1
|
Li Q, Zeng J, Zhao B, Perrin N, Wenzel J, Liu F, Pang D, Liu H, Hu X, Li X, Wang Y, Davidson PM, Shi L, Campbell JC. Nurses' preparedness, opinions, barriers, and facilitators in responding to intimate partner violence: A mixed-methods study. J Nurs Scholarsh 2024; 56:174-190. [PMID: 37565409 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with multiple adverse health consequences. Nurses (including midwives) are well positioned to identify patients subjected to IPV, and provide care, support, and referrals. However, studies about nursing response to IPV are limited especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The study aimed to examine nurses' perceived preparedness and opinions toward IPV and to identify barriers and facilitators in responding to IPV. DESIGN An explanatory sequential mixed-methods study was conducted by collecting quantitative data first and explaining the quantitative findings with qualitative data. METHODS The study was conducted in two tertiary general hospitals in northeastern (Shenyang city) and southwestern (Chengdu city) China with 1500 and 1800 beds, respectively. A total of 1071 survey respondents (1039 female [97.0%]) and 43 interview participants (34 female [79.1%]) were included in the study. An online survey was administered from September 3 to 23, 2020, using two validated scales from the Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted from September 15 to December 23, 2020, guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. RESULTS The survey respondents largely agreed with feeling prepared to manage IPV, e.g., respond to discourses (544 [50.8%] of 1071) and report to police (704 [65.7%] of 1071). The findings of surveyed opinions (i.e., Response competencies; Routine practice; Actual activities; Professionals; Victims; Alcohol/drugs) were mixed and intertwined with social desirability bias. The quantitative and qualitative data were consistent, contradicted, and supplemented. Key qualitative findings were revealed that may explain the quantitative results, including lack of actual preparedness, absence of IPV-related education, training, or practice, and socially desirable responses (especially those pertaining to China's Anti-domestic Violence Law). Commonly reported barriers (e.g., patients' reluctance to disclose; time constraints) and facilitators (e.g., patients' strong need for help; female nurses' gender advantage), as well as previously unreported barriers (e.g., IPV may become a workplace taboo if there are healthcare professionals known as victims/perpetrators of IPV) and facilitators (e.g., nurses' responses can largely meet the first-line support requirements even without formal education or training on IPV) were identified. CONCLUSIONS Nurses may play a unique and important role in responding to IPV in LMICs where recognition is limited, education and training are absent, policies are lacking, and resources are scarce. Our findings support World Health Organization recommendations for selective screening. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The study highlights the great potential of nurses for IPV prevention and intervention especially in LMICs. The identified barriers and facilitators are important evidence for developing multifaceted interventions to address IPV in the health sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanlei Li
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Nursing, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- School of Nursing, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Nancy Perrin
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Wenzel
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fuqin Liu
- College of Nursing, Texas Woman's University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dong Pang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaping Liu
- School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuying Hu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianhong Li
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and Science and Technology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Leiyu Shi
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baloch S, Hameed M, Hegarty K. Health Care Providers Views on Identifying and Responding to South Asian Women Experiencing Family Violence: A Qualitative Meta Synthesis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:794-808. [PMID: 35044880 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211043829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Family violence (FV) is a universal public health problem in South Asia with negative-health outcomes for South Asian women. Health care providers (HCPs) play a pivotal role in identifying and supporting women experiencing FV, but little is known about their experiences with South Asian women. A systematic review was conducted to explore and address health care providers' views on identification and response to South Asian women experiencing FV. Nine online databases, reference lists were searched, and a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied independently by two reviewers. A meta-synthesis approach was utilized to integrate findings from qualitative studies. Eight studies involving 250 participants met the inclusion criteria. Studies were published between 2007 and 2020 within South Asian countries (Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka) and one study from the USA and UK. The meta-synthesis identified three themes: Context of societal norms and attitudes towards women in South Asia; Influence of family honor, Privacy and shame; and Concern about health care provider's personal safety. Findings revealed that FV is often perceived as a normal routine issue and is considered a "private issue" in South Asian society. Family honor and values play a pivotal role in silencing women experiencing FV as disclosure is considered shameful and disgrace to family honor. Furthermore, health care providers avoid intervening in FV cases due to risk for their personal safety. Finally, this review provides the evidence to support a specific framework for FV interventions among south Asian women for policy makers and practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surriya Baloch
- 2281The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohajer Hameed
- 2281The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelsey Hegarty
- 2281The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chang X, Yang Y, Li R. The characteristics of husbands and violence against women in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:73. [PMID: 35287639 PMCID: PMC8922799 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the prevalence and correlation between husbands and lifetime domestic violence (DV) among women in Wuhan, China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a community health center in Wuhan from June 2015 to December 2015. A total of 1015 women who came to the center for gynecological examination were selected through a random sampling. They were assessed using the WHO Violence Against Women Instrument to evaluate the prevalence of DV. The chi-square test, the Wilcoxon rank test, and unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the possible risk or protective factors for DV. Results The lifetime prevalence of DV was 29.36% (298/1015). The risk factors included heavy physical labor (OR 3.54, 95% CI 1.63–7.77), long-term drinking (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.19–2.14), overweight or obesity (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.01–1.88) and long-term smoking (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.04). Higher education was a protective factor (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66–0.96). Conclusion Women whose husbands had lower education, performed heavy physical labor, were long-term alcohol consumers, had overweight or obesity, and were long-term smokers were vulnerable to lifetime DV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Chang
- Child Health Section, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Child Health Section, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ruizhen Li
- Child Health Section, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hudspeth N, Cameron J, Baloch S, Tarzia L, Hegarty K. Health practitioners' perceptions of structural barriers to the identification of intimate partner abuse: a qualitative meta-synthesis. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:96. [PMID: 35065630 PMCID: PMC8783157 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care practitioners (HCPs) play a critical role in identifying and responding to intimate partner abuse (IPA). Despite this, studies consistently demonstrate a range of barriers that prevent HCPs from effectively identifying and responding to IPA. These barriers can occur at the individual level or at a broader systems or organisational level. In this article, we report the findings of a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies focused on HCPs' perceptions of the structural or organisational barriers to IPA identification. METHODS Seven databases were searched to identify English-language studies published between 2012 and 2020 that used qualitative methods to explore the perspectives of HCPs in relation to structural or organisational barriers to identifying IPA. Two reviewers independently screened the articles. Findings from the included studies were analysed using Thomas and Hardin's method of using a thematic synthesis and critiqued using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tool for qualitative studies and the methodological component of the GRADE-CERQual. RESULTS Forty-three studies conducted in 22 countries informed the review. Eleven HCP settings were represented. Three themes were developed that described the structural barriers experienced by HCPs: The environment works against us (limited time with patients, lack of privacy); Trying to tackle the problem on my own (lack of management support and a health system that fails to provide adequate training, policies and response protocols and resources), Societal beliefs enable us to blame the victim (normalisation of IPA, only presents in certain types of women, women will lie or are not reliable). CONCLUSION This meta-synthesis highlights the need for structural change to address these barriers. These include changing health systems to enable more time and to improve privacy, training, policies, and referral protocols. On a broader level IPA in health systems is currently not seen as a priority in terms of global burden of disease, mortality and morbidity and community attitudes need to address blaming the victim.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hudspeth
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqui Cameron
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Surriya Baloch
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Tarzia
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Family Violence Prevention, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelsey Hegarty
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Family Violence Prevention, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tarzia L, Cameron J, Watson J, Fiolet R, Baloch S, Robertson R, Kyei-Onanjiri M, McKibbin G, Hegarty K. Personal barriers to addressing intimate partner abuse: a qualitative meta-synthesis of healthcare practitioners' experiences. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:567. [PMID: 34107941 PMCID: PMC8191204 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare practitioners (HCPs) play a crucial role in recognising, responding to, and supporting female patients experiencing intimate partner abuse (IPA). However, research consistently identifies barriers they perceive prevent them from doing this work effectively. These barriers can be system-based (e.g. lack of time or training) or personal/individual. This review of qualitative evidence aims to synthesise the personal barriers that impact HCPs' responses to IPA. METHODS Five databases were searched in March 2020. Studies needed to utilise qualitative methods for both data collection and analysis and be published between 2010 and 2020 in order to qualify for inclusion; however, we considered any type of healthcare setting in any country. Article screening, data extraction and methodological appraisal using a modified version of the Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklist for qualitative studies were undertaken by at least two independent reviewers. Data analysis drew on Thomas and Harden's thematic synthesis approach. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies conducted in 20 countries informed the final review. A variety of HCPs and settings were represented. Three themes were developed that describe the personal barriers experienced by HCPs: I can't interfere (which describes the belief that IPA is a "private matter" and HCPs' fears of causing harm by intervening); I don't have control (highlighting HCPs' frustration when women do not follow their advice); and I won't take responsibility (which illuminates beliefs that addressing IPA should be someone else's job). CONCLUSION This review highlights the need for training to address personal issues in addition to structural or organisational barriers. Education and training for HCPs needs to: encourage reflection on their own values to reinforce their commitment to addressing IPA; teach HCPs to relinquish the need to control outcomes so that they can adopt an advocacy approach; and support HCPs' trust in the critical role they can play in responding. Future research should explore effective ways to do this within the context of complex healthcare organisations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tarzia
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Centre for Family Violence Prevention, The Royal Women Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jacqui Cameron
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jotara Watson
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Family Violence Prevention, The Royal Women Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renee Fiolet
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Nursing & Midwifery, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Surriya Baloch
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Robertson
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Family Violence Prevention, The Royal Women Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minerva Kyei-Onanjiri
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gemma McKibbin
- Department of Social Work, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelsey Hegarty
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Family Violence Prevention, The Royal Women Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Q, Liu H, Chou KR, Lin CC, Van IK, Davidson PM, Campbell JC. Nursing research on intimate partner violence in China: A scoping review. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC 2020; 2:100017. [PMID: 34327373 PMCID: PMC8315422 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health issue, and nurses have the potential to screen, navigate to interventions, and provide support, but responses to IPV differ greatly in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan. We conducted a scoping review to examine the nursing literature on IPV in the above four regions in China. We conducted a comprehensive search of 11 Chinese and English databases from database inception to January 31, 2020, for eligible papers including empirical studies, reviews, reports, and expert opinion articles. We hand searched references lists and other studies published by the first and corresponding authors of included articles. Two reviewers independently screened articles and extracted data, and three reviewers cross-checked the extracted results. We also conducted quality appraisal for applicable empirical studies. A total of 58 Chinese-language and 63 English-language articles were included, 58 from Taiwan, 44 from Hong Kong, 13 from mainland China, and six from institutions outside China, but none from Macao. The quantitative and qualitative studies described the prevalence and complex nature of IPV, comparable to non-nursing and international studies. Nurse-led advocacy and Qigong (traditional Chinese mind-body health practice) interventions showed promise for improving mental health in women in Hong Kong. There was a low level of knowledge and preparedness to respond to IPV among Chinese nurses, especially in mainland China. Mixed methods studies in Hong Kong and Taiwan as complex designs were generally well-conducted. Nursing case reports from Taiwan uniquely supplemented the evidence base. In Hong Kong and Taiwan, varying designs were used to study various facets of IPV, targeting victims, nurses and other key stakeholders. In mainland China and Macao, IPV research was limited in quantity, quality, and diversity. As more research in the area of IPV is needed, factors influencing nursing research on IPV also merit investigation, while taking into consideration socio-economic-political-cultural factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanlei Li
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huaping Liu
- School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, No. 33, Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, China
| | - Kuei-Ru Chou
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chin Lin
- School of Nursing, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 4/F, William M.W. Mong Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Iat-Kio Van
- Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Est. Repouso No. 35, R/C, Macao SAR, China
| | - Patricia M Davidson
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacquelyn C Campbell
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lam TP, Chan HY, Piterman L, Wong MW, Sun KS, Lam KF, Chan TH, Dan W, Tiwari A. Factors that facilitate recognition and management of domestic violence by primary care physicians in a Chinese context - a mixed methods study in Hong Kong. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2020; 21:155. [PMID: 32731852 PMCID: PMC7394675 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-020-01228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic violence is common in the community. Many of its victims present to primary care physicians (PCPs) but are not being recognized and managed. The barriers, with specific reference to a Chinese cultural context, were investigated earlier. This paper explored the factors which facilitated the process of recognizing and managing suspected cases of domestic violence by PCPs in Hong Kong. METHODS Four focus group interviews were conducted to explore in-depth the experiences of PCPs in recognition, management and referral of domestic violence cases from which facilitators were identified. The relevant themes were then investigated in a questionnaire survey with 504 PCPs working in public and private sectors. RESULTS The focus group participants emphasized mood symptoms as useful indicators for probable abuse and continuity of care was important to unmask issues of domestic violence. The top facilitators perceived by the respondents of the survey included: a trusting doctor-patient relationship (99.8%), good communication skills (99.0%), patients' unexplained bruises (96.3%), medical history (94.6%), and mood symptoms (94.4%). Further, the survey found that PCPs with longer years of practice, a medical degree obtained from Western countries, and postgraduate training in family counselling or psychological medicine perceived more facilitators in managing domestic violence. CONCLUSIONS Without a local screening policy and training protocol to manage domestic violence, PCPs regarded their skills in mental healthcare and good relationships with patients as the key facilitators. While training in mental health care helps PCPs manage domestic violence, a specific protocol emphasizing medical-social collaboration is anticipated to facilitate them to take a more proactive and effective stance from screening to management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai Pong Lam
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, HongKong, China.
| | - Hoi Yan Chan
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, HongKong, China
| | - Leon Piterman
- Department of General Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mei Wa Wong
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, HongKong, China
| | - Kai Sing Sun
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, HongKong, China
| | - Kwok Fai Lam
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, HongKong, China.,Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Tak Hon Chan
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, HongKong, China
| | - Wu Dan
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, HongKong, China.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Agnes Tiwari
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, HongKong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reibling ET, Distelberg B, Guptill M, Hernandez BC. Intimate Partner Violence Experienced by Physicians. J Prim Care Community Health 2020; 11:2150132720965077. [PMID: 33078671 PMCID: PMC7594214 DOI: 10.1177/2150132720965077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE World Health Organization (WHO) defines intimate partner violence (IPV) as physical, sexual or psychological harm caused by an intimate partner or ex-partner. There are few studies describing interpersonal violence (IPV) among physicians. Our study describes IPV experienced by U.S. physicians. METHODS This was a multicenter survey administered to 4 physician groups in 2015 to 2016. In total 400 respondents returned survey results. Measures included current IPV, childhood abuse, mental health, professional role, and demographics. RESULTS IPV was reported by 24% of respondents. The most frequent abuses reported were: verbal (15%), physical (8%) followed by sexual abuse (4%) and stalking (4%). Logistic regression model found that IPV was more likely to be reported by older participants (aged 66-89), those who experienced childhood abuse, working less than full time, and had been diagnosed with a personality disorder. Women and Asian Americans reported slightly higher IPV rates. CONCLUSIONS Our study has implications for both medical education and intervention development. Universal screening and education that addresses clinical implications when treating peers who experience IPV are needed. Workplace interventions that consider unique physician characteristics and experiences are needed, as well as programs that support sustained recovery. This is the first survey to our knowledge that confirms that physicians experience IPV at a rate consistent or higher than the national level. We developed a standardized instrument to assess IPV in male and female physicians at various career stages. We also identified significant predictors that should be included in IPV screening of potential physician victims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Distelberg
- Loma Linda University School of
Behavioral Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Mindi Guptill
- Loma Linda University School of
Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|