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Vivekanantha P, Grzela P, Wong S, Mansour F, Khalik HA, Johnson J, Hantouly A, de Sa D. Tendon cross-sectional area on magnetic resonance imaging and anthropometric characteristics can be used to predict insufficient four-strand hamstring autograft diameter in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024; 32:1470-1491. [PMID: 38643396 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the utility of semitendinosus tendon (ST) and gracilis tendon (GT) cross-sectional area (CSA) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and anthropometric characteristics in preoperative estimation of graft diameter in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with four-strand hamstring autografts. METHODS Three databases were searched on 29 August 2023. The authors adhered to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and R-AMSTAR (Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Review) guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Data on demographics, anthropometric characteristics, imaging techniques, tendon CSA, correlation coefficients, sensitivities, specificities, regression models and cutoffs for predicting intraoperative graft diameters above 8 mm were recorded. RESULTS Forty-six studies comprising 4140 patients were included. Twelve of 19 (63.2%) studies reporting on ST + GT CSA found a moderate to very high correlation with intraoperative graft diameter. Five of 10 (50%) and one of seven (14.3%) studies reporting on ST CSA and GT CSA, respectively, found a moderate to high correlation with intraoperative graft diameter. Cutoffs of ST + GT CSA for predicting graft diameters above 8 mm ranged from 15.8 to 31.2 mm2. Nine of 35 (25.7%) studies that reported on height found a moderate to very high correlation with graft diameter. Seven of 33 (21.2%) studies reporting on weight found a moderate correlation with graft diameter. CONCLUSION Of the MRI parameters assessed, ST + GT CSA was the most reliable predictor of graft diameter. However, cutoffs, sensitivities, and specificities for predicting diameters above 8 mm were highly variable. Anthropometric characteristics in general were less predictive of graft diameter than MRI parameters. This information can be used by clinicians to predict patients at risk for ACLR failure due to insufficient graft size. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prushoth Vivekanantha
- Michael DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Grzela
- Michael DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Wong
- Michael DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fadi Mansour
- Michael DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hassaan Abdel Khalik
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jansen Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashraf Hantouly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Specialty Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Darren de Sa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Yuan W, Qi W, Hu T, Zhang J, An MY, Zhao G, Wang XP, Li C, Liu Y. Outcomes of RigidFix Cross Pin Fixation in Femoral and Tibial Tunnel for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop Surg 2024; 16:337-345. [PMID: 38088239 PMCID: PMC10834228 DOI: 10.1111/os.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is no clear consensus so far on which fixation method is most favorable for the tibial tunnel in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the outcome of RigidFix cross pins fixation in the tibial tunnel and to explore the advantages of RigidFix applied both in the femoral and tibial tunnel with hamstring tendon graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS This retrospective study included 53 patients (male/female, 45/8) who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendons between January 2013 and December 2017 at our institute. The participants in group A (n = 36) received anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with RigidFix cross pins fixation in both femoral and tibial tunnels, while those in group B (n = 17) with RigidFix cross pins fixation in the femoral tunnel and Interference screw fixation in the tibial tunnel. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee form 2000 (IKDC2000) score, Lysholm knee scoring scale, Tegner activity score and the side-to-side difference were compared at 2 and 5 years postoperatively. The graft diameter, number of strands in graft and the average diameter of each strand were also compared between the two groups. The categorical parameters were analyzed by chi-square test and the continuous variables conforming to a normal distribution were analyzed by Student's t-test. RESULTS At 2 years postoperation, the VAS score (1.61 ± 0.55), side-to-side difference (1.50 ± 0.58) in group A were significantly lower than that in group B, and the IKDC2000 score (88.81 ± 3.88), Tegner activity score (6.14 ± 0.60) in group A were significantly higher than that in group B. At 5 years postoperation, the VAS score (1.64 ± 0.68), side-to-side difference (1.73 ± 0.63) in group A were significantly lower than that in group B, and the IKDC2000 score (89.09 ± 3.85), Tegner activity score (6.58 ± 0.94) in group A were slso significantly higher than that in group B. There was statistical difference in the change of the side-to-side difference between the two groups (group A vs. B, 0.22 ± 0.08 vs. 0.34 ± 0.11, p < 0.001). There were also statistical differences in the graft diameter (group A vs. B, 7.83 ± 0.74 vs. 7.41 ± 0.51, p = 0,038), number of strands in graft (5.67 ± 0.72 vs. 4.00 ± 0.00, p < 0.001) and the average diameter of each strand (1.41 ± 0.22 vs. 1.85 ± 0.13, p < 0.001) between the two groups. CONCLUSION RigidFix cross pins fixation in the tibial tunnel for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can achieve better 5-year results when compared with the interference screw, and the hamstring tendon can be folded into a thicker graft when RigidFix cross pins were applied in both femoral and tibial tunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | | | - Gang Zhao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Itoh M, Itou J, Okazaki K, Iwasaki K. Estimation Failure Risk by 0.5-mm Differences in Autologous Hamstring Graft Diameter in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:535-543. [PMID: 36876736 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221150654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because grafts are made in 0.5-mm increments clinically for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, it is important to clarify how the failure rate decreases as the diameter increases. Moreover, it is important to know whether even a slight increase in the graft diameter decreases the risk of failure. HYPOTHESIS The risk of failure decreases significantly with each 0.5-mm increase in hamstring graft diameter. STUDY DESIGN Meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS The systematic review and meta-analysis have estimated the diameter-specific failure risk for each 0.5-mm increase in ACL reconstruction using autologous hamstring grafts. We searched for studies describing the relationship between graft diameter and failure rate published before December 1, 2021, in leading databases, such as PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We included studies using single-bundle autologous hamstring grafts to investigate the relationship between failure rate and graft diameter of 0.5-mm intervals with >1-year follow-up. Then, we calculated the failure risk caused by 0.5-mm differences in autologous hamstring graft diameter. Assuming Poisson distribution for the statistical model, we employed an extended linear mixed-effects model in the meta-analyses. RESULTS Five studies containing 19,333 cases were eligible. The meta-analysis revealed that the estimated value of the coefficient of diameter in the Poisson model was -0.2357 with a 95% CI of -0.2743 to -0.1971 (P < .0001). With every 1.0-mm increase in diameter, the failure rate decreased by 0.79 (0.76-0.82) times. In contrast, the failure rate increased by 1.27 (1.22-1.32) times for each 1.0-mm decrease in diameter. The failure rate significantly decreased with each 0.5-mm increase in graft diameter in the range of <7.0 to >9.0 mm from 3.63% to 1.79%. CONCLUSION The risk of failure decreased correspondingly with each 0.5-mm increase in graft diameter in the range of <7.0 to >9.0 mm. Failure is multifactorial; however, increasing the graft diameter as much as possible to match each patient's anatomic space without overstuffing is an effective precaution that surgeons can take to reduce failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Itoh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Medical Regulatory Science, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Joint Graduate School of Tokyo Women's Medical University and Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Itou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Joint Graduate School of Tokyo Women's Medical University and Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Okazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Iwasaki
- Institute for Medical Regulatory Science, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Joint Graduate School of Tokyo Women's Medical University and Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Salman LA, Moghamis IS, Hatnouly AT, Khatkar H, Alebbini MM, Al-Ani A, Hameed S, AlAteeq Aldosari M. Correlation between anthropometric measurements and graft size in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY & TRAUMATOLOGY : ORTHOPEDIE TRAUMATOLOGIE 2024; 34:97-112. [PMID: 37672150 PMCID: PMC10771386 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-023-03712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the correlation between anthropometric measurements and graft size in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS A systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted for observational studies published until March 2023 that reported the relationship between anthropometric data [height, weight, body mass index (BMI), age, gender, thigh length, and circumference] and ACL graft size. Correlation coefficients (COR) and their associated 95% confidence intervals were used as the primary effect size. This review was conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A total of 42 observational studies involving 7110 patients were included, with a mean age of 29.8 years. Statistically significant, moderately positive correlations were found between graft size and height (COR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.41-0.57; p-value: < 0.001), weight (COR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.31-0.44; p-value: < 0.001), thigh circumference (COR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19-0.58; p-value: < 0.001), and thigh length (COR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.18-0.50; p-value: < 0.001). However, age and gender were insignificantly correlated with graft size (p-value: NS). A subanalysis based on graft type showed a significant positive correlation between height and graft diameter, which was more significant in the peroneus tendon than in hamstring grafts (COR: 0.76 vs. 0.45; p-value: 0.020). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a moderate positive correlation between anthropometric measurements (height, weight, thigh circumference, and length) and ACL graft size, along with a weak positive correlation with BMI. Age and gender showed no significant correlation. These findings support the predictability and selection of ACL graft size based on pre-operative patient anthropometric data. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level of Evidence: IV. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023416044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loay A Salman
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Isam Sami Moghamis
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ashraf T Hatnouly
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mohanad Mutasem Alebbini
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdallah Al-Ani
- Office of Scientific Affairs and Research, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shamsi Hameed
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed AlAteeq Aldosari
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
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Xu W, Liu C, Peng H, Wang J, Zhang Z, Song B, Li W, Jiang C. A Web-Based Prediction Tool to Improve Identification of Patients With Undersized Hamstring Tendon Autograft in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:3480-3492. [PMID: 37876210 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231205304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An undersized hamstring tendon (HT) autograft is significantly associated with a higher graft failure rate in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. The ability to accurately predict inadequate HT graft diameter is critical, as it could assist surgeons in making better graft choices and surgical plans. PURPOSE To develop a web-based prediction tool to better assess the size of HT autograft and to help clinicians accurately identify patients with potentially undersized HT grafts in order to make appropriate clinical decisions. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 588 patients who received primary arthroscopic single-bundle ACLR surgery with gracilis tendon (GT) and semitendinosus tendon (ST) autograft were retrospectively reviewed. According to the size of 4-strand HT graft, patients were divided into diameter ≥8 mm and <8 mm groups. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method and logistic regression were used to identify the independent factors associated with HT graft diameter and establish the models. The prediction performance of the model was evaluated by concordance index and calibration combined with external validation. The diagnostic performance of the prediction model was assessed by sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios. Decision curve analysis was used to evaluate the clinical utility of the model. RESULTS Among the numerous indicators, sex, weight, height, thigh length, and ST-GT diameter (measured on plane 1 of a magnetic resonance imaging scan) were identified to be highly correlated predictors that could provide satisfactory prediction performance in determining the HT graft diameter. Based on these predictors, a prediction model named the HTD model was developed with satisfactory discrimination (concordance index, 0.932) and calibration (mean absolute error, 0.039). When the probability calculated by the HTD model was >65%, the sensitivity and specificity of predicting 4-strand HT graft diameter ≥8 mm were 86.7% and 90.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION As a useful supplementary prediction tool, the HTD model could accurately predict the diameter of HT autograft during preoperative planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wennan Xu
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengxiao Liu
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaming Peng
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Song
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Babalola OR, Akinyemi BA. Correlation of anthropometric parameters with semitendinosus tendon length in anterior cruciate ligament injured patients. Acta Orthop Belg 2023; 89:435-439. [PMID: 37935226 DOI: 10.52628/89.3.9318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery is now a common procedure performed following a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament. The length of the harvested hamstring tendon is critical to the outcome of the surgery as it may influence the final length and thickness of the graft. The goal of this study was to attempt to establish a relation- ship between the height, weight and body mass index and the harvested length of the semitendinosus tendon of patients having ACLR surgery. This was a retrospective study. The weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) of patients for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were noted. The average length of the tendon was noted. The correla- tion between each of these anthropometric parameters and the tendon length was estimated. The range of values for the semitendinosus length, height and weight in males and females respectively were 24-39cm (31.26 +/- 2.93) and 26-35cm (29.26 +/- 2.08); 1.6-1.96 m and 1.65-1.8m; and 52-110kg and 60-106kg. Only the height revealed a moderate correlation with the length of the harvested tendon among the male patients. Linear regression analyses yielded the equation Sem- itendinosus tendon length = 23.25xheight-10.28 at a p-value of 0.002. Patient height could be predictive of the length of the harvested semitendinosus tendon.
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Truong PN, Toan NV, Nam VH, Fang WH, Vangsness CT, Han B, Hoang BX. Preoperative Determination of the Size of the Semitendinosus and Gracilis Tendon by Multidetector Row CT Scanner for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2022; 35:1556-1562. [PMID: 33853156 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurately measuring the length and diameter of the hamstring tendon autograft preoperatively is important for planning anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) scanning technique to produce the actual measurement of the gracilis and semitendinosus (GT and ST, respectively) tendon grafts' length and diameter for surgery. Ninety patients were scheduled for ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft. Before the surgery, patients were examined under the multidetector row CT scanner and the ST and GT tendons were qualitatively measured by a volume-rendering technique. The length of ST and GT was measured with 3D CT compared with the length of the harvested ST and GT. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of ST and GT measured with 3D CT compared with the ST and GT graft diameter. Tendon size measured preoperatively and during surgery were statistically compared and correlated. The GT tendons length and cross-sectional area measured during surgery was both shorter and smaller compared with the ST tendon. GT and ST tendon length were correlated to patients' body index such as the height and weight (p < 0.05). However, the correlation levels were low to medium (r = 0.23-0.49). There was strong correlation between the lengths of GT (r = 0.76; p < 0.001) and ST (r = 0.87; p < 0.001) measured with the 3D CT and tendon length at surgery. There was a moderate correlation between graft diameter measured at surgery and 3D CT cross-sectional area (r = 0.31; p < 0.05). A multidetector row CT scanner can determine the ST and GT tendons' length and diameter. These measurements can be used for preoperative planning to help determine the surgical method and counsel patients on appropriate graft choices prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham N Truong
- Department of Trauma and Orthopeadic, 198 Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngo V Toan
- Department of Trauma and Orthopeadic 1, VietDuc Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vũ H Nam
- Department of Trauma and Orthopeadic, 198 Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - William H Fang
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - C Thomas Vangsness
- Department of Orthopaedics, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ba X Hoang
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California
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Ye Z, Zhang T, Wu C, Qiao Y, Su W, Chen J, Xie G, Dong S, Xu J, Zhao J. Predicting the Objective and Subjective Clinical Outcomes of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Machine Learning Analysis of 432 Patients. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:3786-3795. [PMID: 36285651 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221129870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports levels, baseline patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and surgical procedures are correlated with the outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Machine learning may be superior to conventional statistical methods in making repeatable and accurate predictions. PURPOSE To identify the best-performing machine learning models for predicting the objective and subjective clinical outcomes of ACLR and to determine the most important predictors. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 432 patients who underwent anatomic double-bundle ACLR with hamstring tendon autograft between January 2010 and February 2019 were included in the machine learning analysis. A total of 15 predictive variables and 6 outcome variables were selected to validate the logistic regression, Gaussian naïve Bayes machine, random forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), isotonically calibrated XGBoost, and sigmoid calibrated XGBoost models. For each clinical outcome, the best-performing model was determined using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), whereas the importance and direction of each predictive variable were demonstrated in a Shapley Additive Explanations summary plot. RESULTS The AUC and accuracy of the best-performing model, respectively, were 0.944 (excellent) and 98.6% for graft failure; 0.920 (excellent) and 91.4% for residual laxity; 0.930 (excellent) and 91.0% for failure to achieve the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the Lysholm score; 0.942 (excellent) and 95.1% for failure to achieve the MCID of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score; 0.773 (fair) and 70.5% for return to preinjury sports; and 0.777 (fair) and 69.2% for return to pivoting sports. Medial meniscal resection, participation in competitive sports, and steep posterior tibial slope were top predictors of graft failure, whereas high-grade preoperative knee laxity, long follow-up period, and participation in competitive sports were top predictors of residual laxity. High preoperative Lysholm and IKDC scores were highly predictive of not achieving the MCIDs of PROMs. Young age, male sex, high preoperative IKDC score, and large graft diameter were important predictors of return to preinjury or pivoting sports. CONCLUSION Machine learning analysis can provide reliable predictions for the objective and subjective clinical outcomes (graft failure, residual laxity, PROMs, and return to sports) of ACLR. Patient-specific evaluation and decision making are recommended before and after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Ye
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlun Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenliang Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiebo Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoming Xie
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shikui Dong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ye Z, Wu C, Xu J, Chen J, Qiao Y, Wu X, Xie G, Dong S, Zhao J. Meniscal resection increases the risk of residual knee laxity even in patients undergoing anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with eight strands of hamstring autografts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022:10.1007/s00167-022-07231-9. [PMID: 36378292 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the midterm clinical outcomes of different meniscal surgeries in patients undergoing anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (DB-ACLR) with eight strands of hamstring (HT8) autografts and explore the potential predictive risk factors for residual knee laxity. METHODS From 2010 to 2017, a total of 410 patients who underwent anatomic trans-tibial DB-ACLR with HT8 autografts (169 patients without meniscal surgery, 105 patients with meniscal repair, and 136 patients with meniscal resection) were included in this study. The equivalent graft diameter was introduced to make the total graft size of DB-ACLR comparable with that of single-bundle ACLR and calculated as the square root of the quadratic sum of the diameter for each bundle. Residual laxity was defined as excessive anterior tibial translation or residual pivot shift at any follow-up visit, while graft rupture was confirmed by second-look arthroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The mean follow-up period was 8.3 ± 2.2 years. The mean equivalent graft diameter was 9.9 ± 0.7 mm. Graft rupture was confirmed in 16 (3.9%) patients, while residual laxity was detected in 72 (17.6%) patients (34 [25.0%] in the meniscal resection group vs. 22 [13.0%] in the no meniscal surgery group, p = 0.021). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, high-grade preoperative knee laxity (odds ratio OR 2.04, p = 0.020), equivalent graft diameter < 9 mm (OR 3.31 compared with 9-10 mm, p = 0.012; OR 3.28 compared with ≥ 10 mm, p = 0.019), and meniscal resection (OR 1.94 compared with no meniscal surgery, p = 0.045) were associated with residual laxity. CONCLUSION During a midterm follow-up, meniscal resection increased the risk of residual knee laxity even in patients undergoing anatomic DB-ACLR with HT8 autografts. Increasing the hamstring graft diameter and preserving the menisci are important strategies for ACLR to restore knee stability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Ye
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenliang Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiebo Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiulin Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoming Xie
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shikui Dong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Sadoghi P, Röggla V, Beiglböck H, Schett B, Reschl M, Fischerauer S, Reinbacher P, Widhalm HK. Prediction of individual graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using anthropometric data. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 143:3219-3227. [PMID: 36331601 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-022-04682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple options for individual anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction exist; still, there are no guidelines for the preoperative preparation. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between patients' anthropometric data (height, weight, and age) and measurements of potential tendons (quadriceps-, patella, hamstrings tendon) for an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS MR images of 102 patients have been analyzed. Measurements of the ACL were performed with respect to its length and angle. The diameter and length as well as width of the quadriceps and patella tendon, the cross-sectional area (CSA) and diameter of the hamstring tendons have been assessed. Patients' height, weight, BMI, sex and age have been recorded. The correlations of these measurements with the patients' anthropometric data have been calculated. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability based on intra-class correlation (ICC) was evaluated. RESULTS The mean lengths of the ACL were 29.8 ± 3.5 mm, tibial insertion sites 15.8 ± 2.5 mm and femoral insertion sites 15.2 ± 3.0 mm. Thickness of the quadriceps tendons was 4.7 ± 1.1 mm and patella tendon 3.2 ± 0.7 mm. The patients' height showed significant positive correlations with the CSA of the hamstring tendon measurements, the length of the ACL, and the insertion sites of the ACL. Patients' weight showed significant positive correlations with patella tendon thickness, the CSA of the hamstring tendons, the length of the ACL, and the tibial and femoral insertion sites. Patients' age showed a significant positive correlation with patella tendon thickness. The ICCs for intra- and inter-rater reliability were 0.98 (95% CI 0.95-0.99, p < 0.001) and 0.94 (95% CI 0.88-0.99, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Anthropometric data with respect to height, weight, and sex can help to predict the dimension of tendons for ACL reconstruction and do correlate with ACL tendon. Patients at risk for small graft dimensions and failure are younger than 20 years and physically active. MRIs of patients at risk for small graft dimensions should be analyzed on tendon length and cross section areas preoperatively to determine the appropriate tendon harvest and fixation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sadoghi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Veronika Röggla
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Beiglböck
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Schett
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Reschl
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Fischerauer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Patrick Reinbacher
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald K Widhalm
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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The Use of Five-Strand Hamstring Autograft to Increase the Graft Size in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction-A Prospective Cohort Study With Satisfactory Early Clinical Results. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e1923-e1931. [PMID: 36579046 PMCID: PMC9791867 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To report on the outcomes of using 5-strand hamstring autograft to increase the graft size for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and to determine whether the clinical results are comparable to using conventional 4-strand graft. Methods A prospective cohort study of patients with arthroscopic-assisted single-bundle ACL reconstruction using hamstring autograft from January 2019 to June 2021.The patients were prospectively recruited to undergo ACL reconstruction with either 5-strand hamstring graft (group A) or 4-strand hamstring graft (group B). Results In total, 45 patients were included into the study. The mean diameter of the final graft was 8.9 ± 0.6 cm in the 5-strand group and 7.5 ± 0.8 cm in the 4-strand group (P < .001). Four-strand graft diameter measurements were taken intraoperatively in the 5-strand group before preparation of the 5-strand graft. The mean graft diameter of the 4-strand grafts was similar in both groups: 7.3 ± 0.3 mm in group A and 7.5 ± 0.8 mm in group B (P = .72). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups of patients in terms of the Lysholm score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Symptoms, KOOS Pain, KOOS Activities of Daily Living, KOOS Sports and KOOS Quality of Life scores. There were no postoperative complications of wound infection in both groups of patients. There was one case of graft rupture (4.8%) in the 4-strand group, which required revision reconstruction with patellar tendon graft 9 months postoperatively. There was no case of graft rupture in the 5-strand group (P = .29). Conclusions The 5-strand hamstring graft technique provides a graft with significantly larger graft diameter than the quadrupled graft technique, with satisfactory short- to medium-term outcomes. The 5-strand graft is therefore a useful technique to increase the graft size when faced with the problem of small hamstring graft. Level of Evidence Level II, prospective cohort study.
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Wang X, Han X, Shi X, Yuan Y, Tan H. [Short-term effectiveness of arthroscopic single bundle four-strand reconstruction using autologous semitendinosus tendon and anterior half of peroneus longus tendon for posterior cruciate ligament injuries]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2021; 35:556-561. [PMID: 33998207 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202011058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the short-term effectiveness of arthroscopic single bundle four-strand reconstruction using autologous semitendinosus tendon and anterior half of peroneus longus tendon for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries. Methods A clinical data of 30 patients with PCL injury, who were admitted between December 2015 and September 2018 and met the selection criteria, was retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with arthroscopic single bundle four-strand reconstruction using autologous semitendinosus tendon and anterior half of peroneus longus tendon and TightRope technique. Among them, 19 were male and 11 were female, aged 17-48 years (mean, 28.2 years). The PCL injury was caused by traffic accident in 8 cases, sport in 14 cases, falling and bruising by a heavy objective in 5 cases, and other injuries in 3 cases. The interval between injury and operation was 10-90 days (mean, 39.3 days). The PCL injury was rated as grade Ⅱ in 6 cases and grade Ⅲ in 24 cases. The posterior drawer test was positive in 26 cases and the inverse Lachman test was positive in 24 cases. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score was 61.37±8.49, and the objective IKDC ligament grading was near normal in 2 cases, abnormal in 8 cases, and significantly abnormal in 20 cases. The modified Lysholm knee score was 62.20±5.67. The knee range of motion (ROM) was (101.83±8.15) °. Results The operative time ranged from 70 to 110 minutes (mean, 79.7 minutes). All incisions healed by first intetion. All patients were followed up 12-24 months (mean, 19.0 months). There were 3 cases of deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremity after operation, and 1 case of approximately 10° limitation of knee extension. At last follow-up, the posterior drawer test was positive in 2 cases and the inverse Lachman test was positive in 1 case, with significant differences compared with the preoperative period ( χ 2=38.571, P=0.000; χ 2=36.274, P=0.000). The IKDC score was 84.67±3.67, and the objective IKDC ligament grading was normal in 16 cases, nearly normal in 10 cases, abnormal in 3 cases, and significantly abnormal in 1 case; the modified Lysholm knee score was 90.37±4.49; all of the above indexes were significantly better than preoperative ones, and the differences were significant ( t=-12.387, P=0.000; Z=-2.810, P=0.005; t=-22.865, P=0.000). Knee ROM was (88.33±9.86)° at 1 month after operation and reached (113.33±13.48)° at last follow-up, showing significant differences between pre- and post-operation ( P<0.05). MRI re-examination showed that the form and position of reconstructed PCL were satisfactory. Conclusion It can obtain good short-term effectiveness for PCL injuries by arthroscopic single bundle four-strand reconstruction using autologous semitendinosus tendon and anterior half of peroneus longus tendon, which has the advantages of reliable surgical approach, safe operation, and precise effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Knee Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Luoyang Henan, 471002, P.R.China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Knee Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Luoyang Henan, 471002, P.R.China
| | - Xiaotao Shi
- Department of Knee Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Luoyang Henan, 471002, P.R.China
| | - Yanhao Yuan
- Department of Knee Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Luoyang Henan, 471002, P.R.China
| | - Hongnue Tan
- Department of Knee Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Luoyang Henan, 471002, P.R.China
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13
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Marín Fermín T, Hovsepian JM, Symeonidis PD, Terzidis I, Papakostas ET. Insufficient evidence to support peroneus longus tendon over other autografts for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. J ISAKOS 2020; 6:161-169. [PMID: 34006580 DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2020-000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Graft choice for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) remains a subject of interest among orthopaedic surgeons because no ideal graft has yet been found. Peroneus longus tendon (PLT) has emerged as an alternative autograft for reconstruction in kneeling populations and in simultaneous anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the current evidence on the outcome of primary ACLR with PLT autograft in adults and donor ankle morbidity, in addition to determining the average PLT graft dimensions from published studies. EVIDENCE REVIEW Two independent reviewers searched PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Scopus and Virtual Health Library databases using the terms "anterior cruciate ligament," "peroneus longus" and "fibularis longus" alone and in combination with Boolean operators AND/OR. Studies evaluating clinical and stability outcomes, graft-donor ankle morbidity and graft dimensions of PLT in ACLR were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Modified Coleman Methodology Score (mCMS). A narrative analysis is presented using frequency-weighted means wherever feasible. Publication bias was assessed using the ROBIS tool. FINDINGS Twelve articles with intermediate-level methodological quality were included. Eight studies assessing the clinical and stability outcomes of reconstruction with PLT showed satisfactory outcomes, similar to those of hamstring tendons (HT). No studies assessed anterior knee pain as an outcome. Six studies evaluated the graft-donor ankle morbidity using general functional foot and ankle scores and non-validated tools, showing favourable outcomes. Nine studies assessed PLT graft diameter, revealing grafts consistently larger than 7 mm among the different preparation techniques, which is comparable with reports of HT grafts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The clinical and stability outcomes of ACLR with different PLT autograft preparation techniques are comparable with those of HT during short-term follow-up; however, there is insufficient evidence to support its use in the populations that motivated its implementation. Thus, stronger evidence obtained with the use of validated tools reporting negligible donor-graft ankle morbidity after PLT harvesting is required prior to recommending its routine use, despite the consistency of its dimensions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodorakys Marín Fermín
- Orthopedics, Hospital Periferico de Coche, Caracas, Capital District, Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of .,Sports Medicine Orthopaedics, TheMIS Orthopaedic Center, Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Jean Michel Hovsepian
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Chirurgisches Klinikum München Süd, München, Bayern, Germany
| | | | - Ioannis Terzidis
- Sports Medicine Orthopaedics, TheMIS Orthopaedic Center, Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece.,St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Theodorus Papakostas
- Sports Medicine Orthopaedics, TheMIS Orthopaedic Center, Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece.,Sports Medicine Orthopaedics, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
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14
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Tang SPK, Wan KHM, Lee RHL, Wong KKH, Wong KK. Influence of hamstring autograft diameter on graft failure rate in Chinese population after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE ARTHROSCOPY REHABILITATION AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 22:45-48. [PMID: 32913712 PMCID: PMC7453058 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background There has been limited literature regarding the influence of hamstring autograft diameter on the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in Asian population. This study was undertaken to investigate the failure rate after ACL reconstruction among Chinese patients treated with hamstring tendon autografts of different diameters. Our hypothesis was that an increase in hamstring tendon autograft diameter would reduce the risk of graft failure. Methods A retrospective review of 394 consecutive patients who underwent ACL reconstruction using quadrupled semitendinous and gracillis autografts from 2009 to 2018 at our centre was performed. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between graft failure rate and predictor variables, including hamstring graft diameter, gender and age. Results Hamstring graft diameter of 8.0 mm or more was found to be associated with significant reduction of risk in graft failure rate (P = 0.001, Relative Risk 0.19). No significant association was found between graft failure rate and gender or age. Conclusion Hamstring graft diameter 8.0 mm or greater is associated with decreased graft failure rate and revision rate in our local Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Pui-Kit Tang
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kwong Wah Hospital, 25 Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Predictive role of ankle MRI for tendon graft choice and surgical reconstruction. Radiol Med 2020; 125:763-769. [PMID: 32222954 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-020-01177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tendon transfers have become a common surgical procedure around the ankle. In this study, we sought to evaluate the existence of a correlation between specific anthropometric parameters and the size of some ankle tendons measured on MRI, in particular those mostly used as graft in ankle surgery. METHODS We recorded gender, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of 113 patients (57 females; mean age: 42 ± 18) who underwent ankle MRI. MRI measurements performed by a radiologist were: axial shortest diameter of Achilles (AT), posterior tibialis (PTT), flexor digitorum longus (FDLT), flexor hallucis longus (FHLT), peroneus longus (PLT), and anterior tibialis (ATT) tendons, intermalleolar distance (ID) and talus width (TW). Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. After applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, statistical significance was set at p < 0.002. RESULTS The mean patient height, weight and BMI were 169 ± 9.8 cm (range: 140-193), 72.4 ± 16.4 kg (range: 44-142), and 25 ± 5.7 (range: 16-50), respectively. The mean ankle measurements were: AT = 5.3 ± 1.4 mm, PTT = 3.3 ± 0.6 mm, FDLT = 2.6 ± 0.4 mm, FHLT = 2.7 ± 0.4 mm, PLT = 2.9 ± 0.5 mm, ATT = 3±0.6 mm, ID = 62.9 ± 4.5 mm, and TW = 28.8 ± 2.5 mm. A statistical difference between male and female patients was observed regarding ID (z = -6.955, p < .001), TW (z = -6.692, p < .001), AT (z = -3.587, p < .001), PTT (z = -3.783, p < .001), and FDLT (z = -3.744, p < .001). Both PTT and FDLT showed a significant correlation with ID (p < .001) and TW (p < .001). ATT size was significantly correlated with weight, ID and TW (all with p < 0.001). PLT and AT showed a significant correlation only with ID and weight (p ≤ .001), respectively. CONCLUSION Our data might help orthopaedists in preoperative planning to identify the best graft for ankle surgical procedures including tendon transfers.
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Moghamis I, Abuodeh Y, Darwiche A, Ibrahim T, Al Ateeq Al Dosari M, Ahmed G. Anthropometric correlation with hamstring graft size in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction among males. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2020. [PMID: 31879811 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-019-04452-5)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pre-operative knowledge of hamstring graft size for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) is of clinical importance and useful in making appropriate decisions about graft choice. This study investigated if there is any correlation between anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, body mass index, thigh length, and circumference with the size of hamstring tendon graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS The anthropometric data of 50 consecutive adult males, who underwent primary ACL reconstruction using quadruple hamstring autograft, were collected prospectively. Data analysis using Pearson's correlation test was performed and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate any correlation not detected by Pearson's test and to eliminate confounders. RESULTS Patient's height and thigh length demonstrated a positive correlation with gracilis graft length (r = .464, P = .001, r = .456, P = .001, respectively) and semitendinosus graft length (r = .541, P = 000, r = .578, P = .000, respectively). While the patient's age was the only independent factor which had a positive correlation with the quadrupled hamstring graft diameter (r = .412, P = .004), multiple regression analysis showed abdominal girth had a significant negative correlation with gracilis (P = .04) and semitendinosus (P = .006) graft thickness. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that some anthropometric measurements had a positive correlation with the hamstring graft length and diameter in male patients. Hence, these results provide preliminary support for the use of some anthropometric measurements in the preoperative planning and prediction of the hamstring graft length and diameter in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isam Moghamis
- Orthopedics Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yousef Abuodeh
- Orthopedics Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Darwiche
- Orthopedics Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Ghalib Ahmed
- Orthopedics Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
- Weil Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar.
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Moghamis I, Abuodeh Y, Darwiche A, Ibrahim T, Al Ateeq Al Dosari M, Ahmed G. Anthropometric correlation with hamstring graft size in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction among males. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2020; 44:577-584. [PMID: 31879811 PMCID: PMC7026223 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-019-04452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pre-operative knowledge of hamstring graft size for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) is of clinical importance and useful in making appropriate decisions about graft choice. This study investigated if there is any correlation between anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, body mass index, thigh length, and circumference with the size of hamstring tendon graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS The anthropometric data of 50 consecutive adult males, who underwent primary ACL reconstruction using quadruple hamstring autograft, were collected prospectively. Data analysis using Pearson's correlation test was performed and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate any correlation not detected by Pearson's test and to eliminate confounders. RESULTS Patient's height and thigh length demonstrated a positive correlation with gracilis graft length (r = .464, P = .001, r = .456, P = .001, respectively) and semitendinosus graft length (r = .541, P = 000, r = .578, P = .000, respectively). While the patient's age was the only independent factor which had a positive correlation with the quadrupled hamstring graft diameter (r = .412, P = .004), multiple regression analysis showed abdominal girth had a significant negative correlation with gracilis (P = .04) and semitendinosus (P = .006) graft thickness. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that some anthropometric measurements had a positive correlation with the hamstring graft length and diameter in male patients. Hence, these results provide preliminary support for the use of some anthropometric measurements in the preoperative planning and prediction of the hamstring graft length and diameter in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isam Moghamis
- Orthopedics Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yousef Abuodeh
- Orthopedics Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Darwiche
- Orthopedics Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Ghalib Ahmed
- Orthopedics Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
- Weil Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar.
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Ro DH, Lee S, Cho Y, Lee YM, Lee MC, Kim SH. Factors that Predicts the Size of Autologous Hamstring Tendon Graft for Double-Bundle ACL Reconstruction. Indian J Orthop 2020; 54:444-453. [PMID: 32549959 PMCID: PMC7270234 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-019-00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effectiveness of demographic data and radiographic measurements for predicting the diameter and length of autologous semitendinosus (ST) and gracilis (GR) graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four cases were included to measure the size of 3 or 4 strands of ST and GR tendons retrospectively. The hamstring length on radiograph was defined as the length from the lowest point of ischial tuberosity to intercondylar notch of the femur. The linear and logistic regression analysis was used to assess the roles of the predictor variables, as demographic and radiologic data, in the outcome variables, as diameter of tendon grafts. The cross-validation with hold-out samples and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were also calculated. RESULTS The hamstring and leg length measurement and gender were associated with the diameter of 4-stranded ST tendon graft. The hamstring length measurement, age and BMI were the factors associated with the diameter of 3-stranded ST tendon graft. The hamstring length measurement was found as a common factor for predicting diameters of hamstring tendon with reliable predictability. Moreover, the equation of multivariate regression analysis for the diameter of 4-stranded ST tendon graft showed the most validated power of prediction. All of the cross-validated R 2 values were calculated as similar results of multivariate model, but CCC between the measured diameter and estimated value on the predictive equation showed moderate agreement only (CCC = 0.694). CONCLUSIONS Combining radiographic length measurements with demographic data showed reliable prediction in identifying the risk of inappropriate graft diameters. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Hyun Ro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744 South Korea
| | - Sahnghoon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744 South Korea
| | - Yool Cho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744 South Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744 South Korea
| | - Myung-Chul Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744 South Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hyundae General Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Gupta R, Kapoor A, Soni A, Khatri S, Masih GD, Mittal N. Does hamstring tendon graft diameter affect the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament surgery? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orthtr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Vardiabasis N, Mosier B, Walters J, Burgess A, Altman G, Akhavan S. Can We Accurately Predict the Quadruple Hamstring Graft Diameter From Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging? Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119834504. [PMID: 30937321 PMCID: PMC6435877 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119834504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a quadruple hamstring (QH) autograft is a widely utilized procedure with good outcomes. A graft diameter less than 8 mm, however, has been associated with higher revision rates. Accurately determining the diameter of the hamstring tendon preoperatively can help surgeons plan accordingly. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of our study was to determine whether QH graft size can be reliably predicted from preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements. We hypothesized that we can achieve a high predicted QH graft size correlation with regard to preoperative and intraoperative measurements. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: We evaluated patients undergoing ACL reconstruction using QH autografts. At the time of surgery, the semitendinosus tendon (ST) and gracilis tendon (GT) were harvested and sized and then sized as a QH graft. Preoperative individual ST and GT sizes were determined from T2-weighted fat-saturated MRI at 3 cm above the joint line using correlating axial and coronal images. We then used a predictive chart to predict what the size of the QH graft would be and compared this with the actual measurements. Pearson correlation coefficients between predicted and actual graft sizes were calculated. Results: The predicted GT graft size was within 0.5 mm of the actual size in 45 of 60 (75%) patients and within 1 mm of the actual graft size in 59 of 60 (98%) patients. The predicted GT graft size from MRI measurements correlated with the actual GT graft size (r = 0.62, P < .00001). The predicted ST graft size was within 0.5 mm of the actual size in 45 of 60 (75%) patients and within 1 mm of the actual graft size in 56 of 60 (93%) patients. The predicted ST graft size from MRI measurements correlated with the actual ST graft size (r = 0.71, P < .00001). The predicted QH graft size was within 0.5 mm of the actual size in 52 of 60 (87%) patients and within 1 mm of the actual graft size in 60 of 60 (100%) patients. The predicted QH graft size from MRI measurements correlated with the actual QH graft size (r = 0.81, P < .00001). Conclusion: The current technique can reliably predict the size of a QH graft within 1 mm of the final graft size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Mosier
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason Walters
- Broward Health Sports Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Aaron Burgess
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Greg Altman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sam Akhavan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Takenaga T, Yoshida M, Albers M, Nagai K, Nakamura T, Fu FH, Onishi K. Preoperative sonographic measurement can accurately predict quadrupled hamstring tendon graft diameter for ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:797-804. [PMID: 30167751 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies reported sonography was inferior to MRI to predict hamstring tendon graft diameter for ACL reconstruction. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between intraoperative hamstring tendon graft diameter and its preoperative measurement using different sonographic scanning protocol from previous studies. METHODS Two cadaveric knees were utilized for validation. Sonographically guided gracilis tendon (G) and semitendinosus tendon (ST) injections were performed at myotendinous junction of sartorius using colored latex and then dissection was performed. In the clinical studies, 28 patients underwent primary ACL reconstruction were enrolled. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of G and ST were measured at myotendinous junction of Sartorius. The diameter of doubled G (2G), doubled ST (2ST) and quadrupled ST + G (4STG) were intraoperatively measured using graft sizing devices with 0.5-mm increments. RESULTS Cadaveric dissection showed the presence of latex on the surface of G and ST at myotendinous junction of Sartorius in all specimens. In the clinical studies, CSA of G, ST, and ST + G significantly correlated with diameter of 2G (r = 0.464, p = 0.039), 2ST (r = 0.712, p < 0.001), and 4STG (r = 0.792, p < 0.001), respectively. As a result of the simple linear regression analysis, 4STG diameter could be predicted by the following formula: 4.345 + 0.210 × CSA. The differences between calculated diameter by this formula and intraoperative 4STG diameter were within ± 0.5 mm in 89.3% (25/28) of subjects. CONCLUSIONS The diameter of 2ST and 4STG can be reliably predicted based on sonographic CSA measurement preoperatively. Sonography is a cost-effective alternate to repeat MRI to predict hamstring graft diameter preoperatively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic study; Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takenaga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufmann Building, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Masahito Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufmann Building, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Marcio Albers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufmann Building, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kanto Nagai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufmann Building, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tomomasa Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufmann Building, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Freddie H Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufmann Building, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kentaro Onishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufmann Building, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, LSK Building, Suite 201, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Sakti M, Yurianto H, Pasallo P, Hidayatullah S, Faisal A, Subagio ES. Anthropometric parameters measurement to predict 4-strand hamstring autograft size in single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of South Sulawesi population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY OPEN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijso.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sumanont S, Mahaweerawat C, Boonrod A, Thammaroj P, Boonrod A. Preoperative Ultrasound Evaluation of the Semitendinosus Tendon for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967118822318. [PMID: 30719480 PMCID: PMC6348512 DOI: 10.1177/2325967118822318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate graft size and length are crucial factors that correlate with improved outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a semitendinosus (ST) tendon autograft alone. Anthropometric parameters could be used as predictors of graft measurements but they have shown imprecise correlation in some patients. PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound (US) for the preoperative evaluation of ST graft size and length. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 40 patients were included in this study. Patient sex, age, anthropometric parameters, and preoperative US measurements were recorded. After the ST tendons were harvested, their lengths as well as the diameters of the 4-strand ST grafts were recorded. Correlations between patient US measurements were analyzed. Inadequate ST graft length was defined at <28 cm, and inadequate 4-strand ST graft diameter was defined at <8 mm. RESULTS The prevalence of patients with an ST graft length <28 cm was 47.5%, and the prevalence of patients with a 4-strand ST graft diameter <8 mm was 42.5%. US measurements had a strong, significant correlation with the ST graft length (P < .001) and a moderate correlation with the 4-strand ST graft diameter (P < .001). Absolute agreement between the preoperative US measurement of ST graft length and the intraoperative ST graft length showed good reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.825). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the ST tendon at the knee joint level by US showed a weak correlation (r = 0.207) with the 4-strand ST graft diameter (P = .200). A CSA of 16 mm2 measured by US could be used to predict a 4-strand ST graft diameter ≥8 mm, with a sensitivity of 73.9% and specificity of 76.5%. CONCLUSION Preoperative US measurements of ST tendons had a strong correlation with intraoperative ST graft length and provided good sensitivity to detect a 4-strand ST graft diameter ≥8 mm. All other anthropometric parameters showed a weak to moderate correlation with ST graft length and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sermsak Sumanont
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chatchada Mahaweerawat
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Arunnit Boonrod
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Punthip Thammaroj
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Artit Boonrod
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Song X, Li Q, Wu Z, Xu Q, Chen D, Jiang Q. Predicting the graft diameter of the peroneus longus tendon for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12672. [PMID: 30383628 PMCID: PMC6221677 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between various anthropometric parameters and the graft diameter of the peroneus longus tendon (PLT).We retrospectively analyzed the data of 156 patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with the PLT graft at our institution. Anthropometric parameters, including height, weight, gender, age, duration of injury, and preinjury activity levels, were recorded. t tests, correlation coefficients (Pearson r), and a multiple linear regression analysis were used to evaluate the influence of these anthropometric variables on the diameter of the graft obtained.The mean PLT graft diameter was 8.3 mm, and 21 patients (13.5%) had a diameter less than 8 mm; 85 patients (54.5%) had a diameter between 8 and 9 mm, and 50 patients (32.0%) had a diameter greater than or equal to 9 mm. The correlation analysis showed that height (P < .001), weight (P < .001), and duration of injury (P = .012) were significantly related to graft diameter. On the basis of these 3 predictors, the following regression equation was obtained: Diameter = 2.28 + 0.028*height (cm) + 0.013*weight (kg) + 0.289*duration of injury (0 or 1). Patients who were short and shin were more likely to own smaller graft diameters (<8 mm), especially the one ruptured his or her anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) over 3 months.Height, weight, and duration of injury were associated with the diameter of PLT. They are important preoperative information for surgeon about the size of PLT and can be used for alternative graft source planning and patient counseling.Level of evidence: IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Song
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine
| | - Qiangqiang Li
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower, Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Zongfang Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower, Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine
| | - Dongyang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing, University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing, University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Ilahi OA, Staewen RS, Stautberg EF, Qadeer AA. Estimating Lengths of Semitendinosus and Gracilis Tendons by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:2457-2462. [PMID: 29859772 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help predict the tendon-only length of the semitendinosus (ST) and the gracilis (G). METHODS The distance from the tibial insertion to the distal-most aspect of the musculotendinous junction (MTJ) of the ST and G was estimated on preoperative MRI scans of patients undergoing primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with single-bundle, quadruple-stranded hamstring autograft. This MRI tendon-only length, measured by a musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to surgical findings, was compared to the actual tendon-only length measured upon harvesting each tendon. RESULTS Among the 42 patients comprising the study population, there was very strong correlation between the estimates of tendon-only length made by MRI and surgical measurements for both the ST (Spearman coefficient = 0.83; P < .0001) and the G (Spearman coefficient = 0.82; P < .0001). The difference between MRI and surgical measurements did not exceed 3 cm for any of the 84 harvested hamstring tendons. Bland-Altman plots confirmed agreement between the 2 measurement methods. There was also strong correlation between the surgically measured tendon-only length of the ST and its G counterpart (Spearman coefficient = 0.68; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS MRI estimates of tendon-only length for both the ST and G very strongly correlate with operative measurements of these lengths; the discrepancy between these 2 measurement methods was found to not exceed 3 cm when the MTJ of these tendons is visible on MRI scans. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer A Ilahi
- Texas Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, U.S.A..
| | | | | | - Ali A Qadeer
- Texas Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
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Astur DDC, Novaretti JV, Liggieri AC, Janovsky C, Nicolini AP, Cohen M. Ultrasonography for evaluation of hamstring tendon diameter: is it possible to predict the size of the graft? Rev Bras Ortop 2018; 53:404-409. [PMID: 30027070 PMCID: PMC6051959 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Perform the preoperative measurement of the hamstring tendons using ultrasound imaging, validating and correlating the measured value with that found during surgical reconstruction of the ligament. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with 24 patients who underwent ultrasonographic measurement of the semitendinosus and gracilis muscle tendons and were subsequently submitted to surgical reconstruction of the ACL, with ipsilateral semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafting. Results The patients’ ages ranged from 16 to 43 years, with a mean of 24.8 years (SD = 8.4 years), 79.2% were men, and the distribution by side was 41.7% right knees and 58.3% left knees. A non-significant correlation coefficient was found between the area calculated by ultrasound (2 × semitendinosus area + 2 × gracilis area) and the intraoperative measurement (r = 0.16; p = 0.443). No evidence of a difference between intraoperative measurements <8 mm and ≥8 mm was found for the area calculated by the ultrasound (p = 0.746). The difference observed between the groups was −0.01 (95% CI: −0.09 to 0.07). Conclusion Preoperative ultrasound imaging of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons does not present a statistically significant correlation with the intraoperative measurement of the quadruple hamstring graft for ligament reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego da Costa Astur
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Victor Novaretti
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Cicone Liggieri
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - César Janovsky
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Pedro Nicolini
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Moises Cohen
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Astur DDC, Novaretti JV, Liggieri AC, Janovsky C, Nicolini AP, Cohen M. Ultrassonografia para avaliação do diâmetro dos tendões flexores do joelho: é possível predizer o tamanho do enxerto? Rev Bras Ortop 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Jones PE, Schuett DJ. All-Inside Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction as a Salvage for Small or Attenuated Hamstring Grafts. Arthrosc Tech 2018; 7:e453-e457. [PMID: 29868418 PMCID: PMC5984294 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears represent one of the most common sports-related injuries in the young population. There are multiple studies showing higher failure rates in the younger population with an allograft supporting the routine use of an autograft. In addition, higher failure rates have been shown with grafts narrower than 8 mm in diameter. This places the surgeon in an operative dilemma determining what to do with a narrow graft or an attenuated hamstring during harvest. All-inside ACL reconstruction is a promising technique for reliably creating sufficiently wide grafts without the need for allograft augmentation. The purpose of this Technical Note is to detail a graft preparation using the all-inside technique as a bailout during hamstring autograft ACL when the graft is narrow or one of the tendons is attenuated during harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E. Jones
- Address correspondence to LCDR Patrick E. Jones, M.D., Naval Hospital Okinawa, PSC 482 box 1600, FPO, Armed Forces Pacific 96362, U.S.A.
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Momaya AM, Beicker C, Siffri P, Kissenberth MJ, Backes J, Bailey L, Rulewicz GJ, Mercuri JM, Shealy EC, Tokish JM, Thigpen CA. Preoperative Ultrasonography Is Unreliable in Predicting Hamstring Tendon Graft Diameter for ACL Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2018; 6:2325967117746146. [PMID: 29318179 PMCID: PMC5755799 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117746146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hamstring autograft size <8 mm has been shown to be a predictor for failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The ability to predict graft size preoperatively is helpful in counseling patients about the possible need for graft augmentation. Purpose: To determine whether preoperative ultrasound (US) measurements of hamstring tendons can predict intraoperative graft diameter during ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Twenty patients undergoing unilateral isolated ACL reconstruction were prospectively enrolled in the study (10 males, 10 females; mean ± SD age, 22.8 ± 6.6 years; height, 175.1 ± 7.1 cm; weight, 81.4 ± 14.2 kg; body mass index, 26.5 ± 4.1 kg/m2). Hamstrings were assessed by US, and double-looped semitendinosus-gracilis hamstring size was independently calculated with a freehand selection method on a nonmagnified US image by 2 orthopaedic surgeons. Intraoperative autograft size was determined with a standard graft-sizing tool. Intra- and interrater reliability was measured with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and standard error of the measure (SEM). A receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to assess the ability of the US measurement to predict intraoperative measurements. Results: The mean autograft diameter by US was 8.9 ± 0.98 mm, while the mean intraoperative hamstring graft size was 8.1 ± 0.89 mm. There was excellent intrarater (ICC2,1 = 0.95, SEM = 0.32 mm) and interrater (ICC2,1 = 0.88, SEM = 0.55 mm) reliability for US measurements. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that US did not consistently quantify graft size. Graft size did not significantly correlate with height, weight, or body mass index in our sample (P > .05). Conclusion: These results suggest that preoperative US imaging of the hamstring tendons is unreliable in predicting intraoperative graft diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit M Momaya
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Clint Beicker
- Texas Hill Country Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Fredericksburg, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Siffri
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Lane Bailey
- Memorial Hermann Ironman Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriel J Rulewicz
- North Mississippi Sports Medicine Orthopaedic Clinic, Tupelo, Mississippi, USA
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Can we predict the size of frequently used autografts in ACL reconstruction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:3704-3710. [PMID: 26183732 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study presents a method to measure the size of quadriceps, patellar tendon and hamstring autografts using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Sixty-two subjects with a mean age of 25 ± 10 years who underwent ACL surgery between 2011 and 2014 were included. Patient anthropometric data were recorded for all subjects. During surgery, the respective autograft was harvested and measured using commercially available graft sizers. MRI measurements were performed by two raters, who were blinded to the intra-operative measurements. RESULTS The inter- and intra-rater reliability was ≥0.8 for all MRI measurements. The intra-class correlation coefficient between the MRI measurement of the graft and the actual size of the harvested graft was 0.639. There were significant correlations between quadriceps tendon thickness and height (r = 0.3, p < 0.03), weight (r = 0.3, p < 0.01), BMI (r = 0.3, p < 0.04) and gender (r = -0.4, p < 0.002) and patellar tendon thickness and height (r = 0.4, p < 0.01), weight (r = 0.3, p < 0.01) and gender (r = -0.4, p < 0.012). CONCLUSION Preoperative MRI measurements of quadriceps, patellar tendon and hamstring graft size are highly reliable with moderate-to-good accuracy. Significant correlations between patient anthropometric data and the thicknesses of the quadriceps and patellar tendons were observed. Obtaining this information can be useful for preoperative planning and to help counsel patients on appropriate graft choices prior to surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Janssen RPA, van Melick N, van Mourik JBA, Reijman M, van Rhijn LW. Similar clinical outcome between patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autograft after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with accelerated, brace-free rehabilitation: a systematic review. J ISAKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2016-000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Chiba D, Tsuda E, Sasaki S, Liu X, Ishibashi Y. Anthropometric and Skeletal Parameters Predict 2-Strand Semitendinosus Tendon Size in Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117720148. [PMID: 28812041 PMCID: PMC5542154 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117720148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Few studies have examined whether skeletal parameters predict hamstring graft size during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to examine whether preoperative anthropometric and radiographic skeletal parameters could predict hamstring graft size during ACLR. We hypothesized that both anthropometric and skeletal parameters can be used to predict graft size in our double-bundle procedure and that the use of skeletal parameters will improve the accuracy of graft size prediction. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 200 patients were recruited and underwent double-bundle ACLR using a semitendinosus (ST) graft. The harvested tendon was measured to determine graft length (GL) and then split at its midpoint. The graft diameters of the anteromedial (GDAM) and posterolateral bundles (GDPL) were measured at the femoral aspect of the 2-stranded graft. The mean diameters of both bundles were included in the analysis. On the coronal radiograph, femorotibial angle (FTA), femoral interepicondylar distance (IED), and tibial plateau width (coronal tibial width [CTW]) were measured. Blumensaat line length (BLL) and the lateral tibial width (LTW) were measured on the lateral radiograph. A linear regression analysis was conducted using graft size as the dependent variable and age, sex, height, weight, Tegner activity score, and skeletal parameters as the independent variables. Results: Mean GL was 258.9 ± 21.9 mm, GDAM was 5.9 ± 0.5 mm, and GDPL was 5.7 ± 0.6 mm. Single regression analysis showed that GL was significantly predicted by sex, height, weight, Tegner activity score, IED, CTW, BLL, and LTW (R2 range, 0.033-0.342). GD was predicted by sex, height, weight, IED, CTW, BLL, and LTW (R2 range, 0.094-0.207). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis significantly confirmed sex, height, and age as the variables to comprehensively predict GL (R2 = 0.384). With regard to GD, stepwise multiple regression confirmed height and IED as significant variables (R2 = 0.224). Conclusion: Both preoperative anthropometric and radiographic parameters on plain radiographs were able to predict harvested GL and 2-strand GD. Multivariate regression slightly improved the prediction of graft dimensions compared with univariate regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chiba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tsuda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shizuka Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Xizhe Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishibashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND All-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a well-described technique for skeletally immature patients. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the early complication rate and identify associated risk factors for rerupture after this procedure in children. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent all-epiphyseal ACL reconstructions performed at a large, tertiary care children's hospital between January 2007 and April 2013. Relevant postoperative data including the development of leg-length discrepancy, angular deformity, rerupture, infection, knee range of motion, arthrofibrosis, and other complications were recorded. Independent variables analyzed for association with rerupture included age, body mass index, graft type, graft size, and associated injuries addressed at surgery. RESULTS A total of 103 patients (average 12.1 y old; range, 6.3 to 15.7) were analyzed. The mean follow-up was 21 months. The overall complication rate was 16.5% (17/103), including 11 reruptures (10.7%), 1 case (<1.0%) of clinical leg-length discrepancy of <1 cm, and 2 cases (1.9%) of arthrofibrosis requiring manipulation under anesthesia. Two patients (1.9%) sustained contralateral ACL ruptures and 3 (2.9%) sustained subsequent ipsilateral meniscus tears during the study period. There were no associations found between age, sex, graft type, graft thickness, body mass index, or associated injuries addressed during surgery and rerupture rate. Knee flexion continued to improve by 20 degrees on an average between the 6 weeks and 6 months postoperative visits (P<0.001; paired samples Student's t test). CONCLUSIONS When taken in the context of known risk of future injury in an ACL-deficient knee, all-epiphyseal ACL reconstruction in children is safe. The rate of growth disturbance in this study is similar to previous reports in this patient demographic. The rerupture rate in this cohort is slightly higher compared with ACL reconstruction in older patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV-retrospective case series.
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Ilahi OA, Stautberg EF, Mansfield DJ, Qadeer AA. Relationship of Musculotendinous Junction Location to Harvested Semitendinosus and Gracilis Tendon Length. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117704630. [PMID: 28540317 PMCID: PMC5431471 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117704630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Harvested hamstring tendon length has received scant attention in published anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction literature, yet length can limit the ability to increase graft diameter by folding the tendon over more than once. Indeed, some ultrashort tendons may be too short to yield a clinically useful graft after being folded over just once. Ultimately, the total length of a harvested hamstring tendon may depend on the length of the tendon distal to its musculotendinous (MT) junction. Purpose: To compare the lengths of harvested hamstring tendons to the location of the MT junction to help predict abnormally short tendon harvest. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Eighty-four consecutive patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon autografts underwent intraoperative measurement of the total length of each harvested semitendinosus (ST) and gracilis (G) tendon, as well as the distance from the MT junction to that tendon’s distal end (ie, the “tendon-only” length). Results: The ratio of the tendon-only portion to total harvested tendon length averaged 0.52 (range, 0.39-0.71) for the ST and 0.52 (range, 0.43-0.71) for the G, suggesting a 95% chance of harvesting a tendon <15 cm in length for the tendon-only portion is <6.45 cm for ST or <6.75 cm for G tendons. There was moderate correlation between the lengths of harvested ST and G tendons with patient height as well as with the diameter of the combined, quadruple-stranded graft. Conclusion: The ratio of the tendon-only length to total harvested length for both the ST and G appear to range from approximately 0.4 to 0.7. Patients with abnormally distal MT junctions of either their ST or G are likely to have an abnormally short harvest of that tendon, even in the absence of technical harvesting error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer A Ilahi
- Texas Arthroscopy & Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Ali A Qadeer
- Texas Arthroscopy & Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
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Janssen RPA, van der Velden MJF, van den Besselaar M, Reijman M. Prediction of length and diameter of hamstring tendon autografts for knee ligament surgery in Caucasians. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:1199-1204. [PMID: 26123054 PMCID: PMC5420370 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prediction of hamstring tendon autograft size facilitates preoperative planning of knee ligament surgery and may reduce the need for allografts in complex knee reconstructions. The aim of this study was to analyse whether length and diameter of hamstring tendon autografts can be predicted preoperatively with anthropometric parameters and patient characteristics. METHODS In this observational study, 725 consecutive Caucasian patients scheduled for ACL reconstruction were included. Preoperatively gender, age, height and weight were recorded. After harvest, tendon lengths of both gracilis and semitendinosus tendons were measured. Diameter of the final four-strand hamstring autograft was recorded. Relationship between length and diameter of tendon grafts and different anthropometric parameters were assed by linear and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Mean lengths of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autografts were 28.9 ± 3.1 and 27.7 ± 3.0 cm, respectively. Length of the gracilis and semitendinosus grafts was independently related to patient height. Female gender was correlated with smaller graft diameter. One in nine female patients had a diameter <8 mm. The ratio in men was 1 in 36. CONCLUSION Hamstring autograft length and size can be predicted in Caucasians. Length of the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons was related to patient height. Smaller graft diameter was related to female gender. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob P. A. Janssen
- 0000 0004 0477 4812grid.414711.6Orthopaedic Center Máxima, Máxima Medical Center, Postbus 90052, 5600 PD Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J. F. van der Velden
- 0000 0004 0477 4812grid.414711.6Orthopaedic Center Máxima, Máxima Medical Center, Postbus 90052, 5600 PD Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn van den Besselaar
- 0000 0004 0477 4812grid.414711.6Orthopaedic Center Máxima, Máxima Medical Center, Postbus 90052, 5600 PD Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Max Reijman
- 0000 0004 0477 4812grid.414711.6Orthopaedic Center Máxima, Máxima Medical Center, Postbus 90052, 5600 PD Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Kern M, Love D, Cotter EJ, Postma W. Quadruple-Bundle Semitendinosus-Gracilis Graft Technique for All-Inside Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech 2016; 5:e1317-e1320. [PMID: 28149730 PMCID: PMC5263219 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hamstring tendon autograft has been shown to be an excellent option for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Adequate graft size can usually be achieved through either a double-bundle technique of semitendinosus and gracilis tendons or a quadruple-bundle technique using a single tendon. To minimize failure rates that result from graft insufficiency, a minimum graft thickness of 8 mm is recommended for reconstruction. However, certain patients possess small native hamstring tendons that do not allow for recommended graft thickness using either of these traditional techniques. Although patient characteristics such as gender, height, and weight have all been associated with hamstring tendon size, accurately predicting which patients will possess inadequate autograft size is not possible. Recognizing this problem intraoperatively after harvesting the tendon presents a difficult scenario for the surgeon. In this technical note, we describe an alternative technique for preparing hamstring tendon autograft that results in significantly increased thickness by essentially utilizing a quadruple-bundle technique with both tendons. We proceed to reconstruct the ACL using an all-inside technique with suture buttons on both the femoral and tibial tunnels. The technique can serve as a rescue method for patients with insufficient hamstring tendon thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kern
- Address correspondence to Michael Kern, M.D., 5325 Westbard Avenue, Apt 823, Bethesda, MD 20816, U.S.A.5325 Westbard AvenueApt 823BethesdaMD20816U.S.A.
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Liu Y, Cui G, Yan H, Yang Y, Ao Y. Comparison Between Single- and Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With 6- to 8-Stranded Hamstring Autograft: A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:2314-22. [PMID: 27343215 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516650876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with 6- to 8-stranded hamstring autograft (HG) is better than single-bundle (SB) ACL reconstruction remains debatable, as long-term follow-up data are lacking. PURPOSE To prospectively investigate and compare the long-term results of DB and SB ACL reconstruction with a 6- to 8-stranded HG. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial; LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1. METHODS A total of 80 patients with chronic ACL rupture were randomized to SB or DB ACL reconstruction with a 6- to 8-stranded HG. In the SB group, both the semitendinosus tendon (ST) and the gracilis tendon (GT) were prepared in 3 or 4 strands, with a total of 6 to 8 strands. In the DB group, the ST was prepared in 3 or 4 strands used for the anteromedial bundle, and the GT was prepared in the same manner for the posterolateral bundle. Each graft was fixed with an EndoButton, a bioabsorbable interference screw, and a staple. Outcome assessment was performed by a blinded independent observer using International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Tegner, and Lysholm scores, as well as range of motion (ROM), Lachman test, pivot-shift test, KT-2000 arthrometer side-to-side difference, and return-to-sport data. RESULTS A total of 68 patients (DB group, 34; SB group, 34) were observed for a mean of 80 months (range, 74-86 months). There were 2 traumatic instability failures and two 5° extension restrictions in the DB group, while no failures or 5° extension restrictions were observed in the SB group. The mean Lysholm, Tegner, and IKDC scores improved significantly in both groups compared with preoperation scores (P < .05). No patient had a positive Lachman test result. No significant differences were found between groups in functional scores, incidence of pivot shift, ROM, Lachman test, KT-2000 arthrometer anterior laxity, or time and level of return to sport. CONCLUSION Both SB and DB ACL reconstruction with 6- to 8-stranded HG showed satisfactory results in subjective scores and anteroposterior and rotational stability over a nearly 7-year follow-up; neither technique was superior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Liu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Cui
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Correlation between semitendinosus and gracilis tendon cross-sectional area determined using ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative tendon measurements. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2016; 26:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Comparison of results after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a four-strand single semitendinosus or a semitendinosus and gracilis tendon. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23:3238-43. [PMID: 24841945 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES To compare the clinical and functional results of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using an autologous four-strand single semitendinosus (ST) tendon or a ST and gracilis tendon. It was hypothesized that successful ACL reconstruction using a single ST tendon without the gracilis tendon could provide comparable knee stability and reduce donor site morbidity. METHODS This study evaluated 144 cases of single-bundle ACL reconstruction using an autologous hamstring tendon. The ST group included 85 cases of reconstruction using a single ST tendon, and the ST/G group included 59 cases of reconstruction using a ST tendon and a gracilis tendon. An extracortical suspension device and a suture tied around a screw post with an additional bioabsorbable screw were used to fix the femoral and tibial tunnels, respectively. Clinical evaluations involved the Lachman, pivot-shift, and one-leg hop tests; an isokinetic test; a KT-2000 arthrometer; an assessment of return to pre-injury activities; and Lysholm, Tegner activity, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the ST and ST/G groups with respect to the Lysholm, Tegner activity, and subjective IKDC scores; the Lachman, pivot-shift, and one-leg hop tests; KT-2000 arthrometer side-to-side differences; or return to pre-injury activities. However, mean peak torque deficit, as determined using the isokinetic test during flexion at 60°/s, was significantly lower in the ST group than in the ST/G group (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION This study showed good results for ACL reconstruction using a single ST tendon without deterioration of stability. This provides the evidence that ACL reconstruction using a single ST tendon without the gracilis tendon decreases donor site morbidity without compromising joint stability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Half-peroneus-longus-tendon graft augmentation for unqualified hamstring tendon graft of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sci 2015; 20:854-60. [PMID: 26113009 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-015-0744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some situations, harvested hamstring tendon grafts are not qualified for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study aimed to present a reinforcing method with additional half peroneus longus tendon (half-PLT) graft augmentation. METHODS Eight cases underwent ACL reconstruction with unqualified hamstring tendon grafts (diameter <7 mm) and were salvaged by additional half-PLT graft augmentation. The pivot shift test and KT-1000 tests were performed 3 years after surgery. Functional evaluation of subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm scores was also done. In addition, Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) scores were used to evaluate the function of the ankle donor site. RESULTS The diameter of unqualified four-strand hamstring tendon grafts was 6.2 mm on average (range, 6.0-6.5 mm). The average diameter of hamstring grafts with half-PLT augmentation was 9.6 mm (range, 9.5-10.0 mm). The pivot shift test was negative in all patients. No significant differences between normal and abnormal knees were found by KT-1000. The average IKDC score was 86.0 (range, 83 to 89), and the average Lysholm score was 84.4 (range, 80-90). The average FADI score for the donor sites of half-PLT was 135.8 (range, 134-136). CONCLUSIONS Additional half-PLT can successfully and safely reinforce unqualified hamstring tendon grafts for ACL reconstruction.
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Nuelle CW, Cook JL, Gallizzi MA, Smith PA. Posterior single-incision semitendinosus harvest for a quadrupled anterior cruciate ligament graft construct: determination of graft length and diameter based on patient sex, height, weight, and body mass index. Arthroscopy 2015; 31:684-90. [PMID: 25522679 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine final graft length and diameter for a quadrupled semitendinosus anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) construct harvested from a single-incision posterior approach with correlation to preoperative patient variables of sex, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). METHODS This was a retrospective review of data collected prospectively on 60 patients undergoing all-inside quadrupled semitendinosus autograft ACL reconstruction. RESULTS The mean values of the final quadrupled constructs were a length of 70.3 mm and a diameter of 9.0 mm. Separated based on sex, female versus male final mean graft length was 68.1 mm versus 71.7 mm, and final mean graft diameter was 8.6 mm and 9.3 mm, respectively. In both sexes, patient height and weight were strongly correlated to final construct diameter (r = 0.60 and r = 0.56) and length (r = 0.47 and r = 0.44), respectively. CONCLUSIONS A single-incision posterior harvest approach allowed for retrieval of semitendinosis tendon autografts of sufficient dimension to allow for construction of quadrupled ACL grafts of a diameter of 8 mm or more in 95% of cases. In addition, desired graft length was achieved in all cases. Graft dimensions had moderately strong direct correlations to patient height and weight, with significant size differences noted between the sexes. We believe this to be helpful data for surgeons who might consider performing a quadrupled semitendinosus autograft ACL reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, therapeutic case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Nuelle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - James L Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Michael A Gallizzi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
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Todd DC, Ghasem AD, Xerogeanes JW. Height, weight, and age predict quadriceps tendon length and thickness in skeletally immature patients. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:945-52. [PMID: 25721535 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515570620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quadriceps tendon autografts have been used with success in adults and are becoming a popular graft option in pediatric patients because of size, decreased donor site morbidity, ease of harvest, and favorable biomechanical characteristics. However, little is known about the length and thickness of the quadriceps tendon in pediatric patients. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether quadriceps tendon length and thickness follow a predictable pattern of development based on height, weight, age, and body mass index in skeletally immature patients. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS The height, weight, age, and sex of 151 children between 4 and 16 years old were recorded. Ultrasound measurements of the length and thickness of bilateral quadriceps tendons were performed by a single technician and recorded for statistical analysis. RESULTS The average quadriceps tendon length and thickness were 6.87 ± 1.49 cm and 0.37 ± 0.12 cm, respectively. Tendon length averaged 3.89 cm at age 4 years and 7.98 cm at 16 years, whereas thickness averaged 0.24 cm at 4 years and 0.40 cm at 16 years of age. There was no significant difference in tendon length or thickness between males and females (P = .97). Tendon length and thickness increased significantly with age, weight, and height (P < .01 for all). CONCLUSION The quadriceps tendon is of sufficient length and thickness to be used as an autograft for pediatric patients. The size of the graft is predictable using the age, height, and weight of the patient. Graft length and thickness can be easily confirmed using ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane C Todd
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Anatomic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the fascia lata as an autograft. Arthrosc Tech 2015; 4:e57-63. [PMID: 25973375 PMCID: PMC4427640 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) ensures stability of the patella against lateral forces. In cases of recurrent lateral patellar luxation, surgical reconstruction of the MPFL has an important role in treating lateral patellar instability. Several biomechanical studies have presented valuable pieces of information about various techniques for re-creating this medial patellofemoral complex mainly using the gracilis tendon as an autograft. However, with the increasing number of MPFL reconstructions, there are also an increasing number of patients requiring revision MPFL reconstruction. Therefore alternative graft options may become more relevant. Furthermore, the gracilis tendon as a tubular graft may not be able to fully restore patellofemoral kinematics compared with the native MPFL. This article introduces a surgical technique using the fascia lata as an alternative graft option for the anatomic reconstruction of the MPFL.
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Zaffagnini S, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Grassi A, Bonanzinga T, Marcacci M. Minimally invasive medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with fascia lata allograft: surgical technique. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2014; 22:2426-30. [PMID: 24658149 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-2940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes a new minimally invasive anatomic medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, using a fascia lata allograft as graft source and arthroscopy to obtain balanced fixation throughout the range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zaffagnini
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli, 1, 40136, Bologna, Italy,
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Kupczik F, Schiavon MEG, Sbrissia B, Fávaro RC, Valério R. ACL ideal graft: MRI correlation between ACL and humstrings, PT and QT. Rev Bras Ortop 2013; 48:441-447. [PMID: 31304150 PMCID: PMC6565960 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to measure in MRI scans, the size of the origin, insertion and length of the anterior cruciate ligament and possible graft for reconstruction surgery in case of injury. Besides this, there was a cross between statistical data to test the hypothesis of proportional relationship between these anatomical extent. Materials and methods 52 MRI examinations performed between 2008 and 2011 were valued at random in a longitudinal retrospective epidemiological study. To measure the width of the ACL was used coronal oblique to the length of the sagittal section, for inserting the tibial coronal femoral insertion and was also used oblique coronal section. Results The average diameter of the ACL was 4.80 mm (3.1–8.3 mm), with a length of 3.8 cm (2.85–4.5 cm). The origin ranged from 9.7 mm to 15.4 mm. The average insertion on the tibia was 13.3 mm. The average diameter of the semi-tendinous was 4.38 mm and the average diameter was 3.42 mm gracilis. The quadriceps presented diameter of 7.67 mm, a length of 35.34 mm and 4.54 mm patellar tendon diameter and 26.62 mm in average length. Conclusion These data provide important information for the pre-operative surgeon, facilitating preoperative planning and providing viable alternatives and avoiding inadequate grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Kupczik
- MSc in Surgery, Orthopedist and Head of the Knee Group at Hospital Universitário Cajuru, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC-PR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Sbrissia
- Orthopedist in the Knee Group, Hospital Universitário Cajuru PUC-PR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Valério
- Resident Physician in Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Universitário Cajuru, PUC-PR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Xerogeanes JW, Mitchell PM, Karasev PA, Kolesov IA, Romine SE. Anatomic and morphological evaluation of the quadriceps tendon using 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction: applications for anterior cruciate ligament autograft choice and procurement. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:2392-9. [PMID: 23893419 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513496626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autograft of choice for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains controversial. The quadriceps tendon is the least utilized and least studied of the potential autograft options. PURPOSE To determine if the quadriceps tendon has the anatomic characteristics to produce a graft whose length and volume are adequate, reproducible, and predictable when compared with the other commonly used autografts. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Axial proton density magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 60 skeletally mature patients (30 male and 30 female) were evaluated. Volumetric analysis of 3-dimensional models of the patellar and quadriceps tendons was performed before and after the removal of a 10 mm-wide graft from both tendons. Length, thickness, and width measurements of the quadriceps tendon were made at predetermined locations. Anthropometric data were collected, and subgroup analysis, sex analysis, and linear regression were performed. RESULTS The mean percentage of volume remaining after removal of a 10 mm-wide graft from the patellar tendon was 56.6%, compared with 61.3% when harvesting an 80 mm-long graft of the same width from the quadriceps tendon. The intra-articular volume of the proposed quadriceps tendon graft was 87.5% greater than that of the patellar tendon graft. The mean length of the quadriceps tendon was 73.5 ± 12.3 mm in female patients and 81.1 ± 10.6 mm in male patients. These measurements were most highly correlated with patient height. The width of the quadriceps tendon decreased as one proceeded proximally from its insertion, and the thickness of the quadriceps tendon remained relatively constant. CONCLUSION The quadriceps tendon has the anatomic characteristics to produce a graft whose length and volume are both reproducible and predictable, while yielding a graft with a significantly greater intra-articular volume than a patellar tendon graft with a similar width.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Xerogeanes
- John W. Xerogeanes, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 59 Executive Park Drive South, Suite 1000, Atlanta, GA 30329.
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Enxerto ideal para ligamento cruzado anterior: correlação em ressonância magnética entre LCA, isquiotibiais, tendão patelar e tendão quadríceps. Rev Bras Ortop 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kamien PM, Hydrick JM, Replogle WH, Go LT, Barrett GR. Age, graft size, and Tegner activity level as predictors of failure in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring autograft. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:1808-12. [PMID: 23813800 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513493896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient age, Tegner activity level, and graft size could be factors that influence the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with hamstring autografts. HYPOTHESIS Decreased graft size, higher Tegner activity score, and younger age are associated with an increased failure rate of ACLR, represented by continued knee laxity and revision surgery. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 98 patients who had undergone ACLR with hamstring tendon autografts between 2000 and 2007 were identified from a computerized relational database. Inclusion criteria consisted of a minimum of 2 years of follow-up, all age groups, and all activity levels. Exclusion criteria consisted of treatment with other grafts or previous ligament surgery, previous ACL repairs, bilateral ACL injuries, and associated ligament tears. Failure was defined as a 2+ Lachman result, positive pivot shift, and 5-mm difference or more on KT-1000 arthrometer measurement. RESULTS Fifteen of the 98 ACLRs (15.3%) were defined as failures. Of the failures, 12 of 48 (25%) occurred in patients aged 25 years and younger, whereas 3 of 50 (6%) occurred in patients older than 25 years. There was a statistically significant association when comparing failure rate and age groups (P = .009); however, a significant association was not found between graft size and failure rate in the entire study population (P = .135) or within the different age groups (age ≤25 years vs. >25 years) based on failure rate (P = .390 and P = .165, respectively). No statistical significance was found when Tegner activity level and failure rate were compared in the overall study population (P = .463) or within age groups (≤25 years, P = .707; >25 years, P = .174). CONCLUSION In this study population, younger patients (≤25 years) demonstrated a higher failure rate compared with the over-25 age group. A statistically significant difference was not found in terms of graft size and activity level correlating with failure rate in ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw M Kamien
- Indiana University Health, LaPorte, 1325 E. Fortification Street, Jackson, MS 39202, USA.
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Erquicia JI, Gelber PE, Doreste JL, Pelfort X, Abat F, Monllau JC. How to improve the prediction of quadrupled semitendinosus and gracilis autograft sizes with magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:1857-63. [PMID: 23460334 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513479340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring tendon grafts may have an unacceptable size for use in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed to predict the diameters of hamstring tendon grafts. HYPOTHESIS Preoperative ultrasonography (US) might reliably anticipate intraoperative 4-strand semitendinosus and gracilis tendon (4ST-GT) graft sizes similarly to MRI. An MRI evaluation of the hamstring tendons with a higher magnification may improve the accuracy of the method. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS A total of 33 patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with a 4ST-GT graft and MRI performed at our institution were included. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of each semitendinosus tendon (ST) and gracilis tendon (GT) was calculated preoperatively with US and with MRI under 2× and 4× magnification. Intraoperative measurement of the final diameter of the 4ST-GT using a closed-hole sizing block with 0.5-mm increments was made. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between the final intraoperative graft diameter of the 4ST-GT and the CSA of the ST and GT measured with US and MRI with 2× and 4× magnification. Simple linear regression was also calculated to attempt to predict the graft diameter based on given measurements. RESULTS There were statistically significant correlations between the measured CSA with US and both MRI magnifications with the 4ST-GT diameter. However, MRI under 4× magnification showed a much higer correlation (0.86) than MRI under 2× magnification (0.54) or US (0.51). Final graft diameters ≥8 mm were observed in 80.8% of patients with a CSA >14 mm(2), in 76.9% of patients with a CSA >25 mm2, and in 96.2% of patients with a CSA >17 mm2 measured with US, 2× magnification of MRI, and 4× magnification of MRI, respectively. CONCLUSION Preoperative calculation of the CSA of the hamstring tendons with MRI and US can help to reliably estimate 4ST-GT grafts. In terms of correlation of the CSA with graft diameter, US was comparable to 2× MRI, but 4× MRI showed a much greater accuracy. Threshold values of the CSA of the ST and GT of 25 mm2, 17 mm2, and 14 mm2 with the 2× MRI, 4× MRI, and US methods, respectively, are needed to reliably predict a 4ST-GT graft with a minimum diameter of 8 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Erquicia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/Sant Quintí, 89, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is a routine procedure for patellar instability. The majority of the techniques require hardware fixation or a bony procedure at the patella. However, most of the complications described in the literature can be attributed to patellar fixation. The "superficial quad technique" uses the superficial slip of the quadriceps tendon as the graft material, which provides a better anatomic match to the native MPFL. HYPOTHESIS The superficial quad technique provides anatomic patellar fixation without a bony procedure and without patellar complications. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS The study included 32 patients (10 male, 22 female; mean age, 25 years) who underwent MPFL reconstruction using the superficial quad technique and who were followed for a mean duration of 38 months. Objective assessment was performed and Kujala scores were obtained preoperatively and at the time of final follow-up. RESULTS There were no patellar complications, including redislocation, in the present study. The mean Kujala score improved to 91.25 (range, 73-100) from a preoperative score of 49.31 (range, 23-62). CONCLUSION The results were comparable with those of other studies in the literature that used hamstring grafts, but without associated patellar complications. The superficial quad technique uses graft material that is a better anatomic match to the native MPFL. It provides anatomic patellar fixation without a bony procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Goyal
- Saumya Orthocare: Centre for Advanced Surgeries of the Knee Joint, 210, Baronet Sabarmati, Ahmedabad, GU 380005, India.
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