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Xu W, Xu N, Zhang Q, Tang K, Zhu Y, Chen R, Zhao X, Ye W, Lu C, Liu H. Association between diet and the gut microbiome of young captive red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis). BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:80. [PMID: 37391732 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploring the association of diet and indoor and outdoor environments on the gut microbiome of red-crowned cranes. We investigated the microbiome profile of the 24 fecal samples collected from nine cranes from day 1 to 35. Differences in the gut microbiome composition were compared across diet and environments. RESULTS A total of 2,883 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, with 438 species-specific OTUs and 106 OTUs common to the gut microbiomes of four groups. The abundance of Dietzia and Clostridium XI increased significantly when the red-crowned cranes were initially fed live mealworms. Skermanella and Deinococcus increased after the red-crowned cranes were fed fruits and vegetables and placed outdoors. Thirty-three level II pathway categories were predicted. Our study revealed the mechanism by which the gut microbiota of red-crowned cranes responds to dietary and environmental changes, laying a foundation for future breeding, nutritional and physiological studies of this species. CONCLUSIONS The gut microbiome of red-crowned cranes could adapt to changes in diet and environment, but the proportion of live mealworms in captive red-crowned cranes can be appropriately reduced at the initial feeding stage, reducing the negative impact of high-protein and high-fat foods on the gut microbiome and growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qingzheng Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Keyi Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610042, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Institute of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Wentao Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Changhu Lu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Oliveira ES, Queiroz CRR, Santos DO, Moreira LGA, Xavier RGC, Pierezan F, Santos RL, Lobato FCF, Silva ROS, Giaretta PR. Neurologic and cutaneous infection by Clostridium piliforme in a kitten with systemic Tyzzer disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:322-326. [PMID: 36896670 PMCID: PMC10185991 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231159931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyzzer disease (TD) is a highly fatal condition of animals caused by Clostridium piliforme and characterized pathologically by enteritis, hepatitis, myocarditis, and occasionally encephalitis. Cutaneous lesions have been reported only rarely in animals with TD, and infection of the nervous system has not been described in cats, to our knowledge. We describe here neurologic and cutaneous infection by C. piliforme in a shelter kitten with systemic manifestations of TD and coinfection with feline panleukopenia virus. Systemic lesions included necrotizing typhlocolitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, and myeloencephalitis. The cutaneous lesions consisted of intraepidermal pustular dermatitis and folliculitis, with necrosis of keratinocytes and ulceration. Clostridial bacilli were identified within the cytoplasm of keratinocytes by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and a PCR assay was positive for C. piliforme. C. piliforme can infect keratinocytes leading to cutaneous lesions in cats with the location suggesting direct contact with contaminated feces as a route of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cintia R. R. Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel O. Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Larissa G. A. Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael G. C. Xavier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pierezan
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato L. Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco C. F. Lobato
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O. S. Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula R. Giaretta
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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García JA, Navarro MA, Fresneda K, Uzal FA. Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer disease) in horses: retrospective study of 25 cases and literature review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:421-428. [PMID: 34238069 PMCID: PMC9254052 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211031213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyzzer disease (TD) is caused by Clostridium piliforme, a gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease occurs in multiple species. A triad of lesions, namely colitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis, is described in cases of TD in some species, such as rats and mice. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 25 equine cases with a diagnosis of TD; 24 of 25 cases occurred in foals <45 d old; the remaining foal was 90 d old. There were 12 males and 12 females; no sex information was available for one foal. The affected breeds were Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Paint, and Hanoverian. Most of the cases (19 of 25) occurred in the spring. There were 9 cases of sudden death; the remaining animals had diarrhea, fever, distended abdomen, depression, weakness, non-responsiveness, and/or recumbency. Gross findings included icterus, hepatomegaly with acinar pattern, serosal hemorrhages, pulmonary edema, and/or fluid content in small and large intestine. Microscopically, all foals had severe, multifocal, necrotizing hepatitis. Necrotizing lymphohistiocytic colitis was observed in 10 of 25 foals, and multifocal necrotizing myocarditis was found in 8 of 25. Gram-negative, Steiner-positive, intracytoplasmic filamentous bacteria were observed in hepatocytes, enterocytes, and myocardiocytes, respectively. PCR detected C. piliforme DNA in the liver (24 of 24), colon (20 of 24), and heart (5 of 25). Our results indicate that necrotic hepatitis is the hallmark of TD in horses; the so-called triad of lesions is not a consistent characteristic of the disease in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. García
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas
y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio A. Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety
Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis,
San Bernardino, CA, USA
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de
Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Karina Fresneda
- California Animal Health and Food Safety
Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis,
San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety
Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis,
San Bernardino, CA, USA
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Abstract
Clostridia can cause hepatic damage in domestic livestock, and wild and laboratory animals. Clostridium novyi type B causes infectious necrotic hepatitis (INH) in sheep and less frequently in other species. Spores of C. novyi type B can be present in soil; after ingestion, they reach the liver via portal circulation where they persist in phagocytic cells. Following liver damage, frequently caused by migrating parasites, local anaerobic conditions allow germination of the clostridial spores and production of toxins. C. novyi type B alpha toxin causes necrotizing hepatitis and extensive edema, congestion, and hemorrhage in multiple organs. Clostridium haemolyticum causes bacillary hemoglobinuria (BH) in cattle, sheep, and rarely, horses. Beta toxin is the main virulence factor of C. haemolyticum, causing hepatic necrosis and hemolysis. Clostridium piliforme, the causal agent of Tyzzer disease (TD), is the only gram-negative and obligate intracellular pathogenic clostridia. TD occurs in multiple species, but it is more frequent in foals, lagomorphs, and laboratory animals. The mode of transmission is fecal-oral, with ingestion of spores from a fecal-contaminated environment. In affected animals, C. piliforme proliferates in the intestinal mucosa, resulting in necrosis, and then disseminates to the liver and other organs. Virulence factors for this microorganism have not been identified, to date. Given the peracute or acute nature of clostridial hepatitis in animals, treatment is rarely effective. However, INH and BH can be prevented, and should be controlled by vaccination and control of liver flukes. To date, no vaccine is available to prevent TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Navarro, Uzal)
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Navarro, Uzal)
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Effects of captivity and artificial breeding on microbiota in feces of the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis). Sci Rep 2016; 6:33350. [PMID: 27628212 PMCID: PMC5024133 DOI: 10.1038/srep33350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Reintroduction of the threatened red-crowned crane has been unsuccessful. Although gut microbiota correlates with host health, there is little information on gut microbiota of cranes under different conservation strategies. The study examined effects of captivity, artificial breeding and life stage on gut microbiota of red-crown cranes. The gut microbiotas of wild, captive adolescent, captive adult, artificially bred adolescent and artificially bred adult cranes were characterized by next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The gut microbiotas were dominated by three phyla: Firmicutes (62.9%), Proteobacteria (29.9%) and Fusobacteria (9.6%). Bacilli dominated the 'core' community consisting of 198 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Both captivity and artificial breeding influenced the structures and diversities microbiota of the gut. Especially, wild cranes had distinct compositions of gut microbiota from captive and artificially bred cranes. The greatest alpha diversity was found in captive cranes, while wild cranes had the least. According to the results of ordination analysis, influences of captivity and artificial breeding were greater than that of life stage. Overall, captivity and artificial breeding influenced the gut microbiota, potentially due to changes in diet, vaccination, antibiotics and living conditions. Metagenomics can serve as a supplementary non-invasive screening tool for disease control.
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YOSHIDA K, NIBE K, NAKAMURA T, TAKAHASHI T, KOMATSU M, OGAWA H, SHIROTA K, CHAMBERS JK, NAKAYAMA H, UCHIDA K. Spontaneous Tyzzer’s Disease with the Central Nerve Involvement in a Newborn Common Marmoset. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1119-21. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko YOSHIDA
- Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
| | - Kazumi NIBE
- Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
| | - Takashi NAKAMURA
- Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
| | - Taku TAKAHASHI
- Akita Omoriyama Zoo, 154 Katabata, Hamada, Akita, Akita 010–1654, Japan
| | - Mamoru KOMATSU
- Akita Omoriyama Zoo, 154 Katabata, Hamada, Akita, Akita 010–1654, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki OGAWA
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
| | - Kinji SHIROTA
- Research Institute of Biosciences, Azabu University, 1–17–71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229–8501, Japan
| | - James K. CHAMBERS
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
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