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Raasch K, Malecki E, Siemann M, Martinez MM, Heinisch JJ, Müller J, Bakota L, Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B, Rosemeyer H, Brandt R. Identification of Nucleoside Analogs as Inducers of Neuronal Differentiation in a Human Reporter Cell Line and Adult Stem Cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:129-43. [PMID: 25444247 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs (NSAs) were among the first chemotherapeutic agents and could also be useful for the manipulation of cell fate. To investigate the potential of NSAs for the induction of neuronal differentiation, we developed a novel phenotypic assay based on a human neuron-committed teratocarcinoma cell line (NT2) as a model for neuronal progenitors and constructed a NT2-based reporter cell line that expressed eGFP under the control of a neuron-specific promoter. We tested 38 structurally related NSAs and determined their activity to induce neuronal differentiation by immunocytochemistry of neuronal marker proteins, live cell imaging, fluorometric detection and immunoblot analysis. We identified twelve NSAs, which induced neuronal differentiation to different extents. NSAs with highest activity carried a halogen substituent at their pyrimidine nucleobase and an unmodified or 2'-O-methyl substituted 2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl residue as glyconic moiety. Cladribine, a purine nucleoside with similar structural features and in use to treat leukemia and multiple sclerosis, induced also differentiation of adult human neural crest-derived stem cells. Our results suggest that NSAs could be useful for the manipulation of neuronal cell fate in cell replacement therapy or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The data on the structure and function relationship will help to design compounds with increased activity and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Raasch
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Edith Malecki
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maria Siemann
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Malayko M Martinez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Heinisch
- Department of Genetics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Janine Müller
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lidia Bakota
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Helmut Rosemeyer
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Roland Brandt
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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Abstract
The compound class of 3-carboranyl thymidine analogues (3CTAs) are boron delivery agents for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a binary treatment modality for cancer. Presumably, these compounds accumulate selectively in tumor cells via intracellular trapping, which is mediated by hTK1. Favorable in vivo biodistribution profiles of 3CTAs led to promising results in preclinical BNCT of rats with intracerebral brain tumors. This review presents an overview on the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of first- and second-generation 3CTAs. Boronated nucleosides developed prior to 3CTAs for BNCT and non-boronated N3-substituted thymidine conjugates for other areas of cancer therapy and imaging are also described. In addition, basic features of carborane clusters, which are used as boron moieties in the design and synthesis of 3CTAs, and the biological and structural features of TK1-like enzymes, which are the molecular targets of 3CTAs, are discussed.
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Aik W, Demetriades M, Hamdan MKK, Bagg EAL, Yeoh KK, Lejeune C, Zhang Z, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. Structural basis for inhibition of the fat mass and obesity associated protein (FTO). J Med Chem 2013; 56:3680-8. [PMID: 23547775 DOI: 10.1021/jm400193d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fat mass and obesity associated protein (FTO) is a potential target for anti-obesity medicines. FTO is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent N-methyl nucleic acid demethylase that acts on substrates including 3-methylthymidine, 3-methyluracil, and 6-methyladenine. To identify FTO inhibitors, we screened a set of 2OG analogues and related compounds using differential scanning fluorometry- and liquid chromatography-based assays. The results revealed sets of both cyclic and acyclic 2OG analogues that are FTO inhibitors. Identified inhibitors include small molecules that have been used in clinical studies for the inhibition of other 2OG oxygenases. Crystallographic analyses reveal inhibition by 2OG cosubstrate or primary substrate competitors as well as compounds that bind across both cosubstrate and primary substrate binding sites. The results will aid the development of more potent and selective FTO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiShen Aik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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Mukhopadhyay U, Soghomonyan S, Yeh HH, Flores LG, Shavrin A, Volgin AY, Gelovani JG, Alauddin MM. N(3)-Substituted thymidine analogues V: synthesis and preliminary PET imaging of N(3)-[(18)F]fluoroethyl thymidine and N(3)-[(18)F]fluoropropyl thymidine. Nucl Med Biol 2008; 35:697-705. [PMID: 18678355 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION [(18)F]-Labeled analogues of thymidine have demonstrated efficacy for PET imaging of cellular proliferation. We have synthesized two [(18)F]-labeled N(3)-substituted thymidine analogues, N(3)-[(18)F]fluoroethyl thymidine (N(3)-[(18)F]-FET) and N(3)-[(18)F]fluoropropyl thymidine (N(3)-[(18)F]-FPrT), and performed preliminary PET imaging studies in tumor-bearing mice. METHODS Thymidine was converted to its 3',5'-O-bis-tetrahydropyranyl ether, which was then converted to the N(3)-ethyl and propyl-substituted mesylate precursors. Reactions of these mesylate precursors with n-Bu(4)N[(18)F] or K[(18)F]/kryptofix followed by acid hydrolysis and HPLC purification yielded N(3)-[(18)F]-FET and N(3)-[(18)F]-FPrT, respectively. Subcutaneous (sc) xenografts of H441 human non-small cell lung cancer were established in two groups of mice (each n=6). Micro-PET images of the tumor-bearing animals were acquired after intravenous injection of N(3)-[(18)F]-FET or N(3)-[(18)F]-FPrT (3700 KBq/animal). RESULTS The radiochemical yields were 2-12% (d.c.) for N(3)-[(18)F]-FET and 30-38% (d.c.) for N(3)-[(18)F]-FPrT. Radiochemical purity was >99% and calculated specific activity was >74 GBq/mumol at the end of synthesis. The accumulation of N(3)-[(18)F]-FET and N(3)-[(18)F]-FPrT in the tumor tissue at 2 h postinjection was 1.81+/-0.78 and 2.95+/-1.14 percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g), respectively; tumor/muscle ratios were 5.57+/-0.82 and 7.69+/-2.18, respectively; the unidirectional influx rates (K(i)) were 0.013 and 0.018 ml/g per minute, respectively. CONCLUSION Two novel [(18)F]- N(3)-substituted thymidine analogues have been synthesized in good yields, high purity and high specific activity. Preliminary in vivo studies demonstrated the efficacy of these [(18)F]- N(3)-substituted thymidine analogues for PET imaging of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Gerland B, Désiré J, Balzarini J, Décout JL. Anti-retroviral and cytostatic activity of 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 3'-disulfides. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6824-31. [PMID: 18556209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis, antiviral and cytostatic effects of nucleosides bearing a 3'-disulfide function as prodrugs of potentially active 3'-mercaptonucleotides. The lack of the anti-HIV effects in mutant CEM/TK-cells for most of the thymidine disulfides suggests that a phosphorylation step involving thymidine kinase is necessary for the eventual antiviral activity of the thymidine nucleosides. The comparable anti-HIV activities of most of the disulfides and their rapid reduction in CEM cell extracts imply an inhibitory effect of the 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-mercaptothymidine 5'-triphosphate metabolite. The cytostatic effects of the disulfides in CEM/0 and Molt4/C8 cells appeared to be strongly dependent on the nature of the non-nucleosidic disulfide moiety and were decreased in preserving the anti-retroviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Gerland
- Université de Grenoble/CNRS, UMR 5063, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, ICMG FR 2607, BP 53 F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Chitneni SK, Deroose CM, Balzarini J, Gijsbers R, Celen SJL, de Groot TJ, Debyser Z, Mortelmans L, Verbruggen AM, Bormans GM. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of 18F- or 11C-labeled bicyclic nucleoside analogues as potential probes for imaging varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase gene expression using positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1041-9. [PMID: 17298046 DOI: 10.1021/jm060964m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Two radiolabeled bicyclic nucleoside analogues (BCNAs) were synthesized, namely 3-(2'-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-6-(3-[18F]fluoroethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one ([18F]-2) and 3-(2'-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-6-(3-[11C]methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one ([11C]-3), and evaluated as PET reporter probes for varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase (VZV-tk) gene expression imaging in brain. [18F]-2 and [11C]-3 were synthesized starting from phenol precursor 1. The phenol precursor 1 was converted to stable as well as to radiolabeled compounds 2 and 3 using (19/18)FCH(2)CH(2)Br or (12/11)CH(3)I as alkylating agent. In vitro evaluation of [18F]-2 and [11C]-3 in 293T cells showed a 4.5 and 53-fold higher uptake, respectively, into VZV-tk gene-transduced cells compared to control cells. However, biodistribution studies in mice demonstrated low uptake of these tracers in the brain. RP-HPLC analysis of plasma and urine samples of mice injected with [11C]-3 revealed that this tracer is very stable in vivo. These data warrant further evaluation of these tracers as noninvasive imaging agents for VZV infection and VZV-tk reporter gene expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Chitneni
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Tjarks W, Tiwari R, Byun Y, Narayanasamy S, Barth RF. Carboranyl thymidine analogues for neutron capture therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4978-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b707257k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Toyohara J, Hayashi A, Gogami A, Hamada M, Hamashima Y, Katoh T, Node M, Fujibayashi Y. Alkyl-fluorinated thymidine derivatives for imaging cell proliferation. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:751-64. [PMID: 16934694 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of 2'-deoxyuridine that contain fluoroalkyl groups at the C5 position and derivatives of thymidine that contain fluoroalkyl groups at the N3 position were synthesized and examined in three in vitro assays designed to evaluate their potential as radiopharmaceuticals for imaging cellular proliferation. Three of the former nucleosides and five of the latter were synthesized. The three assays were as follows: (a) phosphoryl transfer assay, which showed that all three of the former nucleosides and four of the latter ones were phosphorylated by recombinant human thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) and that N(3)-(2-fluoroethyl)-thymidine (NFT202) was the most potent substrate of the eight nucleosides studied; (b) transport assay, which indicated that all eight nucleosides had good affinity for an 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-beta-d-ribofuranosylpurine-sensitive mouse erythrocyte nucleoside transporter, with inhibition constants in the range of 0.02-0.55 mM; and (c) degradation assay, which showed that all but one of the former nucleosides and none of the latter were degraded by recombinant Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase (an enzyme that catalyzes the glycosidic bond of thymidine and 2'-deoxyuridine derivatives). From these in vitro screening assays, we selected NFT202 as a candidate for subsequent in vivo evaluation because this compound met the three minimum requirements of the in vitro screening assays and had the most potent phosphorylation activity as a substrate for recombinant human TK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Toyohara
- Probe Research Section, Department of Molecular Probe, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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