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Veng LM, Bjugstad KB, Freed CR, Marrack P, Clarkson ED, Bell KP, Hutt C, Zawada WM. Xenografts of MHC-Deficient Mouse Embryonic Mesencephalon Improve Behavioral Recovery in Hemiparkinsonian Rats. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/096020198389735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited availability of human embryonic tissue for dopamine cell transplants in Parkinson's patients has led to an increased interest in using xenogeneic donor tissue. Unfortunately, without aggressive immunosup-pression, such brain xenografts are rejected by the host immune system. Chronic brain xenograft rejection is largely mediated by helper T cells, which require presentation of xenoantigens by major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II for their activation. We examined survival and function of xenografts of E13 mouse mesencephalon deficient in either MHC class I, class II, or both after transplantation into adult hemiparkinsonian rats without immunosuppression. Recipients received grafts from C57BL/6 mice that were either: 1) wild-type (wt), 2) MHC class I knockout (KO), 3) MHC class II KO, 4) MHC class I and II double KO, or 5) saline sham transplants. At 6 weeks after transplantation, recipients of MHC class I KO, class II KO, and double KO xenografts significantly reduced methamphetamine-induced circling rate while rats with wt xenografts and sham-operated rats showed no improvement. MHC class II KO grafts had the greatest number of surviving dopamine neurons. All transplants, including saline sham controls, contained infiltrating host MHC class II-positive cells. Saline sham grafts and MHC class II KO xenografts contained significantly fewer infiltrating host MHC class II-positive cells than did wt grafts. Our results show that MHC class II-deficient xenografts survive transplantation for at least 6 weeks in the absence of immunosup-pression, reduce rotational asymmetry, and provoke lesser immune reaction than wt grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lone M. Veng
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Kimberly B. Bjugstad
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Curt R. Freed
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Edward D. Clarkson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - K. Patricia Bell
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Cindy Hutt
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - W. Michael Zawada
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
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Vizzardelli C, Potter ED, Berney T, Pileggi A, Inverardi L, Ricordi C, Sagen J. Automated Method for Isolation of Adrenal Medullary Chromaffin Cells from Neonatal Porcine Glands. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Vizzardelli
- Diabetes Research Institute and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136
| | - Elizabeth D. Potter
- Diabetes Research Institute and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136
| | - Thierry Berney
- Diabetes Research Institute and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136
| | - Antonello Pileggi
- Diabetes Research Institute and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136
| | - Luca Inverardi
- Diabetes Research Institute and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136
| | - Jacqueline Sagen
- Diabetes Research Institute and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136
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Modo M, Rezaie P, Heuschling P, Patel S, Male DK, Hodges H. Transplantation of neural stem cells in a rat model of stroke: assessment of short-term graft survival and acute host immunological response. Brain Res 2002; 958:70-82. [PMID: 12468031 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of progenitors and stem cells for neural grafting is promising, as these not only have the potential to be maintained in vitro until use, but may also prove less likely to evoke an immunogenic response in the host, when compared to primary (fetal) grafts. We investigated whether the short-term survival of a grafted conditionally immortalised murine neuroepithelial stem cell line (MHP36) (2 weeks post-implantation, 4 weeks post-ischaemia) is influenced by: (i) immunosuppression (cyclosporin A (CSA) vs. no CSA), (ii) the local (intact vs. lesioned hemisphere), or (iii) global (lesioned vs. sham) brain environment. MHP36 cells were transplanted ipsi- and contralateral to the lesion in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) or sham controls. Animals were either administered CSA or received no immunosuppressive treatment. A proliferation assay of lymphocytes dissociated from cervical lymph nodes, grading of the survival of the grafted cells, and histological evaluation of the immune response revealed no significant difference between animals treated with or without CSA. There was no difference in survival or immunological response to cells grafted ipsi- or contralateral to the lesion. Although a local upregulation of immunological markers (MHC class I, MHC class II, CD45, CD11b) was detected around the injection site and the ischaemic lesion, these were not specifically upregulated in response to transplanted cells. These results provide evidence for the low immunogenic properties of MHP36 cells during the initial period following implantation, known to be associated with an acute host immune response and ensuing graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- Neuroimaging Research Group-Neurology P042, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Conditional analgesia from spinally transplanted adrenal chromaffin cells. Pain 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lindner MD, Francis JM, McDermott PE, Bell WJ, Blaney TJ, Sherman SS, Saydoff JA. Numerous adrenal chromaffin cell preparations fail to produce analgesic effects in the formalin test or in tests of acute pain even with nicotine stimulation. Pain 2000; 88:177-188. [PMID: 11050373 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that intrathecal implants of a variety of adrenal chromaffin cell preparations all produce analgesic effects in rodents. The major objective of the present study was to determine if any adrenal chromaffin cell preparations produce more robust analgesic effects than other cell preparations. The present study included adult rat adrenal chromaffin tissue allografts, purified adult bovine chromaffin cells, and polymer-encapsulated calf adrenal chromaffin cells, all prepared according to previously published procedures, as well as purified calf adrenal chromaffin cells. Previous studies have also suggested that immunosuppression may play a role in graft survival, and potentially increase the magnitude of analgesic effects, so the present study included both immunosuppressed and non-immunosuppressed groups (cyclosporin A, 10 mg/kg per day). Behavioral tests included the formalin test; and a dorsal tail-flick, hot-plate, and paw-pinch test, conducted sequentially 2 min after systemic nicotine (0.1 mg/kg) to evoke release from the chromaffin cells, as previously reported. Analgesic effects related to morphine and nicotine were detected, and consistent differences in performance could be detected between individual animals. Surprisingly, no analgesic effects were detectable with any of the four chromaffin cell preparations, with or without immunosuppression, in the formalin test or with nicotine stimulation in tests of acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Lindner
- CytoTherapeutics, Inc., Two Richmond Square, Providence, RI 02906, USA
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Eaton MJ, Martinez M, Karmally S, Lopez T, Sagen J. Initial characterization of the transplant of immortalized chromaffin cells for the attenuation of chronic neuropathic pain. Cell Transplant 2000; 9:637-56. [PMID: 11144961 DOI: 10.1177/096368970000900509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultures of embryonic day 17 (E17) rat adrenal and neonatal bovine adrenal cells were conditionally immortalized with the temperature-sensitive allele of SV40 large T antigen (tsTag) and chromaffin cell lines established. Indicative of the adrenal chromaffin phenotype, these cells expressed immunoreactivity (ir) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first enzyme in the synthetic pathway for catecholamines. At permissive temperature in vitro (33 degrees C), these chromaffin cells are proliferative, have a typical rounded chromaffin-like morphology, and contain detectable TH-ir. At nonpermissive temperature in vitro (39 degrees C), these cells stop proliferating and express increased TH-ir. When these immortalized chromaffin cells were transplanted in the lumbar subarachnoid space of the spinal cord I week after a unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the rat sciatic nerve, they survived longer than 7 weeks on the pia mater around the spinal cord and continued to express TH-ir. Conversely, grafted chromaffin cells lost Tag-ir after transplant and Tag-ir was undetectible in the grafts after 7 weeks in the subarachnoid space. At no time did the grafts form tumors after transplant into the host animals. These grafted chromaffin cells also expressed immunoreactivities for the other catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes 7 weeks after grafting, including: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). The grafted cells also expressed detectable immunoreactivities for the opioid met-enkephalin (ENK), the peptide galanin (GAL), and the neurotransmitters y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin (5-HT). Furthermore, after transplantation, tactile and cold allodynia and tactile and thermal hyperalgesia induced by CCI were significantly reduced during a 2-8-week period, related to the chromaffin cell transplants. The maximal antinociceptive effect occurred 1-3 weeks after grafting. Control adrenal fibroblasts, similarly immortalized and similarly transplanted after CCI, did not express any of the chromaffin antigenic markers, and fibroblast grafts had no effect on the allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by CCI. These data suggest that embryonic and neonatal chromaffin cells can be conditionally immortalized and will continue to express the phenotype of primary chromaffin cells in vitro and in vivo; grafted cells will ameliorate neuropathic pain after nerve injury and can be used as a homogeneous source to examine the mechanisms by which chromaffin transplants reverse chronic pain. The use of such chromaffin cell lines that are able to deliver antinociceptive molecules in models of chronic pain after nerve and spinal cord injury (SCI) offers a novel approach to pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Eaton
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA.
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Lazorthes Y, Sagen J, Sallerin B, Tkaczuk J, Duplan H, Sol JC, Tafani M, Bès JC. Human chromaffin cell graft into the CSF for cancer pain management: a prospective phase II clinical study. Pain 2000; 87:19-32. [PMID: 10863042 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the value of adrenal medullary allografts in the management of chronic pain. The present longitudinal survey studied 15 patients transplanted for intractable cancer pain after failure of systemic opioids due to the persistence of undesirable side-effects. Before inclusion, all the patients had their pain controlled by daily intrathecal (I-Th) morphine administration. The main evaluation criteria of analgesic activity of the chromaffin cell allograft was the complementary requirement of analgesics and in particular the consumption of I-Th morphine required to maintain effective pain control. Out of the 12 patients who profited from enhanced analgesia with long-term follow-up (average 4.5 months), five no longer required the I-Th morphine (with prolonged interruption of systemic opioids as well), two durably decreased I-Th morphine intake and five were stabilized until the end of their follow-up. Durable decline and stabilization were interpreted as indicative of analgesic activity by comparison with the usual dose escalation observed during disease progression. In most cases, we noted a relationship between analgesic responses and CSF met-enkephalin levels. The results of this phase II open study demonstrate the feasibility and the safety of this approach using chromaffin cell grafts for long-term relief of intractable cancer pain. However, while analgesic efficacy was indicated by the reduction or stabilization in complementary opioid intake, these observations will need to be confirmed in a controlled trial in a larger series of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lazorthes
- Laboratory of Pain and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medecine Rangueil, 133 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France Miami Project Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, 31077 Toulouse, France Laboratory of Immunology, Hospital Rangueil, 31403 Toulouse Cx 4, France Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Purpan, 31054 Toulouse, France
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Eaton MJ, Frydel BR, Lopez TL, Nie XT, Huang J, McKillop J, Sagen J. Generation and initial characterization of conditionally immortalized chromaffin cells. J Cell Biochem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(2000)79:1<38::aid-jcb50>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Low WC, Duan WM, Keene CD, Ni HT, Westerman MA. Immunobiology of Neural Xenotransplantation. NEUROMETHODS 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-690-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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