1
|
Hu D, Zeng X, Lin Y, Chen Y, Chen W, Jia Z, Lin J. High Value-Added Reutilization of Waste-Printed Circuit Boards Non-Metallic Components in Sustainable Polymer Composites. Molecules 2023; 28:6199. [PMID: 37687027 PMCID: PMC10489137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The reutilization non-metallic components from a waste-printed circuit board (WPCB) has become one of the most significant bottlenecks in the comprehensive reuse of electronic wastes due to its low value and complex compositions, and it has received great attention from scientific and industrial researchers. To effectively address the environmental pollution caused by inappropriate recycling methods, such as incineration and landfill, extensive efforts have been dedicated to achieving the high value-added reutilization of WPCB non-metals in sustainable polymer composites. In this review, recent progress in developing sustainable polymer composites based on WPCB non-metallic components was systematically summarized. It has been demonstrated that the WPCB non-metals can serve as a promising reinforcing and functional fillers to significantly ameliorate some of the physical and chemical properties of polymer composites, such as excellent mechanical properties, enhanced thermal stability, and flame retardancy. The recovery strategies and composition of WPCB non-metals were also briefly discussed. Finally, the future potentials and remaining challenges regarding the reutilization of WPCB non-metallic components are outlined. This work provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of the preparation, structure, and properties of the polymer composites based on WPCB non-metals, providing significant insights regarding the high value-added reutilization of WPCB non-metals of electronic wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (D.H.)
| | - Xianghong Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (D.H.)
| | - Yinlei Lin
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (D.H.)
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wanjuan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (D.H.)
| | - Zhixin Jia
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Research Center of Flexible Sensing Materials and Devices, School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moe AK, Chungprempree J, Preechawong J, Sapsrithong P, Nithitanakul M. The Development of Environmentally Sustainable Poly(vinyl chloride) Composite from Waste Non-Metallic Printed Circuit Board with Interfacial Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2938. [PMID: 37447583 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recycling of non-metallic printed circuit boards (NMPCB) as a filler in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composite would help to encourage the use of waste NMPCB, thus, reducing some environmental concerns with regard to e-waste. The objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the effect of different interfacial agents, namely polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MAH) and ϒ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (ATPS) on the morphology and properties of PVC/NMPCB composites. A PVC/NMPCB composite was prepared by melt compounding with varying amounts of NMPCB ranging between 10, 20 and 30 wt.%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) analysis revealed the interactions between PVC and NMPCB when using both PP-g-MAH and ATPS interfacial agent. The properties and morphology of PVC/NMPCB composites were significantly dependent on the interfacial agent treated on the NMPCB surface. The phase morphology and mechanical properties of PVC/NMPCB composites (30 wt.% of NMPCB) were improved and the result also indicated that the higher compatibility of composites with ATPS as an interfacial agent led to our obtaining the maximum Young's modulus of 484 MPa. The dynamic mechanical analysis revealed the interaction at the interface, with the Tg shifting to a lower temperature in the presence of PP-g-MAH and strong interfacial adhesion noted with the improved Tg in the presence of the ATPS interfacial agent. Further evidence of the improved interaction was observed with the increment in density in the presence of ATPS when compared with PP-g-MAH in PVC/NMPCB composite. Hence, of the two interfacial agents, ATPS showed itself to be more effective when employed as an interfacial agent for NMPCB in PVC composite for industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aung Kyaw Moe
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jirasuta Chungprempree
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jitima Preechawong
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornsri Sapsrithong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Manit Nithitanakul
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moe AK, Chungprempree J, Preechawong J, Sapsrithong P, Nithitanakul M. Recycling Waste Nonmetallic Printed Circuit Boards for Polyvinyl Chloride Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173531. [PMID: 36080606 PMCID: PMC9460210 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce environmental threats, such as land filling, incineration and soil pollution, which are associated with the improper waste management of waste printed circuit boards, the utilization of NMPCBs from waste PCBs as a filler in composites was pursued. Untreated and treated NMPCBs in varying ratios, 10–30 wt.%, were blended with PVC to produce NMPCB/PVC composites, using the melt-mixing method via an internal mixer, in order to solve the remaining NMPCB waste problem after the valuable metals in PCBs were recovered. The incorporation of the NMPCB with PVC resulted in an increase in the tensile modulus and the thermal stability of the resulting composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated improved interfacial adhesion between the treated NMPCB and the PVC matrix. The FTIR results of the NMPCB treated with 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) revealed the formation of Si-O-Si bonds. The densities of the composites were found to increase with an increase in the content of the treated NMPCB, and compatibility improved. The tensile properties of the treated NMPCB/PVC composites were higher than those of the untreated NMPCB/PVC composites, suggesting improved compatibility between the treated NMPCB and PVC. The PVC composite with 10 wt.% of the treated NMPCB showed the optimum tensile properties. It was observed that the tensile modulus of the treated NMPCB/PVC composite increased by 47.65% when compared to that of the neat PVC. The maximum thermal degradation temperature was 27 °C higher than that of the neat PVC. Dynamic mechanical analysis results also support the improved interfacial adhesion as a result of the improvement in the storage modulus at the glassy region, and the loss factor (tan δ) peak shifted to a higher temperature range than that of the PVC and the untreated NMPCB/PVC composite. These studies reveal that the NMPCB was successfully modified with 1 wt.% of GPTMS, which promoted the dispersion and interfacial adhesion in the PVC matrix, resulting in better tensile properties and better thermal stability of the PVC composite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aung Kyaw Moe
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jirasuta Chungprempree
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jitima Preechawong
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornsri Sapsrithong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Manit Nithitanakul
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grigorescu RM, Ghioca P, Iancu L, David ME, Ion R, Nicolae C, Gabor RA, Radu ER, Ganciarov M, Spurcaciu B, Alexandrescu E, Ciuprina F. Influence of non‐metallic fraction of printed circuit boards waste on recycled polyvinyl chloride from waste wires. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Marina Grigorescu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Paul Ghioca
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Lorena Iancu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Madalina Elena David
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
- Doctoral School of Materials Engineering Department Valahia University of Targoviste Targoviste Romania
| | - Rodica‐Mariana Ion
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
- Doctoral School of Materials Engineering Department Valahia University of Targoviste Targoviste Romania
| | - Cristian‐Andi Nicolae
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Raluca Augusta Gabor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Elena Ruxandra Radu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Mihaela Ganciarov
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Bogdan Spurcaciu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Elvira Alexandrescu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Florin Ciuprina
- Electrical Engineering Faculty, Electrical Materials Laboratory Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grigorescu RM, Ghioca P, Iancu L, David ME, Andrei ER, Filipescu MI, Ion RM, Vuluga Z, Anghel I, Sofran IE, Nicolae CA, Gabor AR, Gheboianu A, Bucurica IA. Development of thermoplastic composites based on recycled polypropylene and waste printed circuit boards. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:391-401. [PMID: 32942222 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last several years, the electronic waste, especially printed circuit boards have significantly increased over the world, generating one of the highest rates of solid waste. The recycling process of the printed circuit boards implies mainly the recovery of metals and glass fibers, while the reuse of the polymeric support has remained largely in the phase of research. In this paper, the non-metallic part of printed circuit boards was used as filler (up to 30%), but also to improve the fire resistance of thermoplastic composites based on recycled polypropylene and diene block-copolymers. The synergy between the elastic effect of elastomers and the reinforcing effect of the waste powder into the thermoplastic matrix was studied by mechanical and dynamo-mechanical analysis, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, micro-calorimetry and thermo-gravimetrical analysis. Improved mechanical properties, especially impact strength was observed. The compatibization of components considering the interactions between the ethylene-butylene blocks from the hydrogenated and maleinized styrene-butadiene block-copolymer and recycled polypropylene, respectively between the MA groups and the functionalities of the waste powder, evidenced by FTIR, was highlighted by changes in the X-ray pattern and an increased fire resistance and thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Marina Grigorescu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Paul Ghioca
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lorena Iancu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; Valahia University, Doctoral School of Materials Engineering Department, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Madalina Elena David
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; Valahia University, Doctoral School of Materials Engineering Department, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Elena Ramona Andrei
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Ioan Filipescu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica-Mariana Ion
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; Valahia University, Doctoral School of Materials Engineering Department, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Zina Vuluga
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ion Anghel
- Police Academy "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", Fire Officers Faculty, Str. Morarilor 3, Sector 2, 022451 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana-Emilia Sofran
- Police Academy "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", Fire Officers Faculty, Str. Morarilor 3, Sector 2, 022451 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian-Andi Nicolae
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Augusta Raluca Gabor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Gheboianu
- Valahia University, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Târgoviste, Romania
| | - Ioan Alin Bucurica
- Valahia University, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Târgoviste, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gohatre OK, Biswal M, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Study on thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of recycled poly(vinyl chloride)/fly ash composites. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omdeo Kishorrao Gohatre
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET): School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Manoranjan Biswal
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET): School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET): School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Sanjay K Nayak
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET): School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM) Bhubaneswar India
| |
Collapse
|