8.6%), buttock (7.1%), abdominal (6.5%) and costal (5.2%) areas. The odds of developing cutaneous neoplasia were higher with increasing age (p < 0.001). Females had an increased odds of developing skin tumors compared to males (crude OR = 2.99, 95% (2.51, 3.55); adj OR = 2.93, 95% (2.46, 3.49). Purebred dogs, as a group, showed a reduced odds of developing cutaneous tumors when compared to mixed-breed dogs (crude OR = 0.63, 95% (0.53, 0.74); adj OR = 0.75, 95% (0.62, 0.89). Conclusions Mast cell tumors, benign soft tissue tumors and sebaceous tumors were the most common histotypes encountered. The epidemiological survey achieved with this study demonstrates the relative frequency of different types of tumors in this particular population. Furthermore, the results herein achieved can act as a basis or a beneficial reference for local veterinarians helping in the establishment of a preliminary and presumptive diagnosis of canine cutaneous tumors histotypes. Plain English summary Skin tumors are the most and second-most frequently reported tumors in male and female dogs, respectively. The aim of this study was to report the occurrence of canine skin tumors in a diagnostic pathology laboratory located in Northern Portugal, between 2014–2020 and to characterize the anatomical distributions, breed, age, and sex of the animals affected by different skin tumors. During this period, 1,185 cases were diagnosed as skin tumors; 62.9% were diagnosed as benign, while 37.1% were malignant. Mast cell tumors (22.7%) were the most frequently diagnosed neoplasia, followed by benign soft tissue tumors (9.7%), sebaceous gland tumors (8.1%), vascular tumors (7.9%) and soft tissue sarcomas (7.6%). Skin tumors commonly developed in more than one location (14.6%) followed by solitary development in hindlimb (12.1%), forelimb (8.6%), buttock (7.1%), abdominal (6.5%) and costal (5.2%) areas. An increased odds of developing skin neoplasms as the patient’s age increase was detected. Females showed an increased odds in comparison to male dogs. Purebred dogs presented decreased odds for developing skin tumors in comparison to mixed-breed dogs. The information relevance achieved with this study demonstrates the relative frequency of different types of tumors in this particular population, acting as a basis or a beneficial reference for regional veterinarians when providing an initial diagnosis of canine skin tumors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40575-022-00113-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Canadas-Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde da Universidade Do Porto (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde da Universidade Do Porto (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia E Imunologia Molecular da Universidade Do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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Guerra D, Faroni E, Sabattini S, Agnoli C, Chalfon C, Stefanello D, Del Magno S, Cola V, Grieco V, Marconato L. Histologic grade has a higher-weighted value than nodal status as predictor of outcome in dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors and overtly metastatic sentinel lymph nodes. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:551-558. [PMID: 35195937 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (cMCTs), histologic grade and clinical stage are the most important prognostic factors, with high-grade tumors and metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) significantly influencing the evolution of disease. However, it is uncertain whether histologic grade and clinical stage should be given equal weighting value in patient prognostication and management. Dogs with low- and high-grade cMCTs and at least one overtly metastatic sentinel LN undergoing standardized treatment, consisting of surgical excision of the cMCT, lymphadenectomy and chemotherapy, were retrospectively included. The aim was to determine whether, at the same clinical stage, histologic grade retained prognostic relevance. Sixty dogs were included: 26 had a high-grade cMCT tumor and 34 had a low-grade cMCT. Median follow-up was 367 days (range, 187-748) in the high-grade group, and 1208 days (range, 180-2576) in the low-grade group. Median time to progression was significantly shorter in the high-grade group than in the low-grade group (214 days versus not reached; P<0.001), as well as tumor-specific survival (545 days versus not reached; P<0.001). On multivariable analysis, a high histologic grade and incomplete margins retained prognostic significance for both tumor progression and tumor-specific death. In dogs with cMCT and at least one overtly metastatic LN undergoing multimodal treatment, histologic grade significantly correlated with outcome. Overall prognosis was not unfavorable, even in the high-grade group, further supporting that a multimodal therapeutic approach, addressing primary tumor and sentinel LN, should be offered. Whether chemotherapy should be incorporated in the therapeutic planning of low-grade cMCTs remains to be defined. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Guerra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - Eugenio Faroni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - Silvia Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - Chiara Agnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - Carmit Chalfon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Del Magno
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - Veronica Cola
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
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12
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Bellamy E, Berlato D. Canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumours: a review. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:497-511. [PMID: 34671978 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumours are common neoplasms in the dog. While the majority can be treated with adequate local therapy alone, a subset demonstrates a biologically aggressive behaviour associated with local recurrence or metastasis. This article reviews the diagnosis and tumour staging of canine mast cell tumours alongside treatment options and the evidence supporting their use. In addition, prognostic markers are evaluated to highlight how one can recognise mast cell tumours that may behave in a biologically aggressive manner as well as the challenges of tumours that are large, infiltrative or in locations not amenable to wide surgical excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bellamy
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - D Berlato
- AniCura AOI Center AG, Hünenberg, 6331, Switzerland
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13
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Brown GK, Campbell JE, Jones PD, De Ridder TR, Reddell P, Johannes CM. Intratumoural Treatment of 18 Cytologically Diagnosed Canine High-Grade Mast Cell Tumours With Tigilanol Tiglate. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:675804. [PMID: 34513966 PMCID: PMC8429927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.675804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine high-grade mast cell tumours (HGMCT) are associated with a poor prognosis, are inherently more invasive, and have higher rates of local recurrence. The primary aim of this retrospective study was to assess the efficacy of intratumoural tigilanol tiglate (TT) as a local treatment option. Eighteen dogs with mast cell tumours (MCT) cytologically diagnosed by veterinary pathologists as either high-grade or suspected high-grade MCT were treated with TT. The TT dose was based on tumour volume (0.5 mg TT/cm3 tumour volume) and delivered intratumourally using a Luer lock syringe and a fanning technique to maximise distribution throughout the tumour mass. Efficacy was assessed on the presence/absence of a complete response (CR) to therapy at days 28 and 84 using response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST). For dogs not achieving a CR after 28 days, the protocol was repeated with a second intratumoural TT injection. Ten out of 18 dogs (56%) in this study achieved and maintained a CR to at least 84 days after their first or second treatment. Six patients were alive and available for evaluation at 2 years, three of those were recurrence free, and a further three patients were recurrence free following a second treatment cycle. Tigilanol tiglate shows efficacy for local treatment of HGMCT, with higher efficacy noted with a second injection if a CR was not achieved following the first treatment. In the event of treatment site recurrence (TSR), the tumour may be controlled with additional treatment cycles. Tigilanol tiglate provides an alternative local treatment approach to dogs with HGMCT that would either pose an unacceptable anaesthetic risk or the tumour location provides a challenge when attempting surgical excision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul Reddell
- QBiotics Group Limited, Yungaburra, QLD, Australia
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
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14
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Knight BJ, Wood GA, Foster RA, Coomber BL. Beclin-1 is a novel predictive biomarker for canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:46-56. [PMID: 34521293 PMCID: PMC8679166 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211042578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most common skin tumor of the dog, and accurately
predicting their clinical behavior is critical in directing patient therapy, as
they range from benign lesions to a fatal systemic disease. Grading is useful
for prognosis, but it cannot predict the behavior of all MCTs. We hypothesized
that biomarker immunolabeling in tumor tissues would correlate with patient
morbidity and mortality. A clinically annotated tissue microarray (TMA) of
primary, recurrent, and metastatic (to lymph node) canine dermal and
subcutaneous MCTs was created. Some dogs whose MCTs were included in the TMA did
not receive adjunctive treatment after surgical excision of the MCT, whereas
others were treated with one or a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, or
oral toceranib. Immunohistochemistry for beclin-1, an autophagy protein, was
performed followed by digital image analysis. Beclin-1 immunolabeling was higher
in recurrent tumors (mean H-score 110.8) than primary MCTs
(mean H-score 73.5), and highest in lymph node metastases (mean
H-score 138.5) with a significant difference in means
(P < .001). While beclin-1 level was not prognostic, it
was strongly predictive for survival after adjunctive treatment; dogs with high
beclin-1-expressing tumors showed poorer survival compared to those with low
beclin-1-expressing tumors (HR = 5.7, P = .02), especially in
Kiupel high-grade tumors (HR = 16.3, P = .01). Beclin-1
immunolabeling was the only significant predictive factor by multivariable
analysis (P = .04). These findings may improve our ability to
predict the response to adjunctive therapy. Importantly, these data suggest that
autophagy inhibitors may be useful in improving response to treatment for dogs
with high-grade MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta J Knight
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda L Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Berlato D, Bulman-Fleming J, Clifford CA, Garrett L, Intile J, Jones P, Kamstock DA, Liptak JM, Pavuk A, Powell R, Rasotto R. Value, Limitations, and Recommendations for Grading of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors: A Consensus of the Oncology-Pathology Working Group. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:858-863. [PMID: 33888024 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211009785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary objectives of the Oncology Pathology Working Group (OPWG), a joint initiative of the Veterinary Cancer Society and the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, is for oncologists and pathologists to collaboratively generate consensus documents to standardize aspects and provide guidelines for oncologic pathology. Consensus is established through review of relevant peer-reviewed literature relative to a subgroup's particular focus. In this article, the authors provide a critical review of the current literature for grading of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors, suggest guidelines for reporting, and provide recommendations for its clinical interpretation. The article mainly focuses on histologic grading, but relevant information on mitotic count and cytological grading are also discussed. This document represents the opinions of the working group and the authors but does not constitute a formal endorsement by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists or the Veterinary Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joanne Intile
- 70727North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Pamela Jones
- QBiotics Group Limited, Yungaburra, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Julius M Liptak
- VCA Canada-Alta Vista Animal Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Freytag JO, Queiroz MR, Govoni VM, Pereira IVA, Pulz LH, de Francisco Strefezzi R, Queiroga FL, Cogliati B. Prognostic value of immunohistochemical markers in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:529-540. [PMID: 33724647 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histological grading systems remain cornerstones in the prognosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs), but the distinct biological behaviour of each tumour often necessitates the use of complementary markers. Although a plethora of immunohistochemical markers have been proposed as prognostic factors, few are presently applied in routine diagnosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to establish which immunohistochemical markers have verifiable prognostic value for cutaneous MCTs in dogs. A Boolean search of five databases identified 200 articles for screening, of which 73 were selected for full-text assessment and 24 ultimately included in the systematic review. Odds Ratio (OR) was adopted as the summary measure for subsequent meta-analysis but only 15 articles, relating to the immunomarkers Ki-67 (9), KIT (5), and BAX (2), provided either a value for OR or sufficient data to calculate this statistic. Meta-analysis verified that canine cutaneous MCTs with elevated expression of Ki-67 or BAX, as well aberrant immuno-expression of KIT, showed an increased odds of death, with respective OR values of 11.2 (95% CI 6.3-20.0; p < .01), 9.9 (95% CI 1.3-73.6; p = .03), and 4.1 (95% CI 1.1-15.3; p = .03). Despite KIT, Ki67, and BAX arise as suitable prognostic factor for canine MCTs, this study highlighted the lack of important clinical and statistical data in many published articles, rendering it impossible to complete the meta-analysis of several potentially valuable immunohistochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ostrand Freytag
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ramos Queiroz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica Mollica Govoni
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Veloso Alves Pereira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidia Hildebrand Pulz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Francisco Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Felisbina Luisa Queiroga
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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MAST CELL TUMORS IN CHEETAH ( ACINONYX JUBATUS): A CASE SERIES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:1025-1034. [PMID: 33480586 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors in nondomestic felids are rarely reported and their biological characteristics are not well described. A retrospective review of the pathology records of 52 zoo-housed cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) identified five cases of mast cell tumor, involving four closely related individuals. The age at initial presentation varied from 14 mo to 6 yr. Four cases presented as solitary or multiple cutaneous masses that were mostly slow growing, up to 20 mm diameter, and predominantly nonulcerated. The diagnosis was made by fine needle aspiration cytology of a lesion in one case and by excisional biopsy in the others. Histopathologically, the lesions resembled low- to intermediate-grade canine mast cell tumors, with variations in the degree of anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. Surgical excision was incomplete for 80% of the cutaneous lesions, but local recurrence was not observed in any case. One animal with cutaneous lesions subsequently developed fatal visceral mastocytosis involving the spleen, liver, and adrenal gland. There was no evidence of lymph node invasion or paraneoplastic gastrointestinal signs in any of the cases.
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18
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Avallone G, Rasotto R, Chambers JK, Miller AD, Behling-Kelly E, Monti P, Berlato D, Valenti P, Roccabianca P. Review of Histological Grading Systems in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:809-828. [PMID: 33769136 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor grading is a method to quantify the putative clinical aggressiveness of a neoplasm based on specific histological features. A good grading system should be simple, easy to use, reproducible, and accurately segregate tumors into those with low versus high risk. The aim of this review is to summarize the histological and, when available, cytological grading systems applied in veterinary pathology, providing information regarding their prognostic impact, reproducibility, usefulness, and shortcomings. Most of the grading schemes used in veterinary medicine are developed for common tumor entities. Grading systems exist for soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, multilobular tumor of bone, mast cell tumor, lymphoma, mammary carcinoma, pulmonary carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, and central nervous system tumors. The prognostic relevance of many grading schemes has been demonstrated, but for some tumor types the usefulness of grading remains controversial. Furthermore, validation studies are available only for a minority of the grading systems. Contrasting data on the prognostic power of some grading systems, lack of detailed instructions in the materials and methods in some studies, and lack of data on reproducibility and validation studies are discussed for the relevant grading systems. Awareness of the limitations of grading is necessary for pathologists and oncologists to use these systems appropriately and to drive initiatives for their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary medical Sciences (DIMEVET), 9296University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Clinical Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paola Monti
- 170851Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Davide Berlato
- 170851AniCura Animal Oncology and Imaging Center, Hünenberg, Switzerland
| | - Paola Valenti
- 534741Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate (VA), Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), 9304University of Milano, Lodi (LO), Italy
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19
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Karbe GT, Davis E, Runge JJ, Brown DC, Holt DE. Evaluation of scar revision after inadequate primary excision of cutaneous mast cell tumors in 85 dogs (2000-2013). Vet Surg 2021; 50:807-815. [PMID: 33666268 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of residual tumor, and factors associated with local recurrence and disease progression in dogs with incompletely excised mast cell tumors (MCT) following scar revision surgery. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Eighty-five dogs. METHODS Medical records from January 2000 to April 2013 were reviewed. Dogs with scar revision surgery after incomplete primary MCT excision were included. Recorded were signalment; initial tumor size, location and grade; time interval between primary excision and scar revision surgery; presence of MCT in the resected scar; local recurrence, lymph node metastasis, systemic metastasis, and cause of death. RESULTS Eighty six tumors in 85 dogs were studied. Residual MCT was found in 23 (27%) resected scars. Seven (8%) scars with residual MCT had incomplete or narrow margins. Follow-up was available for 68 dogs (69 tumors; median 403 days; range 4-2939). Local recurrence was reported in three (4%) dogs at 212, 555, and 993 days. Disease progressed in 10 dogs (14.5%) with regional or systemic metastasis at a median of 207 days (64-1583). Margin status and presence of MCT in the resected scar were not associated with local recurrence or disease progression. Lymph node metastasis (p = .004), locoregional recurrence (p = .013), and disease progression (p = .001) were significantly more likely in Grade III tumors. CONCLUSION Twenty-seven percent of resected scars contained residual MCT, but recurrence was uncommon after surgical revision. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians should primarily consider tumor grade when estimating the likelihood of local recurrence and disease progression and determining the need for ancillary treatment of MCT after scar resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georga T Karbe
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Runge
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dorothy C Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David E Holt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Casanova M, Branco S, Veiga IB, Barros A, Faísca P. Stereology in Grading and Prognosis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:483-490. [PMID: 33576305 PMCID: PMC8064533 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (ccMCTs) are currently graded according to Patnaik and Kiupel grading schemes. The qualitative and semiquantitative parameters applied in these schemes may lead to inter- and intraobserver variability. This study investigates the prognostic value of volume-weighted mean nuclear volume (vv¯), a stereological estimation that provides information about nuclear size and its variability. vv¯ of 55 ccMCTs was estimated using the “point-sampled intercept” method and compared with histological grade and clinical outcome. The clinical history of dogs treated with surgical excision alone was available for 30 ccMCTs. Statistical differences in vv¯ were found between grade II (x¯ = 115 ± 29 µm3) and grade III ccMCTs (x ¯= 197 ± 63 µm3), as well as between low-grade (x ¯= 113 ± 28 µm3) and high-grade ccMCTs (x¯ = 184 ± 63 µm3). An optimal cutoff value of vv¯ ≥ 150 µm3 and vv¯ ≥ 140 µm3 was determined for grade III and high-grade ccMCTs, respectively. In terms of prognosis, vv¯ was not able to predict the clinical outcome in 42% of the cases; however, cases with vv¯ <125 µm3 had a favorable outcome. These results indicate that, despite having limited prognostic value when used as a solitary parameter, vv¯ is highly reproducible and is associated with histological grade as well as with benign behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Casanova
- 70904Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,70989Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | | | | | - André Barros
- 70904Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Faísca
- 70904Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,FMV-ULHT, Lisbon, Portugal.,DNATech, Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Néčová S, Mason SL, North SM. Outcome of dogs with intermediate grade low mitotic index high Ki67 mast cell tumours treated with surgery and single agent lomustine. Aust Vet J 2021; 99:146-151. [PMID: 33565080 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of dogs when grade II mast cell tumour (MCT) with low mitotic index (MI) and high Ki67 were treated with adjuvant lomustine. ANIMALS Client owned dogs with spontaneously occurring disease treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for grade II mast cell tumour with low MI (≤5/10HPF) and high Ki67 (>1.8%) with no evidence of metastatic disease at presentation. PROCEDURES Lomustine was administered every 3 weeks with three or four planned cycles. Response to treatment was assessed by regular re-staging ultrasound with or without cytopathological examination of liver and spleen or through medical records from the referring veterinarian. Disease-free interval (DFI) and median survival time (MST) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Twenty-one dogs were included. All dogs underwent surgical excision and two dogs received adjuvant radiotherapy. None of the patients developed local recurrence. Three dogs (14.3%) developed metastatic disease. The DFI of these dogs was 141, 186 and 223 days. Median follow-up period of the whole study population was 1112 days (358-2619). MST for patients with metastatic disease was 417 days. MST of the whole group was not reached. One-year and 2-year survivals were 95.2% and 90.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study population had low rates of tumour recurrence and improved survival compared to previously published data of similar population of dogs with low MI/high Ki67 MCT without adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Néčová
- Small Animal Oncology, Southfields Veterinary Specialists (formerly VRCC), Laindon, SS15 6TP, UK
| | - S L Mason
- Small Animal Oncology, Southfields Veterinary Specialists (formerly VRCC), Laindon, SS15 6TP, UK
| | - S M North
- Small Animal Oncology, Southfields Veterinary Specialists (formerly VRCC), Laindon, SS15 6TP, UK
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22
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Brocks BAW, Bertram CA, Bartel A, Kirpensteijn J, Collins-Webb A, Catlin C, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M. Internal Tandem Duplication of Exon 8 of c-kit Is Associated With Longer Total Survival in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:315-324. [PMID: 33231140 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820973463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (ccMCTs) have a highly variable biological behavior and accurate prognostication is essential for therapeutic intervention. Internal tandem duplications (ITD) of exon 11 are the most commonly detected c-kit mutation in ccMCTs and are associated with poor prognosis and increased cellular proliferation. The prognostic value of detecting mutations in other exons of c-kit has not been systematically examined. In this study, we analyzed the prognostic value of ITD mutations of exon 8 in c-kit of ccMCTs in comparison to ccMCTs with ITD mutations of exon 11 and ccMCTs without mutations of exon 8 or 11. The mutational status, histological grade, KIT expression pattern, Ki67 index, AgNOR (argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region) score, and Ag67 score were determined in 221 ccMCTs, and outcome was available for 101 dogs. ITD mutations of exon 8 were found in 73/221 (33%), of exon 11 in 100/221 (45%), and none of these mutations in 50/221 (22%) of ccMCTs. None of the dogs with mutations of exon 8 died due to suspected ccMCT-related cause, but 23% dogs with ccMCTs with mutations of exon 11 died due to suspected ccMCT-related cause. Prognostic parameters in ccMCTs with exon 11 mutations were commonly associated with a high proliferative activity and poor prognosis, while prognostic markers in ccMCTs with mutations of exon 8 had lower values similar to those observed in ccMCTs without mutations in exons 8 or 11 of c-kit. This study indicates that screening for ITD mutations in exon 8 in ccMCTs may be helpful to identify less aggressive ccMCTs and may be recommended as a supplementary prognostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- 116098Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- 116098Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
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23
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Oliveira MT, Campos M, Lamego L, Magalhães D, Menezes R, Oliveira R, Patanita F, Ferreira DA. Canine and Feline Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor: A Comprehensive Review of Treatments and Outcomes. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 41:100472. [PMID: 32891740 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) or mastocytoma is one of the most frequent malignant cutaneous tumors in the dog, and the second most frequent in the cat. Several mast cell tumor therapeutic approaches have been proposed in the past years for dogs and cats, resulting in very distinct outcomes. The current comprehensive literature review presents a critical approach to the scientific information published about the MCTs treatments and the subsequent prognosis and survival times, in dogs and in cats diagnosed with MCTs. A systematic review of the literature following the Cochrane principles and methodology was performed. The authors resorted to MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases to select the 133 publications with evidence-based treatments for MCTs in companion animals. Results of the review suggest that the recommended treatment, prognosis and survival times for dogs and cats with MCTs depends at all times on the clinical staging, histological grade and location of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Oliveira
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Marco Campos
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Luís Lamego
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Diogo Magalhães
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Rui Menezes
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Renato Oliveira
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Francisco Patanita
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - David A Ferreira
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
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24
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Saunders H, Thomson MJ, O'Connell K, Bridges JP, Chau L. Evaluation of a modified proportional margin approach for complete surgical excision of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours and its association with clinical outcome. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:604-615. [PMID: 32558125 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) represent a common neoplasm in veterinary practice. Several reported techniques are available to guide surgical excision. Our study examined one hundred cutaneous MCTs that were excised surgically using a modified proportional margin approach. A 2 cm lateral margin upper limit was applied for any tumour diameter that exceeded this size with a deep surgical margin of one fascial plane applied. A retrospective, cross-sectional study with follow-up was used to determine the clinical utility of this excision technique. Associations between explanatory variables of tumour size and grade were compared with outcomes of complete excision and size of histologic tumour-free margins (HTFM) using the appropriate Pearson's χ2 and Fisher's exact tests. Follow-up data evaluated tumour recurrence and patient survival. Ninety-five percent of MCTs (95/100) were completely excised. No significant association in the achievement of complete excision between low- and high-grade MCTs (P = .48) was noted. Tumour size was not associated with the rate of complete excision (P = .06). Tumour grade and size did not influence the size of the HTFM (P = .94 and P = .14, respectively). Overall, a recurrence rate of 3% (3/100 tumours) and de novo MCT development rate of 7.7% (5/65 dogs) was noted, with median follow-up period of 593 days (range 180-1460 days). Post-operative metastases were seen in 4.6% of dogs (3/65). Therefore, a modified proportional margin approach with 2 cm lateral margin upper limit is a suitable technique to guide surgical excision of canine cutaneous MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Saunders
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Sinnamon Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maurine J Thomson
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Sinnamon Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathleen O'Connell
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Sinnamon Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janis P Bridges
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lincoln Chau
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Sinnamon Park, Queensland, Australia
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25
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De Ridder TR, Campbell JE, Burke-Schwarz C, Clegg D, Elliot EL, Geller S, Kozak W, Pittenger ST, Pruitt JB, Riehl J, White J, Wiest ML, Johannes CM, Morton J, Jones PD, Schmidt PF, Gordon V, Reddell P. Randomized controlled clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of intratumoral treatment of canine mast cell tumors with tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46). J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:415-429. [PMID: 32542733 PMCID: PMC7848366 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tigilanol tiglate (TT) for local intratumoral treatment of mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs. Methods A randomized controlled clinical study in 2 phases involving 123 dogs with cytologically diagnosed MCT. Phase 1 compared 81 TT‐treated dogs with 42 control dogs; phase 2 allowed TT treatment of control dogs and retreatment of dogs that failed to achieve tumor resolution after TT treatment in phase 1. Tigilanol tiglate (1 mg/mL) was injected intratumorally with dose based on tumor volume. Concomitant medications were used to minimize potential for MCT degranulation. Modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors were used to evaluate treatment response at 28 and 84 days. Adverse events and quality of life were also assessed. Results A single TT treatment resulted in 75% complete response (CR) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 61‐86) by 28 days, with no recurrence in 93% (95% CI = 82‐97) of dogs by 84 days. Eight TT‐treated dogs that did not achieve CR in phase 1 achieved CR after retreatment, increasing the overall CR to 88% (95% CI = 77‐93). Control dogs had 5% CR (95% CI = 1‐17) at 28 days. Wound formation after tumor slough and wound size relative to tumor volume were strongly associated with efficacy. Adverse events typically were low grade, transient, and directly associated with TT's mode of action. Conclusions Tigilanol tiglate is efficacious and well tolerated, providing a new option for the local treatment of MCTs in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Clegg
- Liverpool Animal Health Clinic, Liverpool, New York, USA
| | - Emily L Elliot
- Chippens Hill Veterinary Hospital, Bristol, Connecticut, USA
| | - Samuel Geller
- Quakertown Veterinary Clinic, Quakertown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wendy Kozak
- Franklin Lakes Animal Hospital, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Jocelyn Riehl
- Paradise Animal Hospital, Catonsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie White
- Animal Hospital of Seminole, Seminole, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa L Wiest
- Bradford Park Veterinary Hospital, Springfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Chad M Johannes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - John Morton
- Jemora Consulting, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pamela D Jones
- QBiotics Group Limited, Yungaburra, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul Reddell
- QBiotics Group Limited, Yungaburra, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Moore AS, Frimberger AE, Taylor D, Sullivan N. Retrospective outcome evaluation for dogs with surgically excised, solitary Kiupel high-grade, cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:402-408. [PMID: 31916687 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Published outcomes for dogs with specifically high-grade mast cell tumours (MCTs), controlled for clinical stage, are few. Clinical outcomes for 49 dogs with Kiupel high-grade, clinical stage I, cutaneous MCTs were evaluated. Median survival time (MST) was 1046 days; 1 and 2-year survival rates were 79.3% and 72.9%, respectively. At study end 24 dogs had died, 23 dogs were alive (median follow-up 980 days) and 2 dogs were lost to follow-up. Death was considered MCT-related in 14 of 20 dogs with a known cause of death. Local tumour recurrence developed in nine dogs (18.4%); regional lymph node metastasis occurred in six dogs (12.2%); and a new MCT developed in 15 dogs (30.1%). Tumour location, histologic margin size and use of chemotherapy did not affect MST; increasing mitotic count (P = .001) and increasing tumour diameter (P = .024) were independently negatively prognostic. Six dogs that developed lymph node metastasis after surgery had worse MST (451 days) than 42 dogs that did not develop metastasis (1645 days); (P < .001). Our study suggests that dogs with local surgical control of clinical stage I histologically high Kiupel grade cutaneous MCT may have a long survival time; especially those with smaller tumours and a lower mitotic count. Our results suggest that evaluation of staging information and mitotic count may be equally helpful as histologic grading when making a prognosis; and highlight the importance of not relying on histologic grade alone when predicting survival for dogs with MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony S Moore
- Veterinary Oncology Consultants, Wauchope, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David Taylor
- Vetnostics, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Bertram CA, Aubreville M, Gurtner C, Bartel A, Corner SM, Dettwiler M, Kershaw O, Noland EL, Schmidt A, Sledge DG, Smedley RC, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M, Maier A, Klopfleisch R. Computerized Calculation of Mitotic Count Distribution in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor Sections: Mitotic Count Is Area Dependent. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:214-226. [PMID: 31808382 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819890686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic count (MC) is an important element for grading canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (ccMCTs) and is determined in 10 consecutive high-power fields with the highest mitotic activity. However, there is variability in area selection between pathologists. In this study, the MC distribution and the effect of area selection on the MC were analyzed in ccMCTs. Two pathologists independently annotated all mitotic figures in whole-slide images of 28 ccMCTs (ground truth). Automated image analysis was used to examine the ground truth distribution of the MC throughout the tumor section area, which was compared with the manual MCs of 11 pathologists. Computerized analysis demonstrated high variability of the MC within different tumor areas. There were 6 MCTs with consistently low MCs (MC<7 in all tumor areas), 13 cases with mostly high MCs (MC ≥7 in ≥75% of 10 high-power field areas), and 9 borderline cases with variable MCs around 7, which is a cutoff value for ccMCT grading. There was inconsistency among pathologists in identifying the areas with the highest density of mitotic figures throughout the 3 ccMCT groups; only 51.9% of the counts were consistent with the highest 25% of the ground truth MC distribution. Regardless, there was substantial agreement between pathologists in detecting tumors with MC ≥7. Falsely low MCs below 7 mainly occurred in 4 of 9 borderline cases that had very few ground truth areas with MC ≥7. The findings of this study highlight the need to further standardize how to select the region of the tumor in which to determine the MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Bertram
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Aubreville
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah M Corner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Martina Dettwiler
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erica L Noland
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anja Schmidt
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Dodd G Sledge
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca C Smedley
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Andreas Maier
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Mendez SE, Drobatz KJ, Duda LE, White P, Kubicek L, Sorenmo KU. Treating the locoregional lymph nodes with radiation and/or surgery significantly improves outcome in dogs with high-grade mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:239-246. [PMID: 31509648 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-grade canine mast cell tumours (HG-MCT) have a high rate of locoregional relapse. In this study, dogs with HG-MCT treated with radiation therapy (RT) were retrospectively evaluated to determine the benefit associated with treating the locoregional lymph nodes (LNs). Forty-two dogs were included. Variables assessed for association with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) included WHO stage, tumour location and size, LN irradiation (prophylactic, therapeutic or none), LN treatment (yes or no), LN status at RT (metastatic or nonmetastatic) and RT intent (definitive vs palliative). Lower-stage disease at irradiation was significantly associated with prolonged median PFS (425 vs 125 days for stage 0 vs 1-4), and OS (615 vs 314 days for stage 0 vs 1-4). Having any LN treatment and definitive RT were both significantly associated with prolonged OS. In order to evaluate the role of LN irradiation, dogs were divided into subgroups: (a) stage 0 at irradiation with no LN treatment (n = 14), (b) stage 0 at irradiation with prophylactic LN irradiation (n = 6), (c) stage 0 at irradiation but previously stage 2 (n = 5) and (d) stage >0 at irradiation (n = 17). Prophylactic LN irradiation significantly prolonged PFS (>2381 vs 197 days; group B vs A). Interestingly, dogs that were stage 2 and had LN treatment (C) had prolonged OS vs dogs with negative LNs and no LN treatment (A) (1908 vs 284 days; P = .012). This study confirms that prophylactic and therapeutic LN irradiation in dogs with HG-MCT is beneficial and improves outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Mendez
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kenneth J Drobatz
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lilian E Duda
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,University of Pennsylvania, Penn Vet Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Karin U Sorenmo
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Vet Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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29
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Tamlin VS, Bottema CDK, Peaston AE. Comparative aspects of mast cell neoplasia in animals and the role of KIT in prognosis and treatment. Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:3-18. [PMID: 31650704 PMCID: PMC7036313 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell neoplasia clinical presentation and biological behaviour vary considerably across mammalian species, ranging from a solitary benign mass to an aggressive systemic malignancy. Mutations in the KIT Proto‐Oncogene Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (KIT) gene are common molecular abnormalities involved in mast cell tumorigenesis. KIT mutations often occur in dog, cat and human neoplastic mast cells and result in altered Kit protein structure and function. In dogs, certain KIT mutations are associated with more malignant and lethal disease. In contrast, KIT mutations in feline and human mast cell neoplasms are not correlated with prognosis, but are of value in diagnosis and treatment planning in humans. KIT genetic abnormalities have not been well investigated in other species, although aberrant cytoplasmic Kit protein staining detected in neoplasms of the ferret, horse and cow resembles aberrant Kit staining patterns detected in neoplastic mast cells of dogs, cats and humans. Mutations within KIT are classified as either regulatory‐type or enzymatic pocket‐type mutations according to their location within the KIT Proto‐Oncogene. Mutations within the enzymatic pocket domain confer tumour resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Hence, knowledge of tumour KIT mutation status adds valuable information for optimizing patient treatment strategies. The use of TKIs in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics has opened a new treatment avenue for patients unresponsive to existing drugs. This review highlights the similarities and differences of mast cell neoplasia in mammals with a special focus on the involvement of KIT in the canine and feline forms in comparison to human mast cell neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Tamlin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Cynthia D K Bottema
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Anne E Peaston
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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30
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Kok MK, Chambers JK, Tsuboi M, Nishimura R, Tsujimoto H, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Retrospective study of canine cutaneous tumors in Japan, 2008-2017. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1133-1143. [PMID: 31257236 PMCID: PMC6715907 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous tumors are commonly found in dogs. To date, few studies have investigated the
epidemiology of canine cutaneous tumors in Asian countries. The present study aims to
report the prevalence of canine cutaneous tumors in Japan, and assess the association of
breed, age, sex, and anatomical locations with the development of common tumor types. A
total of 1,435 cases of cutaneous tumors were examined, of which 813 (56.66%) cases were
malignant, and 622 (43.34%) were benign. Soft tissue sarcomas (18.40%), mast cell tumor
(16.24%), lipoma (9.69%), hair follicle tumors (9.34%), and benign sebaceous tumors
(8.50%) outnumbered the other tumor types. Tumors were commonly found on the head
(13.87%), hindlimb (10.52%), forelimb (8.01%), chest (5.78%), and neck (5.57%). The risk
of developing cutaneous tumors increased significantly in dogs aged 11-year and above
(P<0.001). Mixed-breed dogs (14.63%), Miniature Dachshund (9.90%),
and Labrador Retriever (8.01%) were the three most presented breeds; while Boxer, Bernese
Mountain Dog, and Golden Retriever had an increased risk of cutaneous tumor development in
comparison to mixed-breed dogs (P<0.05). Epidemiological information
from the present study will serve as a useful reference for regional veterinarians to
establish a preliminary diagnosis of canine cutaneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Keong Kok
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masaya Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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31
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Pulz LH, Barra CN, Alexandre PA, Huete GC, Cadrobbi KG, Nishiya AT, de Freitas SH, Fukumasu H, Strefezzi RF. Identification of two molecular subtypes in canine mast cell tumours through gene expression profiling. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217343. [PMID: 31216299 PMCID: PMC6583995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumours (MCTs) are common neoplasms in dogs and are usually regarded as potentially malignant. Several studies have attempted to identify biomarkers to better predict biological behaviours for this tumour. The aim of this study was to identify pathways connected to clinical and histopathological malignancies, shorter survival times, and poor prognoses associated with MCTs. We performed genome-wide gene expression analyses on tissues obtained from 15 dogs with single MCTs, and identified two distinct tumour subtypes—high-risk and low-risk—associated with differences in histological grades, survival times, Ki67 indices, and occurrence of death due the disease. Comparative analyses of RNA sequence profiles revealed 71 genes that were differentially expressed between high- and low-risk MCTs. In addition to these analyses, we also examined gene co-expression networks to explore the biological functions of the identified genes. The network construction revealed 63 gene modules, of which 4 were significantly associated with the more aggressive tumour group. Two of the gene modules positively correlated with high-risk MCTs were also associated with cell proliferation and extracellular matrix-related terms. At the top of the extracellular matrix module category, genes with functions directly related to those of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were identified. Immunohistochemical analyses also revealed a greater number of CAFs in high-risk MCTs. This study provides a method for the molecular characterisation of canine MCTs into two distinct subtypes. Our data indicate that proliferation pathways are significantly involved in malignant tumour behaviours, which are known to be relevant for the induction and maintenance of MCTs. Finally, animals presenting high-risk MCTs overexpress genes associated with the extracellular matrix that can be robustly linked to CAF functions. We suggest that CAFs in the MCT stroma contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia H. Pulz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science- FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Camila N. Barra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science- FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pamela A. Alexandre
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Greice C. Huete
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Karine G. Cadrobbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana T. Nishiya
- Veterinary Hospital Anhembi Morumbi, R. Conselheiro Lafaiete, São Paulo—SP, Anhembi Morumbi University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio Henrique de Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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32
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Kiupel M, Camus M. Diagnosis and Prognosis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:819-836. [PMID: 31178200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are among the most common canine cutaneous tumors, with highly variable biological behavior. This review describes in detail current approaches for cytologic and histologic diagnosis and prognosis, including advantages and limitations of cytologic and histologic grading and utilization of molecular markers, for example, Ki67, AgNORs, KIT expression, and c-Kit mutations, for a more accurate detection of aggressive MCTs. Furthermore, the current approach to evaluate surgical margins and spread to local lymph nodes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Kiupel
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 152A, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 152A, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Melinda Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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33
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Šimundić M, Švara T, Štukelj R, Krek JL, Gombač M, Kralj-Iglič V, Tozon N. Concentration of extracellular vesicles isolated from blood relative to the clinical pathological status of dogs with mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:456-464. [PMID: 31066969 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed fragments shed from all cell types, including tumour cells. EVs contain a wide range of proteins, biolipids and genetic material derived from mother cells and therefore may be potential biomarkers for tumour diagnosis, disease progression and treatment success. We studied the effect of canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) on EV concentrations in blood isolates in association with MCT's histological grade, Ki-67 proliferative index, KIT-staining pattern and number of PLT. The average EV concentration in blood isolates from nine dogs with MCTs was considerably higher than that in blood from eight healthy dogs. But there were no statistically significant differences in EVs concentration in the population of dogs with MCT according to a different histological grade of malignancy (Patnaik, Kiupel), KIT-staining pattern and Ki-67 proliferation index. The results show that these variables statistically do not significantly predicted EV concentrations in blood isolates (P > .05), except the KIT-staining pattern I which added statistically significantly to the prediction (P < .05). The results confirmed the impact of neoplasms on the morphological changes to cell membranes, which result in greater vesiculability and higher EV concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Štukelj
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Healt and Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Judita L Krek
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Healt and Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Healt and Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Tozon
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hughes JR, Szladovits B, Drees R. Abdominal CT evaluation of the liver and spleen for staging mast cell tumors in dogs yields nonspecific results. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:306-315. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Hughes
- Department of Clinical Sciences and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary College North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - Balazs Szladovits
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesHawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Sciences and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary College North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
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35
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Structural and copy number chromosome abnormalities in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. J Appl Genet 2018; 60:63-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s13353-018-0471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumors (cMCTs) account for approximately 20% of skin neoplasms in cats. As there is no grading system for these tumors, prognosis is difficult to estimate. Although the typical presentation is a benign tumor that can be cured by surgical excision, a small but important proportion of feline cMCTs is biologically aggressive and can spread to local lymph nodes, precede the onset of disseminated cutaneous disease, or be associated with visceral involvement. A number of macroscopic and histologic features were retrospectively evaluated in cases of feline cMCTs treated with surgical excision with or without medical therapy. Cats were divided into 2 groups based on the clinical outcome. Group 1 included cats alive with no mast cell tumor–related disease at 1000 days from surgery; group 2 included cats developing histologically confirmed metastatic or cutaneous disseminated disease. The criteria allowing the best differentiation between the groups were used to develop a grading scheme. Groups 1 and 2 were composed by 48 (76%) and 15 (24%) cases, respectively. Tumors were classified as high grade if there were >5 mitotic figures in 10 fields (400×) and at least 2 of the following criteria: tumor diameter >1.5 cm, irregular nuclear shape, and nucleolar prominence/chromatin clusters. According to this scheme, the 15 (24%) high-grade cMCTs had significantly reduced survival time (median, 349 days; 95% CI, 0–739 days) as compared with the 48 low-grade tumors (median not reached; P < .001). Further studies are warranted to validate this grading system and test reproducibility on a larger case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sabattini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliano Bettini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Caswell JL, Bassel LL, Rothenburger JL, Gröne A, Sargeant JM, Beck AP, Ekman S, Gibson-Corley KN, Kuiken T, LaDouceur EEB, Meyerholz DK, Origgi FC, Posthaus H, Priestnall SL, Ressel L, Sharkey L, Teixeira LBC, Uchida K, Ward JM, Webster JD, Yamate J. Observational Study Design in Veterinary Pathology, Part 2: Methodology. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:774-785. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818798121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Observational studies are a basis for much of our knowledge of veterinary pathology, yet considerations for conducting pathology-based observational studies are not readily available. In part 1 of this series, we offered advice on planning and carrying out an observational study. Part 2 of the series focuses on methodology. Our general recommendations are to consider using already-validated methods, published guidelines, data from primary sources, and quantitative analyses. We discuss 3 common methods in pathology research—histopathologic scoring, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction—to illustrate principles of method validation. Some aspects of quality control include use of clear objective grading criteria, validation of key reagents, assessing sample quality, determining specificity and sensitivity, use of technical and biologic negative and positive controls, blinding of investigators, approaches to minimizing operator-dependent variation, measuring technical variation, and consistency in analysis of the different study groups. We close by discussing approaches to increasing the rigor of observational studies by corroborating results with complementary methods, using sufficiently large numbers of study subjects, consideration of the data in light of similar published studies, replicating the results in a second study population, and critical analysis of the study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L. Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Laura L. Bassel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie L. Rothenburger
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M. Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stina Ekman
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katherine N. Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - David K. Meyerholz
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 1165 Medical Laboratories, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Francesco C. Origgi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Leslie Sharkey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Leandro B. C. Teixeira
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Meyerholz
- 1 Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - H A Flaherty
- 2 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Berlato D, Murphy S, Laberke S, Rasotto R. Comparison of minichromosome maintenance protein 7, Ki67 and mitotic index in the prognosis of intermediate Patnaik grade cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:535-543. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Berlato
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - S. Murphy
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - S. Laberke
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - R. Rasotto
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Newmarket UK
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Ferrari R, Marconato L, Buracco P, Boracchi P, Giudice C, Iussich S, Grieco V, Chiti LE, Favretto E, Stefanello D. The impact of extirpation of non-palpable/normal-sized regional lymph nodes on staging of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: A multicentric retrospective study. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:505-510. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - L. Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario; Sasso Marconi Italy
| | - P. Buracco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie; Università degli Studi di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - P. Boracchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - C. Giudice
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - S. Iussich
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie; Università degli Studi di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - V. Grieco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - L. E. Chiti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - E. Favretto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie; Università degli Studi di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - D. Stefanello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
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Reagan JK, Selmic LE, Fallon C, Driskell EA, Garrett LD. Evaluation of information presented within mast cell tumour histopathology reports in the United States: 2012-2015. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:252-262. [PMID: 29877634 PMCID: PMC6090413 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For canine mast cell tumour (MCT), histopathology reports are one of the main factors considered in the decision-making process regarding need and type of adjunctive therapy. However, considerable variation exists in types of information reported, especially relating to surgical margins. The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate how information is presented within canine MCT histopathology reports across the United States. The reports were collected from medical and surgical oncologists from 4 geographic regions of the USA: Midwest, Northeast, South and West. All reports were obtained between January 1st 2012 and May 1st 2015. Inclusion criteria required that the final diagnosis was MCT, a microscopic description was present, and it was not a scar revision. Three hundred and sixty-eight reports were collected from 26 contributors. While the majority of the reports contained a clinical history (85.9%), information for certain prognostic indicators such as location and mass size was lacking. Grading with both Patnaik and Kiupel systems were described in 76.5% of reports with a single system being used in 7.1% and 15.2% of reports, respectively. Subcutaneous MCT were assigned a grading scheme in 67.2% of reports with 33.3% stating appropriate limitations. Surgical margins were reported in 92% of the reports with 77.2% describing deep and lateral margins separately. Tissue composing the deep margin was only described in 10.9% of the reports. The present results indicate reporting of MCT has variability across pathologists with inconsistencies present in the reporting of clinical history, margin evaluation and subcutaneous MCT grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Reagan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine Urbana‐ChampaignUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinois
| | - Laura E. Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine Urbana‐ChampaignUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinois
| | - Caroline Fallon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine Urbana‐ChampaignUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinois
- Department of PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine Urbana‐ChampaignUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinois
| | - Elizabeth A. Driskell
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabama
| | - Laura D. Garrett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine Urbana‐ChampaignUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinois
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42
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Horta RS, Lavalle GE, Monteiro LN, Souza MCC, Cassali GD, Araújo RB. Assessment of Canine Mast Cell Tumor Mortality Risk Based on Clinical, Histologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:212-223. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817747325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) is a frequent cutaneous neoplasm in dogs that is heterogeneous in clinical presentation and biological behavior, with a variable potential for recurrence and metastasis. Accurate prediction of clinical outcomes has been challenging. The study objective was to develop a system for classification of canine MCT according to the mortality risk based on individual assessment of clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features. The study included 149 dogs with a histologic diagnosis of cutaneous or subcutaneous MCT. By univariate analysis, MCT metastasis and related death was significantly associated with clinical stage ( P < .0001, rP = –0.610), history of tumor recurrence ( P < .0001, rP = –0.550), Patnaik ( P < .0001, rP = –0.380) and Kiupel grades ( P < .0001, rP = –0.500), predominant organization of neoplastic cells ( P < .0001, rP = –0.452), mitotic count ( P < .0001, rP = –0.325), Ki-67 labeling index ( P < .0001, rP = –0.414), KITr pattern ( P = .02, rP = 0.207), and c-KIT mutational status ( P < .0001, rP = –0.356). By multivariate analysis with Cox proportional hazard model, only 2 features were independent predictors of overall survival: an amendment of the World Health Organization clinical staging system (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 1.824 [1.210-4.481]; P = .01) and a history of tumor recurrence (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 9.250 [2.158-23.268]; P < .001]. From these results, we propose an amendment of the WHO staging system, a method of risk analysis, and a suggested approach to clinical and laboratory evaluation of dogs with cutaneous MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gleidice E. Lavalle
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lidianne N. Monteiro
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Biological Science Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Geovanni D. Cassali
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Biological Science Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto B. Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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43
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Schott CR, Tatiersky LJ, Foster RA, Wood GA. Histologic Grade Does Not Predict Outcome in Dogs with Appendicular Osteosarcoma Receiving the Standard of Care. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:202-211. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817747329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Canine appendicular osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone neoplasm that imposes a short survival time. There are several published histologic grading systems for canine osteosarcoma but no universally accepted system. Location within the skeleton and therapy received are both correlated with survival time, but these factors were not always considered when the prognostic value of published grading systems was determined. Our objective was to compare 2 published histologic grading systems in a population of dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma treated with the standard of care for curative intent. Three evaluators graded 85 tumors using 2 histologic grading systems. The relationships between histologic grade as well as individual histologic features and outcome (survival time and disease-free interval) were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival functions and a univariate Cox proportional hazards model. Histologic grade, as assigned by any evaluator, did not correlate with outcome. Increased number of mitotic figures per 3 randomly selected 400× microscope fields, as assessed by 1 evaluator, was correlated with both survival time and disease-free interval; this was the only individual histologic feature that was significantly correlated with outcome for any evaluator. These findings cast doubt on the predictive value of routine histologic grading in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma who receive amputation followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and highlight the need for better tools to predict outcome in canine appendicular osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R. Schott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laetitia J. Tatiersky
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A. Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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44
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Tamlin VS, Kessell AE, Mccoy RJ, Dobson EC, Smith TS, Hebart M, Brown L, Mitrovic D, Peaston AE. Prevalence of exon 11 internal tandem duplications in the C-KIT
proto-oncogene in Australian canine mast cell tumours. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:386-391. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- VS Tamlin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (SAVS); University of Adelaide; Roseworthy 5371 South Australia Australia
| | - AE Kessell
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology; Glenside SA Australia
| | - RJ Mccoy
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - EC Dobson
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - TS Smith
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (SAVS); University of Adelaide; Roseworthy 5371 South Australia Australia
| | - M Hebart
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (SAVS); University of Adelaide; Roseworthy 5371 South Australia Australia
| | - L Brown
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (SAVS); University of Adelaide; Roseworthy 5371 South Australia Australia
| | - D Mitrovic
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (SAVS); University of Adelaide; Roseworthy 5371 South Australia Australia
| | - AE Peaston
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (SAVS); University of Adelaide; Roseworthy 5371 South Australia Australia
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45
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Shaw T, Kudnig ST, Firestone SM. Diagnostic accuracy of pre-treatment biopsy for grading cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:214-219. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Shaw
- Surgery Department; Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre; Glen Waverley Victoria Australia
| | - S. T. Kudnig
- Surgery Department; Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre; Glen Waverley Victoria Australia
| | - S. M. Firestone
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
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46
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Cunha S, Corgozinho K, Valga S, Ferreira A. Tratamento de um mastocitoma de alto grau na língua de um cão por meio de radioterapia e quimioterapia: relato de caso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Um canino da raça Boxer, fêmea, de oito anos de idade, foi atendido com salivação, halitose e disfagia. No exame clínico, foi observada uma massa ulcerada no terço médio da língua medindo 3,5 x 4,0cm. A histopatologia e a imuno-histoquímica levaram ao diagnóstico de um mastocitoma de alto grau. O tratamento cirúrgico (glossectomia parcial) foi declinado pelo proprietário, sendo a radioterapia indicada em seu lugar. O protocolo radioterápico empregado foi 15 frações de 300cGy, realizadas cinco vezes por semana. O equipamento utilizado foi de ortovoltagem. A lesão neoplásica apresentou remissão clínica completa a partir da quarta sessão radioterápica. O único efeito colateral observado foi mucosite leve na região irradiada, que, entretanto, não levou a sintomas clínicos. A quimioterapia sistêmica consistiu de vimblastina e lomustina, alternadas a cada 14 dias, durante quatro meses. Até o momento (22 meses após o tratamento), não há evidências de recidiva local ou metástases do mastocitoma. A associação da radioterapia e da quimioterapia pode ser considerada uma alternativa terapêutica nos casos de mastocitomas irressecáveis, já que, neste caso, levou à remissão completa e duradoura de um tumor agressivo, com ótima tolerância do paciente ao tratamento e posterior qualidade de vida.
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47
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Halsey CHC, Thamm DH, Weishaar KM, Burton JH, Charles JB, Gustafson DL, Avery AC, Ehrhart EJ. Expression of Phosphorylated KIT in Canine Mast Cell Tumor. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:387-394. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985816688943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is the most common canine skin tumor and exhibits variable biologic behavior. Signaling through the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase promotes cellular proliferation and survival and has been shown to play a role in MCT progression. Despite investigations into numerous biomarkers and the proposal of several grading schemas, no single marker or grading system can accurately predict outcome in canine MCT. The first aim of this study was to develop an immunohistochemical assay to measure phosphorylated KIT (pKIT) to investigate its association with 2 commonly used grading systems and other established prognostic markers for canine MCT. Thirty-four archived MCTs were evaluated for expression of pKIT and Ki-67, KIT localization, mitotic count, mutations in exons 8 and 11 in c-kit, and grading by the Patnaik and 2-tier systems. Expression of pKIT was significantly ( P < .05) correlated with the 2-tier grading scheme and c-kit mutation. Correlation approached significance ( P = .06) with Mitotic Index (MI) and Ki-67. An additional aim was to determine whether pKIT labeling provides a pharmacodynamic marker for predicting response to the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor toceranib (TOC). MCTs from 4 of 7 patients demonstrated a partial response to TOC. pKIT expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in biopsies obtained before and 6 hours after the patients were treated with TOC. Reduced pKIT expression after TOC treatment was demonstrated in 3 of the 4 patients with a partial response compared to 1 of the 3 nonresponders. Collectively, these results demonstrate that immunohistochemical detection of pKIT may be a clinically relevant assay to evaluate the activation status of the major oncogenic pathway in canine MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. H. C. Halsey
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D. H. Thamm
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K. M. Weishaar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J. H. Burton
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J. B. Charles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D. L. Gustafson
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - A. C. Avery
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - E. J. Ehrhart
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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48
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Genomic profiling of canine mast cell tumors identifies DNA copy number aberrations associated with KIT mutations and high histological grade. Chromosome Res 2017; 25:129-143. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-016-9543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hergt F, von Bomhard W, Kent MS, Hirschberger J. Use of a 2-tier histologic grading system for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors on cytology specimens. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:477-83. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hergt
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine; Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; LMU Munich; Munich Germany
| | | | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - Johannes Hirschberger
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine; Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; LMU Munich; Munich Germany
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