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He X, Zhang S, Zhong Y, Huang X, Liu F, He J, Mai S. A low-shrinkage-stress and anti-bacterial adherent dental resin composite: physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:814-827. [PMID: 38189164 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01556d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Polymerisation shrinkage and biofilm accumulation are the two main problems associated with dental resin composites (DRCs) that induce secondary caries, which can cause restoration failure. Polymerisation shrinkage can lead to microleakage gaps between the tooth and the DRCs, causing the aggregation of bacteria and development of secondary caries. Reducing the shrinkage stress (SS) and improving the resistance to bacterial adhesion have always been the focus of this field in modifying DRCs. A thiol-ene resin system can effectively reduce the polymerisation SS via its step-growth mechanism for delaying the gel point. Fluorinated compounds can reduce the surface free energies, thereby reducing bacterial adhesion. Thus, in this study, a range of mass fractions (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%) of a fluorinated thiol-ene resin system were added to a fluorinated dimethacrylate resin system/tricyclo decanedimethanol diacrylate to create a fluorinated methacrylate-thiol-ene ternary resin matrix. DRCs were prepared using the obtained ternary resin matrix, and their physical and chemical properties, effect on bacterial adhesion, and biocompatibility were investigated. The results demonstrated that the volumetric shrinkage and SS of the DRCs were reduced with no reduction in conversion degree even after the thiol-ene resin system was added. All DRC-based fluorinated resin systems exhibited an excellent anti-bacterial adhesion effect, as evidenced by the colony-forming unit counts, live/dead bacterial staining, and crystal violet staining tests against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). The genetic expressions associated with the bacterial adhesion of S. mutans were substantially affected after being cultured with fluorinated DRCs. All fluorinated DRCs demonstrated good biocompatibility through the in vitro cytotoxicity test and live/dead staining images of the L-929 cells. The above results illustrate that the DRCs based on the fluorinated methacrylate-thiol-ene resin matrix can be potentially applied in clinical practice due to their low SS and anti-bacterial adhesion effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin He
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengcan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yewen Zhong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangya Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sui Mai
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
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Dang X, Yu Z, Wang X, Li N. Eco-Friendly Cellulose-Based Nonionic Antimicrobial Polymers with Excellent Biocompatibility, Nonleachability, and Polymer Miscibility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50344-50359. [PMID: 37862609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to prepare natural biomass-based nonionic antimicrobial polymers with excellent biocompatibility, nonleachability, antimicrobial activity, and polymer miscibility. Two new cellulose-based nonionic antimicrobial polymers (MIPA and MICA) containing many terminal indole groups were synthesized using a sustainable one-pot method. The structures and properties of the nonionic antimicrobial polymers were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H NMR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gel chromatography (GPC), and other analytical techniques. The results showed that microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) molecules combined with indole derivatives through an esterification reaction to produce MICA and MIPA. The crystallinity of the prepared MICA and MIPA molecules decreased after MCC modification; their morphological structure changed from short fibrous to granular and showed better thermal stability and solubility. The paper diffusion method showed that both nonionic polymers had good bactericidal effects against the two common pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli, inhibition zone diameters >22 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, inhibition zone diameters >38 mm). Moreover, MICA and MIPA showed good miscibility with biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and the miscible cellulose-based composite films (PVA-MICA and PVA-MIPA) showed good phase compatibility, light transmission, thermal stability (maximum thermal decomposition temperature >300 °C), biocompatibility, biological cell activity (no cytotoxicity), nonleachability, antimicrobial activity, and mechanical properties (maximum fracture elongation at >390%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Dang
- Institute for Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Clean Production and High Value Utilization of Bio-Based Textile Materials, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfu Yu
- Institute for Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xuechuan Wang
- Institute for Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute for Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
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Vouzara T, Roussou K, Nikolaidis AK, Tolidis K, Koulaouzidou EA. Organic Eluates Derived from Intermediate Restorative Dental Materials. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071593. [PMID: 32235641 PMCID: PMC7180687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A great number of different types of materials have been used in dentistry as intermediate restoratives. Among them, new resin-based bases have been released in the dental market. The present study focuses on the identification of the organic eluates released from such materials and the study of their surface microstructure in combination with their corresponding elemental composition. For this purpose, the following materials were used:ACTIVA™BioACTIVE-BASE/LINER™, Ketac™Bond Glass Ionomer, SDR™ and Vitrebond™Light Cure Glass Ionomer Liner/Base. Methanolic leachates derived from polymerized materials were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) was used for the surface monitoring of suitably prepared specimens. The GC-MS analysis revealed the elution of twenty different substances from the three resin-based materials, while none was eluted from the glass ionomer base. The SEM analysis for Vitrebond™ presented small pits, the one for Ketac™Bond presented elongated cracks, while no voids were present for ACTIVA™BioACTIVE-BASE/LINER™ and SDR™. Moreover, the resin matrix of some dental materials may inhibit elements' accumulation on the surface layers. Particularly, the detected organic eluents may be related to potential toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllia Vouzara
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.V.); (K.R.); (A.K.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Konstantina Roussou
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.V.); (K.R.); (A.K.N.); (K.T.)
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece
| | - Alexandros K. Nikolaidis
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.V.); (K.R.); (A.K.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Kosmas Tolidis
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.V.); (K.R.); (A.K.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Elisabeth A. Koulaouzidou
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.V.); (K.R.); (A.K.N.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-999-616
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Ebrahimi Chaharom ME, Bahari M, Safyari L, Safarvand H, Shafaei H, Jafari Navimipour E, Alizadeh Oskoee P, Ajami AA, Abed Kahnamouei M. Effect of preheating on the cytotoxicity of bulk-fill composite resins. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2020; 14:19-25. [PMID: 32454954 PMCID: PMC7235702 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2020.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Due to the effect of pre-heating on the degree of conversion of composite resins and the possible effect on cytotoxicity, the effect of pre-heating of bulk-fill composite resins was investigated on cytotoxicity in this study. Methods. In this study, three different types of composite resin were used, including Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fil, Xtrafil, and Xtrabase. From each composite resin, 10 cylindrical samples (5 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height) were prepared, with five samples preheated to 68°C, and the other five samples polymerized at room temperature (25°C). Twenty-four hours after polymerization, cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay on human fibroblasts. Statistical analysis of data was carried out with two-way ANOVA and Sidak Post-Hoc. The significance level of the test was determined at 0.05. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean percentage of cytotoxicity in terms of pre-heating (P>0.05), but the cytotoxicity of the studied composite resins was significantly different (P<0.001). The cytotoxicity of Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-fil composite resin was higher than that of the two other composite resins. Conclusion. Pre-heating of bulk-fill composite resin did not affect their cytotoxicity. In addition, the cytotoxicity of different bulk-fill composite resins was not the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Esmaeel Ebrahimi Chaharom
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Bahari
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Safyari
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hossein Safarvand
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hajar Shafaei
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elmira Jafari Navimipour
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parnian Alizadeh Oskoee
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Ajami
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abed Kahnamouei
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Demirel G, Gür G, Demirsoy FF, Altuntaş EG, Yener-Ilce B, Kiliçarslan MA. Cytotoxic effects of contemporary bulk-fill dental composites: A real-time cell analysis. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:101-110. [PMID: 31564690 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2018-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of contemporary flowable and paste-like bulk-fill dental composites by using a real-time cell analysis. In the present paper, cytotoxicity levels of five flowable, five paste-like bulk-fill composite materials and one conventional flowable, one conventional paste-like resin composite were examined on L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. After seeding 25,000 cells/300 μL/well cell suspensions into the wells of an E-plate, test materials were added and observed at every 30 min intervals for 72 h. Kruskal Wallis H and Mann Whitney U multiple comparison tests were used to analyze the results. Pre-reacted glass-ionomer (PRG) containing bulk-fill composites were severely toxic at all time points (24, 48 and 72 h, p<0.05). None of the tested composites demonstrated high cell viability (>70%) at 48 and 72 h. Flowable and paste-like composites of the same brand exhibited similar cytotoxic properties (p>0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülbike Demirel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University
| | - Gürkan Gür
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University
| | - Fatma Funda Demirsoy
- Systems Biotechnology Advanced Reseach Unit, Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University
| | - Evrim Güneş Altuntaş
- Systems Biotechnology Advanced Reseach Unit, Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University
| | - Burcu Yener-Ilce
- Systems Biotechnology Advanced Reseach Unit, Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University
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Depth-Dependent Cellular Response from Dental Bulk-Fill Resins in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1251536. [PMID: 31772585 PMCID: PMC6854224 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1251536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper choice of dental composite resins is necessary based on the minimal cytotoxicity and antiodontogenesis on human dental pulp stem cells for dental pulp-dentin tissue repair and regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antidifferentiation effects of dental bulk-fill resins, able to be polymerized as a bulk status for filling deep cavity of a tooth by single light curing, against human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) from three compartments corresponding to depth (0-2, 2-4, and 4-6 mm) from the light-curing site. Three bulk-fill composite resins (SDR, Venus bulk-fill (VBF), and Beautifil Bulk Flowable (BBF)) and a conventional flowable composite resin (Filtek Z350 XT flowable restorative (ZFF)) were individually filled into a cylindrical hole (h = 2 mm, Ф = 10 mm), and three compartments (total ~6 mm of height) were combined as a single assembly for light curing. The resin samples from the three layers were separated and eluted in the culture medium. The extracts were exposed to hDPSCs, and cytotoxicity and differentiation capability were evaluated. Depth of cure and surface hardness according to depth were determined. All bulk-fill resins except BBF revealed cytotoxicity from 4 to 6 or 2 to 4 mm, while ZFF was cytotoxic at over 2 mm. Depth of cure was detected from 3.55 to 4.02 mm in the bulk-fill resins (vs. ~2.25 mm in conventional resin), and 80% hardness compared with that of a fully polymerized top surface was determined from 4.2 to 6 mm in the bulk-fill resin (vs. 2.4 mm in conventional resin). Antidifferentiation was revealed at a depth of 4-6 mm in the bulk-fill resin. There was a difference in depth of cytotoxicity and antidifferentiation between the bulk-fill composite resins, which was mainly due to different cure depths and ingredients. Therefore, careful consideration of choice of bulk-fill resins is necessary especially for restoration of deep cavities for maintaining the viability and differentiation ability of dental pulp stem cells.
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Wu L, Chen W, Li F, Morrow BR, Garcia-Godoy F, Hong L. Sustained Release of Minocycline From Minocycline-Calcium-Dextran Sulfate Complex Microparticles for Periodontitis Treatment. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3134-3142. [PMID: 30201483 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is important to address the periodontitis-associated bacteria in the residual subgingival plaque after scaling and root planing to successfully treat periodontitis. In this study, we explored the possibility of exploiting the ion pairing/complexation of minocycline, Ca2+, and sulfate/sulfonate-bearing biopolymers to develop an intrapocket delivery system of minocycline as an adjunct to scaling and root planing. Minocycline-calcium-dextran sulfate complex microparticles were synthesized from minocycline, CaCl2, and dextran sulfate. They were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. An in vitro release study was conducted to evaluate the release kinetics of minocycline from these microparticles. Agar disk diffusion assays and biofilm-grown bacteria assays were used to assess antibacterial capability. High loading efficiency (96.98% ± 0.12%) and high loading content (44.69% ± 0.03%) for minocycline were observed for these complex microparticles. Mino-Ca-DS microparticles achieved sustained release of minocycline for at least 9 days at pH 7.4 and 18 days at pH 6.4 in phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. They also demonstrated potent antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in agar disk diffusion and biofilm assays. These results suggested that the ion pairing/complexation of minocycline, Ca2+, and sulfonate/sulfate-bearing biopolymers can be exploited to develop complex microparticles as local delivery systems for periodontitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Wu
- College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Wu Chen
- Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Feng Li
- Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849.
| | - Brian R Morrow
- College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Franklin Garcia-Godoy
- College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Liang Hong
- College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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Yang Z, Chen L, Hao Y, Zang Y, Zhao X, Shi L, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Xu C, Wang F, Wang X, Wang B, Liu C, Tang Y, Wu Z, Lei W. Synthesis and Characterization of an Injectable and Hydrophilous Expandable Bone Cement Based on Poly(methyl methacrylate). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40846-40856. [PMID: 29099164 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), the most common bone cement, has been used as a graft substitute in orthopedic surgeries such as vertebroplasty. However, an undesirable minor crack in the bone-cement interface provoked by shrinkage during polymerization and high elastic modulus of conventional PMMA bone cement dramatically increases the risk of vertebral body refracture postsurgery. Thus, herein, a hydrophilous expandable bone cement was synthesized based on a PMMA commercial cement (Mendec Spine Resin), acrylic acid (AA), and styrene (St). The two synthesized cements (PMMA-PAA, PMMA-PAA-PSt) showed excellent volumetric swelling in vitro and cohesive bone-cement contact in rabbit femur cavity defect. The elastic modulus and compressive strength of the new cements were lower than PMMA. Furthermore, the in vitro analysis indicated that the new cements had lower cytotoxicity than PMMA, including superior proliferation and lower apoptotic rates of Sprague-Dawly rat-derived osteoblasts. Western blotting for protein expression and RT-PCR analysis of osteogenesis-specific genes were conducted on SD rat-derived osteoblasts from both PMMA and new cements films; the results showed that new cements enhanced the expression of osteogenesis-specific genes. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated improved morphology and attachment of osteoblast on new cement discs compared to the PMMA discs. Additionally, the histological morphologies of the bone-cement interface from the rabbit medial femoral condyle cavity defect model revealed direct and cohesive contact with the bone in the new cement groups in contrast to a minor crack in the PMMA cement group. The sign of a new bone growing into the cement has been found in the new cements after 12 weeks, thereby indicating the osteogenic capacity in vivo. In conclusion, the synthesized hydrophilous expandable bone cements based on PMMA and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) are promising candidates for vertebroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology , No. 5 Jinhua South Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710048, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Hao
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing, 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Zhao
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yafei Feng
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Faqi Wang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xinli Wang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Bowen Wang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Chenxin Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yufei Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology , No. 5 Jinhua South Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710048, P.R. China
| | - Zixiang Wu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lei
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, P.R. China
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