Fretting corrosion of CoCr alloy: Effect of load and displacement on the degradation mechanisms

Impact of tribocorrosion and titanium particles release on dental implant complications - A narrative review

Titanium particles as a product of degradation have been detected in periimplant oral tissues and it has been assumed that implants were the source of these particles. Periimplantitis sites had higher concentrations of particles in comparison to healthy implant sites. Several factors have been identified in the degradation of dental implant surface, such as mechanical wear, contact with chemical agents, and the effects of biofilm adhesion. Titanium particles silently prompt the immune-system activation and generate a pro-inflammatory response in macrophages, T lymphocytes and monocytes. During the activation, inflammatory cytokines are released including, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), prostaglandin, and TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6. The nanoparticles depict unique features such as high level of biological reactivity and potentially harmful compared to microparticles since they have a relatively greater surface area to volume ratio. Allergic response to titanium as a cause of implant failure has not been well documented. Evidence demonstrating biological complication due to titanium particles release includes peri-implant tissue inflammation that lead terminally to implant loss. There is a biological probability for a relation between the presence of titanium particles and ions, biological complication, and corrosion, but there is no justifiable evidence for unidirectional series of causative actions.

Do SiNx coatings bear the potential to reduce the risk of micromotion in modular taper junctions?

Fretting corrosion is one contributor to the clinical failure of modular joint arthroplasty. It is initiated by micromotion in metal junctions exposed to fluids. Omitting metal-on-metal contacts could help to reduce the corrosion risk. The coating of one metal taper partner with a ceramic-based silicon nitride (SiNx) coating might provide this separation. The aim of the study was to identify whether a SiNx coating of the male taper component influences the micromotion within a taper junction. Hip prosthesis heads made of CoCr29Mo6 (Aesculap) and Ti6Al4V (Peter Brehm) were assembled (2000 N) to SiNx-coated and uncoated stem tapers made of Ti6Al4V and CoCr29Mo6 (2×2×2 combinations, each n = 4). Consecutive sinusoidal loading representing three daily activities was applied. Contactless relative motion in six degrees of freedom was measured using six eddy-current sensors. Micromotion in the junction was determined by compensating for the elastic deformation derived from additional monoblock measurements. After pull-off, the taper surfaces were microscopically inspected. Micromotion magnitude reached up to 8.4 ± 0.8 µm during loading that represented stumbling. Ti6Al4V stems showed significantly higher micromotion than those made of CoCr29Mo6, while taper coating had no influence. Statistical differences in pull-off forces were found for none of the taper junctions. Microscopy revealed CoCr29Mo6 abrasion from the head taper surface if combined with coated stem tapers. Higher micromotion of Ti6Al4V tapers was probably caused by the lower Young's modulus. Even in the contact areas, the coating was not damaged during loading. The mechanics of coated tapers was similar to uncoated prostheses. Thus, the separation of the two metal surfaces with the objective to reduce in vivo corrosion appears to be achievable if the coating is able to withstand in vivo conditions. However, the hard ceramic-based stem coating lead to undesirable debris from the CoCr29Mo6 heads during loading.