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Azcune I, Elorza E, Ruiz de Luzuriaga A, Huegun A, Rekondo A, Grande HJ. Analysis of the Effect of Network Structure and Disulfide Concentration on Vitrimer Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4123. [PMID: 37896367 PMCID: PMC10610872 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of five vitrimers with glass transition temperatures in the range of 80-90 °C were designed to assess the effect of the network structure and disulfide concentration on their dynamic and mechanical properties, and to find the best performing system overall compared to the commercial Araldite LY1564/Aradur 3486 commercial thermoset system. Vitrimer networks were prepared by incorporating mono- and bifunctional epoxy reactive diluents and an amine chain extender into the Araldite LY1564/4-aminophenyldisulfide system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itxaso Azcune
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
| | - Edurne Elorza
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
| | - Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
| | - Arrate Huegun
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
| | - Alaitz Rekondo
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Grande
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
- Advanced Polymers and Materials—Physics, Chemistry and Technology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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2
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Samyn P, Bosmans J, Cosemans P. Role of Bio-Based and Fossil-Based Reactive Diluents in Epoxy Coatings with Amine and Phenalkamine Crosslinker. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3856. [PMID: 37835905 PMCID: PMC10574921 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of epoxy can be adapted depending on the selection of bio-based diluents and crosslinkers to balance the appropriate viscosity for processing and the resulting mechanical properties for coating applications. This work presents a comprehensive study on the structure-property relationships for epoxy coatings with various diluents of mono-, di-, and bio-based trifunctional glycidyl ethers or bio-based epoxidized soybean oil added in appropriate concentration ranges, in combination with a traditional fossil-based amine or bio-based phenalkamine crosslinker. The viscosity of epoxy resins was already reduced for diluents with simple linear molecular configurations at low concentrations, while higher concentrations of more complex multifunctional diluents were needed for a similar viscosity reduction. The curing kinetics were evaluated through the fitting of data from differential scanning calorimetry to an Arrhenius equation, yielding the lowest activation energies for difunctional diluents in parallel with a balance between viscosity and reactivity. While the variations in curing kinetics with a change in diluent were minor, the phenalkamine crosslinkers resulted in a stronger decrease in activation energy. For cured epoxy resins, the glass transition temperature was determined as an intrinsic parameter that was further related to the mechanical coating performance. Considerable effects of the diluents on coating properties were investigated, mostly showing a reduction in abrasive wear for trifunctional diluents in parallel with the variations in hardness and ductility. The high hydrophobicity for coatings with diluents remained after wear and provided good protection. In conclusion, the coating performance could be related to the intrinsic mechanical properties independently of the fossil- or bio-based origin of diluents and crosslinkers, while additional lubricating properties are presented for vegetable oil diluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Samyn
- Department of Innovations in Circular Economy and Renewable Materials, SIRRIS, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.B.); (P.C.)
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3
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Effect of Diluents on Mechanical Characteristics of Epoxy Compounds. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112277. [PMID: 35683949 PMCID: PMC9182828 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to assess the influence of different commercial diluents on some mechanical properties of two bisphenolic epoxy compounds, cold-cured by a polyamide curing agent, to be employed as epoxy structural adhesives for building and industrial applications. The diluents under analysis were epoxy, bituminous, nitro, acrylic and extraction. The choice of these products was made on the basis of their wide commercial availability as diluents for epoxies used as adhesives and in different industrial and construction applications. The diluents were all added in small proportions, i.e., from 1 to 10 g per 100 g of epoxy resin. The cold-cured epoxy compounds were subjected to compressive (according to ISO 604) and static tensile (according to ISO 527-1) tests. The same mechanical tests were performed on both unmodified epoxy resins, for comparison purposes. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that the influence of the presence of a diluent, and of its amount, on the mechanical properties of epoxy compounds depends on the type of resin and of diluent, as well as on the mechanical characteristics analyzed.
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4
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Long J, Li C, Li Y. Enhancement of Mechanical and Bond Properties of Epoxy Adhesives Modified by SiO 2 Nanoparticles with Active Groups. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102052. [PMID: 35631934 PMCID: PMC9143029 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the mechanical and bond properties of epoxy adhesives for their wide scope of applications, modified epoxy adhesives were produced in this study with SiO2 nanoparticles of 20 nm in size, including inactive groups, NH2 active groups, and C4H8 active groups. The mechanical properties of specimens were examined, and an investigation was conducted into the effects of epoxy adhesive modified by three kinds of SiO2 nanoparticles on the bond properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer and steel (CFRP/steel) double lap joints. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the distribution effect in epoxy adhesive of SiO2 nanoparticles modified by active groups was better than that of inactive groups. When the mass fraction of SiO2-C4H8 nanoparticles was 0.05%, the tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, bending strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength of the epoxy adhesives reached their maximum, which were 47.63%, 44.81%, 57.31%, 62.17%, 33.72%, 78.89%, and 68.86% higher than that of the EP, respectively, and 8.45%, 9.52%, 9.24%, 20.22%, 17.76%, 20.18%, and 12.65% higher than that of the inactive groups of SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. The SiO2 nanoparticles modified with NH2 or C4H8 active groups were effective in improving the ultimate load-bearing capacity and bond properties of epoxy adhesives glued to CFRP/steel double lap joints, thus increasing the strain and interface shear stress peak value of the CFRP surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Long
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Changsha University of Science and Technology, No. 960 Wanjiali Road, Changsha 410114, China;
| | - Chuanxi Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Changsha University of Science and Technology, No. 960 Wanjiali Road, Changsha 410114, China;
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - You Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (Y.L.)
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5
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Zhang X, Zhao T, Cao T, Liu P, Ma C, Li P, Huang D. Study on the compounding of a new type of trimer epoxy resin curing agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Tianhui Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Ting Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Peiyu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Chuang Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Pengyun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Dang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
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Li J, Zhao H, Sui G. Renewable green reactive diluent for bisphenol a epoxy resin system: curing kinetics and properties. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31699-31710. [PMID: 36380949 PMCID: PMC9638842 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrosilylation epoxidized eugenol (HSI-EP-EU) is successfully synthesized and used as a reactive diluent for epoxy/anhydride (marked as P) and epoxy/imidazole (marked as I) curing systems. The reactive bio-based diluent HSI-EP-EU has an excellent dilution effect on petroleum-based epoxy resin (E44). The curing kinetics of P + HSI-EP-EU and I + HSI-EP-EU are studied by a non-isothermal DSC method. The kinetics parameters are calculated by using the Kissinger model, Crnae model, Ozawa model and β-T (temperature-heating speed) extrapolation, respectively, to determine theoretically reasonable curing conditions. In addition, the effects of HSI-EP-EU on the antibacterial properties, thermo-mechanical properties and thermal stability of P + HSI-EP-EU and I + HSI-EP-EU systems are also studied. It is found that HSI-EP-EU possessed obvious antibacterial properties and could effectively improve the mechanical properties for the I + HSI-EP-EU. Hydrosilylation epoxidized eugenol (HSI-EP-EU) is successfully synthesized and used as a reactive diluent for epoxy/anhydride and epoxy/imidazole curing systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Li
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Haichao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Guoxin Sui
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
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7
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Li Q, Qu JH, Qian ZZ, Sun HR, Wang LJ, Fu FY, Liu XD. Reactive diluent strategy for general benzoxazine to achieve high performance thermoset via a combination of styrene and glycidyl methacrylate. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hao Qu
- Zhejiang Huashuaite New Material Technology Co., Ltd. Jiaxing People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Zhao Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ran Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Jie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ya Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Dong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
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8
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Structural Adhesives Tapes Based on a Solid Epoxy Resin and Multifunctional Acrylic Telomers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203561. [PMID: 34685319 PMCID: PMC8539131 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermally curable pressure-sensitive structural adhesives tapes (SATs) were compounded using a solid epoxy resin and multifunctional acrylic telomer solutions (MATs) prepared by a thermally initiated telomerization process in an epoxy diluent containing two kinds of telogens (CBr4 or CBrCl3). Dynamic viscosity, K-value, and volatile mater content in MATs (i.e., MAT-T with CBr4, MAT-B with CBrCl3) were investigated in relation to telogen type and content. The influence of MATs on the self-adhesive features and curing behavior of UV-crosslinked tapes as well as on the shear strength of thermally cured aluminum–SAT–aluminum joints was investigated as well. Increasing the telogen dose (from 5 to 15 wt. parts) caused significant improvement in the adhesion (+315% and +184%), tack (+147% and +298%), and cohesion (+414% and +1716%) of SATs based on MAT-T and MAT-B, respectively. Additionally, MATs with high telogen content (especially the MAT-T-type) improved the resistance of cured joints to aviation fuel, humidity, and elevated temperature. The highest overlap shear strength values were registered for SATs based on MATs containing 7.5 wt. parts of CBr4 (16.7 MPa) or 10 wt. parts of CBrCl3 (15.3 MPa).
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10
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Chen X, Li Y, Huan D, Wang W, Jiao Y. Influence of resin curing cycle on the deformation of filament wound composites by in situ strain monitoring. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083211026359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The residual stress of metal liners wrapped by composite materials has a significant influence on the service performance of rotating parts, such as flywheel rotors and motor jackets. However, the deformation of the liners, the flow of resins, and the temperature variation during the winding process make it difficult to predict and control this residual stress. In this paper, the process-induced strains were monitored online by a strain gauge with the help of a wireless strain meter. The evolution of this strain during the manufacturing process was fully discussed. A rapid curing resin system was used and its curing properties were tested by differential scanning calorimetry. The mechanical properties of the resin matrix and its composite were characterized. The effect of the curing cycle on the evolution of the residual strain was discussed in detail through comparative experiments. The experimental results show that the use of infrared radiation has a significant advantage regarding residual stress accumulation. This advantage is greater when carbon fiber is used than when glass fiber is used. The prestress in composites of glass fiber and carbon fiber increases by 5.9% and 41.7%, respectively, after cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chen
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Helicopter Transmission, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dajun Huan
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuqiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiao
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Muralidhara B, Babu SPK, Suresha B. Studies on mechanical, thermal and tribological properties of carbon fibre-reinforced boron nitride-filled epoxy composites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320929396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This research focuses on the static mechanical, thermal and tribological properties of carbon fibre epoxy (CF/Ep) composites filled with boron nitride (BN) micro-filler powder (BN-CF/Ep). The mechanical properties studied were tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear strength and hardness. The thermal properties studied were dynamic mechanical and thermogravimetric analyses which were analysed through dynamic mechanical analyser and thermogravimetric analyser, respectively. The curing ability and dispersion of BN filler in the Ep and composites were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectra and scanning electron microscopy. The tribological properties focused were three-body abrasion and dry sliding friction and wear conduct. Three-body abrasion tests were studied with silica sand of 212 µm particle size, 30 N load, 2.38 m s−1 sliding velocity and variable abrasive distances of 250 m, 500 m, 750 m and 1000 m. The dry sliding wear tests were performed using pin-on-disc (POD) wear experimental set-up with 60 N load, 3 m s−1 sliding velocity and variable sliding distances of 1000 m, 2000 m and 3000 m. The results followed the trend of BN1% > BN3% > BN5% composites in all mechanical properties. The carbon fabric reinforcement along with the BN-Ep matrix improved enormously all the mechanical properties except impact resistance. Further, it was exhibited that 1 wt% BN into CF/Ep prompts better mechanical properties with predominant damping capacity and thermal stability. Both the dry sand abrasive wear and POD test outcomes revealed that all BN-CF/Ep composites prompt predominant wear resistance. CF along with BN improves enormously the wear resistance with friction coefficient. Further, it was exhibited that 1 wt% BN into CF/Ep in both three-body abrasive and POD tests prompts better wear resistance. Generally speaking, it was presumed that BN-CF/Ep gracefully and successfully improved the mechanical, thermal and tribological properties and morphology of Ep for various mechanical, electrical components and load-bearing applications used in automotive and engineered applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Muralidhara
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - SP Kumaresh Babu
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Suresha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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12
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Shang W, Jiang H. Preparation and properties of a novel fluorinated epoxy resin/DGEBA blend for application in electronic materials. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320902216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel epoxy monomer 4-trifluoromethyl phenylhydroquinone epoxy resin (4-TFMEP) was synthesized via a multistep procedure including the Meerwein arylation reaction and followed by nucleophilic reaction. The chemical structure of 4-TFMEP was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectrum. Then a mixed system (DGEBA/4-TFMEP x%) composed of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 4-TFMEP was prepared by a melting method without any solvent. After curing, the properties of this series of mixed epoxy resins were measured and compared with the neat DGEBA. As a result, the blend resins exhibited good thermal stability, excellent hydrophobic and low dielectric properties with 4-TFMEP content increasing. Furthermore, the material of DGEBA/4-TFMEP 40% achieves higher glass transition temperature of 104°C and char yield 33% than DGEBA (char yield = 22%) possessed. In the contact angle testing, DGEBA/4-TFMEP 40% shows 127.2° satisfied the standard of hydrophobic material. In addition, by the test of dielectric properties, DGEBA/4-TFMEP x% materials show lower than DGEBA/boron trifluoride ethylamine (BF3MEA) material, because of the introduced side group of fluorine content into the material improves the electronegativity of epoxy material and reduced the polarizability of molecules efficient. Herein, we believe the novel mixed epoxy system (DGEBA/4-TFMEP x%) has a potential application in electronic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Shang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Research and Development, Changchun Aerospace Composite Materials Co. Ltd, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Wang H, Li S, Yuan Y, Liu X, Sun T, Wu Z. Study of the epoxy/amine equivalent ratio on thermal properties, cryogenic mechanical properties, and liquid oxygen compatibility of the bisphenol A epoxy resin containing phosphorus. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319871340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A liquid oxygen-compatible epoxy resin is successfully prepared by changing the epoxy/amine equivalent ratio (SR) of a phosphorus-containing epoxy resin. The liquid oxygen impact test results showed that the modified resin was compatible with liquid oxygen only when the SR was 0.8. The mechanical properties at 90 K showed that the strain energy and impact toughness reached the maximum when the SR was 0.8, which suggested that the reduced rigidity might be beneficial to improve the liquid oxygen compatibility of the polymer. The thermomechanical and thermal results showed that the cross-linking density and thermal stability was proportional to SR. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the P=O group in the resin decomposed into phosphoric oxidative solids and P–N intermediates to inhibit the resin from decomposing and contacting with liquid oxygen during impact. Overall, this study provides a new idea for the design of liquid oxygen-compatible epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shichao Li
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yuhuan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhanjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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14
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Xu L, He Y, Ma S, Hui L. Effects of hygrothermal and thermal-oxidative ageing on the open-hole properties of T800/high-temperature epoxy resin composites with different hole shapes. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319860892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T800/high-temperature epoxy resin composites with different hole shapes were subjected to hygrothermal ageing and thermal-oxidative ageing, and the effects of these different ageing methods on the open-hole properties of the composites were investigated, including analyses of the mass changes, surface topography changes (before and after ageing), fracture morphologies, open-hole compressive performance, dynamic mechanical properties and infrared spectrum. The results showed that only physical ageing occurred under hygrothermal ageing (70°C and 85% relative humidity), and the equilibrium moisture absorption rate was only approximately 0.72%. In contrast, under thermal-oxidative ageing at 190°C, both physical ageing and chemical ageing occurred. After ageing, the open-hole compressive strength of the composite laminates with different hole shapes decreased significantly, but the open-hole compressive strength after thermal-oxidative ageing was greater than that after hygrothermal ageing. Among the aged and unaged laminates, the laminates with round holes exhibited the largest open-hole compressive strength, followed by those with the elliptical holes, square holes and diamond holes. The failure modes of the laminates were all through-hole failures. The unaged samples had a glass transition temperature ( T g) of 226°C, whereas the T g of the samples after hygrothermal ageing was 208°C, which is 18°C less than that of the unaged samples, and the T g of the samples after thermal-oxidative ageing was 253°C, which is 27°C greater than that of the unaged samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi He
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaohua Ma
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Hui
- Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for National Defense of Aeronautical Digital Manufacturing Process, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Li J, Wang H, Li S. Thermal stability and flame retardancy of an epoxy resin modified with phosphoric triamide and glycidyl POSS. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319843979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoric triamide (PTA) and glycidyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were simultaneously incorporated into the cured network of a bisphenol F epoxy resin and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) to improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy. PTA was synthesized by triethyl phosphate and DDM, and its chemical structure was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) results showed that the introduction of PTA and POSS slightly increased the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin. The thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that compared with the pure, phosphoric, and silicic epoxy resins, the modified epoxy resin possessed the lowest weight loss rate and highest char residue. Its limiting oxygen index value was as high as 30.5, and the UL-94 grade reached V-1. A decomposition test was carried out to obtain sufficient char residue and investigate the condensed mechanism. The scanning electron microscopic images demonstrated that the char residue of the modified epoxy resin had a compact structure. The energy dispersive X-ray and FTIR analyses verified the synergistic effect of the phosphorus and silicon in the PTA and POSS, respectively, on the epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Li
- College of Mining and Safety Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Shichao Li
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
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