1
|
Sittipo P, Anggradita LD, Kim H, Lee C, Hwang NS, Lee YK, Hwang Y. Cell Surface Modification-Mediated Primary Intestinal Epithelial Cell Culture Platforms for Assessing Host-Microbiota Interactions. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0004. [PMID: 38327615 PMCID: PMC10845607 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a crucial role in regulating the symbiotic relationship between the host and the gut microbiota, thereby allowing them to modulate barrier function, mucus production, and aberrant inflammation. Despite their importance, establishing an effective ex vivo culture method for supporting the prolonged survival and function of primary IECs remains challenging. Here, we aim to develop a novel strategy to support the long-term survival and function of primary IECs in response to gut microbiota by employing mild reduction of disulfides on the IEC surface proteins with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. Methods: Recognizing the crucial role of fibroblast-IEC crosstalk, we employed a cell surface modification strategy, establishing layer-to-layer contacts between fibroblasts and IECs. This involved combining negatively charged chondroitin sulfate on cell surfaces with a positively charged chitosan thin film between cells, enabling direct intercellular transfer. Validation included assessments of cell viability, efficiency of dye transfer, and IEC function upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Results: Our findings revealed that the layer-by-layer co-culture platform effectively facilitates the transfer of small molecules through gap junctions, providing vital support for the viability and function of primary IECs from both the small intestine and colon for up to 5 days, as evident by the expression of E-cadherin and Villin. Upon LPS treatment, these IECs exhibited a down-regulation of Villin and tight junction genes, such as E-cadherin and Zonula Occludens-1, when compared to their nontreated counterparts. Furthermore, the transcription level of Lysozyme exhibited an increase, while Mucin 2 showed a decrease in response to LPS, indicating responsiveness to bacterial molecules. Conclusions: Our study provides a layer-by-layer-based co-culture platform to support the prolonged survival of primary IECs and their features, which is important for understanding IEC function in response to the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panida Sittipo
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Laurensia Danis Anggradita
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science,
Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbum Kim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes,
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanyoung Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science,
Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel S. Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes,
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bio-Engineering,
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research,
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science,
Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsung Hwang
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science,
Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Dai L, Feng Y, Cao Z, Ding Y, Xu H, Xu A, Du H. Multigenerational effects and mutagenicity of three flame retardants on germ cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115815. [PMID: 38091675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) have raised public concerns because of their environmental persistence and negative impacts on human health. Recent evidence has revealed that many FRs exhibit reproductive toxicities and transgenerational impacts, whereas the toxic effects of FRs on germ cells remain barely explored. Here we investigated the multigenerational effects of three flame retardants (TBBPA, TCEP and TCPP) on germ cell development in Caenorhabditis elegans, and examined the germ cell mutagenicity of these FRs by using whole genome sequencing. Parental exposure to three FRs markedly increased germ cell apoptosis, and impeded oogenesis in F1-F6 offspring. In addition, the double-increased mutation frequencies observed in progeny genomes uncover the mutagenic actions of FRs on germ cells. Analysis of mutation spectra revealed that these FRs predominantly induced point mutations at A:T base pairs, whereas both small and large indels were almost unaffected. These results revealed the long-term effects of FRs on development and genomic stability of germ cells, which may pose risks to environmental organisms and human reproductive health. Taken together, our findings suggest that germ cell mutagenicity should be carefully examined for the environmental risk assessment of FRs and other emerging pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Linglong Dai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenxiao Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yuting Ding
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
| | - An Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Hua Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khani L, Martin L, Pułaski Ł. Cellular and physiological mechanisms of halogenated and organophosphorus flame retardant toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165272. [PMID: 37406685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are chemical substances used to inhibit the spread of fire in numerous industrial applications, and their abundance in modern manufactured products in the indoor and outdoor environment leads to extensive direct and food chain exposure of humans. Although once considered relatively non-toxic, FRs are demonstrated by recent literature to have disruptive effects on many biological processes, including signaling pathways, genome stability, reproduction, and immune system function. This review provides a summary of research investigating the impact of major groups of FRs, including halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, on animals and humans in vitro and/or in vivo. We put in focus those studies that explained or referenced the modes of FR action at the level of cells, tissues and organs. Since FRs are highly hydrophobic chemicals, their biophysical and biochemical modes of action usually involve lipophilic interactions, e.g. with biological membranes or elements of signaling pathways. We present selected toxicological information about these molecular actions to show how they can lead to damaging membrane integrity, damaging DNA and compromising its repair, changing gene expression, and cell cycle as well as accelerating cell death. Moreover, we indicate how this translates to deleterious bioactivity of FRs at the physiological level, with disruption of hormonal action, dysregulation of metabolism, adverse effects on male and female reproduction as well as alteration of normal pattern of immunity. Concentrating on these subjects, we make clear both the advances in knowledge in recent years and the remaining gaps in our understanding, especially at the mechanistic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khani
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland; Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Leonardo Martin
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Łukasz Pułaski
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Page J, Whaley P, Bellingham M, Birnbaum LS, Cavoski A, Fetherston Dilke D, Garside R, Harrad S, Kelly F, Kortenkamp A, Martin O, Stec A, Woolley T. A new consensus on reconciling fire safety with environmental & health impacts of chemical flame retardants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107782. [PMID: 36858883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants are chemical substances that are intended to mitigate fire safety risks posed by a range of goods including furniture, electronics, and building insulation. There are growing concerns about their effectiveness in ensuring fire safety and the potential harms they pose to human health and the environment. In response to these concerns, on 13 June 2022, a roundtable of experts was convened by the UKRI Six Clean Air Strategic Priorities Fund programme 7. The meeting produced a Consensus Statement that summarises the issues around the use of flame retardants, laying out a series of policy recommendations that should lead to more effective fire safety measures and reduce the human and environmental health risks posed by these potentially toxic chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Page
- The Cancer Prevention & Education Society, UK.
| | - Paul Whaley
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, UK.
| | - Michelle Bellingham
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program, Scholar in Residence, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, USA
| | | | | | - Ruth Garside
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Frank Kelly
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Olwenn Martin
- Department of Arts and Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Anna Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, UK
| | - Tom Woolley
- Ecological Design Association Northern Ireland, NI, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rouillard KR, Markovetz MR, Kissner WJ, Boone WL, Plott LM, Hill DB. Altering the viscoelastic properties of mucus-grown Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms affects antibiotic susceptibility. Biofilm 2023; 5:100104. [PMID: 36711323 PMCID: PMC9880403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The viscoelastic properties of biofilms are correlated with their susceptibility to mechanical and chemical stress, and the airway environment in muco-obstructive pulmonary diseases (MOPD) facilitates robust biofilm formation. Hyperconcentrated, viscoelastic mucus promotes chronic inflammation and infection, resulting in increased mucin and DNA concentrations. The viscoelastic properties of biofilms are regulated by biopolymers, including polysaccharides and DNA, and influence responses to antibiotics and phagocytosis. We hypothesize that targeted modulation of biofilm rheology will compromise structural integrity and increase antibiotic susceptibility and mucociliary transport. We evaluate biofilm rheology on the macro, micro, and nano scale as a function of treatment with a reducing agent, a biopolymer, and/or tobramycin to define the relationship between the viscoelastic properties of biofilms and susceptibility. Disruption of the biofilm architecture is associated with altered macroscopic and microscopic moduli, rapid vector permeability, increased antibiotic susceptibility, and improved mucociliary transport, suggesting that biofilm modulating therapeutics will improve the treatment of chronic respiratory infections in MOPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn R. Rouillard
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Matthew R. Markovetz
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - William J. Kissner
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - William L. Boone
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lucas M. Plott
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David B. Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Corresponding author. Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Li F, Teng Y, Ji C, Wu H. Potential adverse outcome pathways with hazard identification of organophosphate esters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158093. [PMID: 35985583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Data-driven analysis and pathway-based approaches contribute to reasonable arrangements of limited resources and laboratory tests for continuously emerging commercial chemicals, which provides opportunities to save time and effort for toxicity research. With the widespread usage of organophosphate esters (OPEs) on a global scale, the concentrations generally reached up to micromolar range in environmental media and even in organisms. However, potential adverse effects and toxicity pathways of OPEs have not been systematically assessed. Therefore, it is necessary to review the current situation, formulate the future research priorities, and characterize toxicity mechanisms via data-driven analysis. Results showed that the early toxicity studies focused on neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and metabolic disorders. Then the main focus shifted to the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, endocrine disruption, hepatocytes, reproductive and developmental toxicity to vulnerable sub-populations, such as infants and embryos, affected by OPEs. In addition, several novel OPEs have been emerging, such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phenyl phosphate (HDEHP) and oxidation derivatives (OPAsO) generated from organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs), leading to multiple potential ecological and human health risks (neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, etc.). Notably, in-depth statistical analysis was promising in encapsulating toxicological information to develop adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) frameworks. Subsequently, network-centric analysis and quantitative weight-of-evidence (QWOE) approaches were utilized to construct and evaluate the putative AOPs frameworks of OPEs, showing the moderate confidences of the developed AOPs. In addition, frameworks demonstrated that several events, such as nuclear receptor activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, were involved in multiple different adverse outcome (AO), and these AOs had certain degree of connectivity. This study brought new insights into facilitating the complement of AOP efficiently, as well as establishing toxicity pathways framework to inform risk assessment of emerging OPEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Yuefa Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guan M, Yan L, Li R, Xu Y, Chen D, Li S, Ma F, Zhang X. Integration of leave-one-out method and real-time live cell reporter array system to assess the toxicity of mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114110. [PMID: 35985486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing number of chemicals and complex mixtures demands a time-saving and cost-effective platform for environmental risk assessment. However, there is limit promising tool for evaluating the contribution of each component to the total toxicity effects of the mixture. Here, four widely distributed environmental pollutants with different mode-of-actions, i.e., cadmium chloride (Cd), nitrofurazone (NFZ), triclosan (TCS), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), were selected as components of artificial mixture. Integration of leave-one-out method and high-dimensional live cell array system was used to explore relative contribution of each component from the mixture. A quaternary mixture (All_4_chems) and four ternary mixtures (Leave_Cd, Leave_NFZ, Leave_TCS and Leave_TCEP) were investigated by Escherichia coli (E. coli) live cell array system with 90 environmental stress genes modified by green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing reporter vectors. E. coli cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that TCS has antagonism effect with other three chemicals (Cd, NFZ and TCEP), while it was additive effect in other three binary combinations. A total of 26, 23, 13, 31 and 23 genes were significantly altered with fold-change greater than 2 over the 4 h exposure by All_4_chems, Leave_Cd, Leave_NFZ, Leave_TCS and Leave_TCEP, respectively. Clustering analysis based on time-series gene expression patterns and transcriptional effect level index (TELI) showed that Leave_TCEP has similar profiles with All_4_chems, demonstrating TCEP has the least contribution among four components to the quaternary mixture. Leave_NFZ has the least number of significantly altered genes, implying NFZ has the largest toxicity effect contribution to the quaternary mixture. The relative contribution in different pathways indicated that Cd has the most contribution to the mixture in redox stress, while TCS has the least contribution in DNA stress pathway. Collectively, our results demonstrated the utility of high-dimensional toxicogenomics data and leave-one-out method in prioritizing the relative contribution of each component in mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Lu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Ranting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, 176 North Jiangdong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China
| | - Shengjie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 211171, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saquib Q, Al-Salem AM, Siddiqui MA, Ansari SM, Zhang X, Al-Khedhairy AA. Organophosphorus Flame Retardant TDCPP Displays Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Risks in Human Liver Cells. Cells 2022; 11:195. [PMID: 35053312 PMCID: PMC8773750 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR) widely used in a variety of consumer products (plastics, furniture, paints, foams, and electronics). Scientific evidence has affirmed the toxicological effects of TDCPP in in vitro and in vivo test models; however, its genotoxicity and carcinogenic effects in human cells are still obscure. Herein, we present genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of TDCPP in human liver cells (HepG2). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays demonstrated survival reduction in HepG2 cells after 3 days of exposure at higher concentrations (100-400 μM) of TDCPP. Comet assay and flow cytometric cell cycle experiments showed DNA damage and apoptosis in HepG2 cells after 3 days of TDCPP exposure. TDCPP treatment incremented the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca2+ influx, and esterase level in exposed cells. HepG2 mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) significantly declined and cytoplasmic localization of P53, caspase 3, and caspase 9 increased after TDCPP exposure. qPCR array quantification of the human cancer pathway revealed the upregulation of 11 genes and downregulation of two genes in TDCPP-exposed HepG2 cells. Overall, this is the first study to explicitly validate the fact that TDCPP bears the genotoxic, hepatotoxic, and carcinogenic potential, which may jeopardize human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Salem
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood A Siddiqui
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha M Ansari
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Khedhairy
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bukowska B, Sicińska P. Influence of Benzo(a)pyrene on Different Epigenetic Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413453. [PMID: 34948252 PMCID: PMC8707600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes constitute one of the processes that is involved in the mechanisms of carcinogenicity. They include dysregulation of DNA methylation processes, disruption of post-translational patterns of histone modifications, and changes in the composition and/or organization of chromatin. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) influences DNA methylation and, depending on its concentrations, as well as the type of cell, tissue and organism it causes hypomethylation or hypermethylation. Moreover, the exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including BaP in tobacco smoke results in an altered methylation status of the offsprings. Researches have indicated a potential relationship between toxicity of BaP and deregulation of the biotin homeostasis pathway that plays an important role in the process of carcinogenesis. Animal studies have shown that parental-induced BaP toxicity can be passed on to the F1 generation as studied on marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), and the underlying mechanism is likely related to a disturbance in the circadian rhythm. In addition, ancestral exposure of fish to BaP may cause intergenerational osteotoxicity in non-exposed F3 offsprings. Epidemiological studies of lung cancer have indicated that exposure to BaP is associated with changes in methylation levels at 15 CpG; therefore, changes in DNA methylation may be considered as potential mediators of BaP-induced lung cancer. The mechanism of epigenetic changes induced by BaP are mainly due to the formation of CpG-BPDE adducts, between metabolite of BaP-BPDE and CpG, which leads to changes in the level of 5-methylcytosine. BaP also acts through inhibition of DNA methyltransferases activity, as well as by increasing histone deacetylases HDACs, i.e., HDAC2 and HDAC3 activity. The aim of this review is to discuss the mechanism of the epigenetic action of BaP on the basis of the latest publications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bukowska B. Changes in Human Erythrocyte Exposed to Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Tris(2-chloroethyl) Phosphate and Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) Phosphate. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133675. [PMID: 34279245 PMCID: PMC8269848 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) are the main representatives of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). The exposure of humans to OPFRs present in air, water, and food leads to their occurrence in the circulation. Thus far, no report has been published about the influence of these retardants on non-nucleated cells like mature erythrocytes. Therefore, the impact of TCEP and TCPP (in concentrations determined in human blood as well as potentially present in the human body after intoxication) on human erythrocytes was evaluated. In this study, the effect of TCEP and TCPP on the levels of methemoglobin, reduced glutathione (GHS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the activity of antioxidative enzymes, was assessed. Moreover, morphological, hemolytic, and apoptotic alterations in red blood cells were examined. Erythrocytes were incubated for 24 h with retardants in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1000 μg/mL. This study has revealed that the tested flame retardants only in very high concentrations disturbed redox balance; increased ROS and methemoglobin levels; and induced morphological changes, hemolysis, and eryptosis in the studied cells. The tested compounds have not changed the activity of the antioxidative system in erythrocytes. TCPP exhibited a stronger oxidative, eryptotic, and hemolytic potential than TCEP in human red blood cells. Comparison of these findings with hitherto published data confirms a much lower toxicity of OPFRs in comparison with brominated flame retardants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Bukowska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Poppendieck D, Gong M, Zimmerman S, Ng L. Evaluation of a four-zone indoor exposure model for predicting TCPP concentrations in a low-energy test house. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2021; 199:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107888. [PMID: 38500674 PMCID: PMC10947393 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Numerous chemicals have been detected in indoor environments that have potential impacts on occupant health and comfort. However, due to limited resources, it's infeasible to assess indoor exposure of each chemical for all indoor conditions through measurements alone. Hence, indoor exposure models have been developed to predict time-varied exposure for a wide range of sources and chemicals under different conditions. The Indoor Environmental Concentrations in Buildings with Conditioned and Unconditioned Zones (IECCU) model was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This study evaluated the predictive ability of the IECCU by comparing airborne tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) concentrations measured from 2013 to 2018 in a test house to modeled predictions. Inputs to IECCU included building and environment (i.e., air zone configuration and geometry, interzonal airflow rates and air temperature in each zone), parameters for both source (spray polyurethane foam (SPF)) and sinks (gypsum and wallboard), and simulation conditions. Simulations were conducted using three sets of inputs. Simulation 1 and 2 differed in using quantified versus design inputs for temperatures and airflow rates. Simulation 1 and 3 differed in the configured air zones in the IECCU model. Given the best available inputs (Simulation 1), IECCU predicted basement concentrations that were generally higher but within a factor of three of the measurements. The basement prediction/measurement ratios for all three simulations ranged from 0.5 to 8.3 and the average was 2.9, while the predicted concentrations in the living zone were generally lower but still within an order of magnitude of the measurements. The prediction accuracy decreased with time. For Simulation 1, predicted basement concentrations were on average 1.4 times higher than measurements in 2013 and 2014. However, the ratio increased to 4.7 in 2018. The design inputs of Simulation 2 resulted in greater discrepancy between measurements and predictions than the measured inputs of Simulation 1. In addition, Simulation 2 did not capture diurnal variation as well as Simulation 1. Comparisons of Simulation 1 and 2 demonstrate the importance of using accurate temperature and airflow model inputs for more accurately predicting concentrations. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis indicated that to improve the accuracy of IECCU predictions for TCPP emission from SPF, efforts are needed to accurately measure the mass transfer parameters for SPF, especially the SPF/air partition coefficient and the initial TCPP concentration in SPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengyan Gong
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA
| | | | - Lisa Ng
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yan Z, Jin X, Liu D, Hong Y, Liao W, Feng C, Bai Y. The potential connections of adverse outcome pathways with the hazard identifications of typical organophosphate esters based on toxicity mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128989. [PMID: 33228983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Following the world-wide ban of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), which could potentially affect human health and ecosystem safety, have been frequently detected in various environmental media. However, the knowledge regarding the underlying toxicity effects of OPEs remains limited. In order to address these issues, this study reviewed the related reports which have been published in recent years. This analysis process included 12 OPEs, 10 model organisms, and 15 cell lines, which were used to systematically examine the mechanisms of endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity. Subsequently, an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework of the toxicological effects of OPEs was built. The results demonstrated that multiple different pathways may lead to a single same adverse outcome (AO), and there was a certain degree of correlation among the different AOs. It was found that among all the 12 OPEs, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) may potentially be the most toxic. In addition, rather than the parent chemicals, the metabolites of OPEs may also have different degrees of toxicity effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Overall, the results of the present study also suggested that an AOP framework should be built via fully utilizing the existing toxicity data of OPEs based on in vivo-in vitro-in silico to completely and deeply understand the toxic mechanisms of OPEs. This improved knowledge could then provide a theoretical basis for ecological risk assessments and water quality criteria research in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Daqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yajun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wei Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Jiangxi Irrigation Experiment Central Station, Nanchang, 330201, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen R, Hou R, Hong X, Yan S, Zha J. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) induce genotoxicity in vivo: A survey on apoptosis, DNA methylation, DNA oxidative damage, liver metabolites, and transcriptomics. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104914. [PMID: 31226563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As potential substitutes for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been frequently detected in the environment. However, the genotoxicity induced by these OPFRs has rarely been described, and the results reported in previous studies are conflicting and inconsistent. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine how OPFRs induced genetic toxicity in vivo. METHODS Using Chinese rare minnow as a model, the toxicity of three OPFRs was screened with RNA-seq. To verify the OPFR-induced genotoxicity, alkaline comet assay, cell apoptosis analysis, HPLC-based DNA methylation assay, 8-OHdG assay, bioconcentration and biotransformation investigation were performed. RESULTS According to transcriptomic data, TDCIPP exposure substantially altered the pathways related to DNA damage, including the cell cycle, DNA replication, Fanconi anemia pathway, p53 signaling pathway, and various DNA repair pathways. Although TBOEP and TPHP did not affect DNA damage, TDCIPP induced DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. TDCIPP also induced apoptosis, altered the activities of caspase-3 and -9, and increased the 8-OHdG levels, while a significant difference in the levels of DNA methylation induced by OPFRs was not observed. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, TDCIPP induced DNA oxidative damage, eventually leading to genotoxicity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|