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Abstract
Clostridia can cause hepatic damage in domestic livestock, and wild and laboratory animals. Clostridium novyi type B causes infectious necrotic hepatitis (INH) in sheep and less frequently in other species. Spores of C. novyi type B can be present in soil; after ingestion, they reach the liver via portal circulation where they persist in phagocytic cells. Following liver damage, frequently caused by migrating parasites, local anaerobic conditions allow germination of the clostridial spores and production of toxins. C. novyi type B alpha toxin causes necrotizing hepatitis and extensive edema, congestion, and hemorrhage in multiple organs. Clostridium haemolyticum causes bacillary hemoglobinuria (BH) in cattle, sheep, and rarely, horses. Beta toxin is the main virulence factor of C. haemolyticum, causing hepatic necrosis and hemolysis. Clostridium piliforme, the causal agent of Tyzzer disease (TD), is the only gram-negative and obligate intracellular pathogenic clostridia. TD occurs in multiple species, but it is more frequent in foals, lagomorphs, and laboratory animals. The mode of transmission is fecal-oral, with ingestion of spores from a fecal-contaminated environment. In affected animals, C. piliforme proliferates in the intestinal mucosa, resulting in necrosis, and then disseminates to the liver and other organs. Virulence factors for this microorganism have not been identified, to date. Given the peracute or acute nature of clostridial hepatitis in animals, treatment is rarely effective. However, INH and BH can be prevented, and should be controlled by vaccination and control of liver flukes. To date, no vaccine is available to prevent TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Navarro, Uzal)
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Navarro, Uzal)
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Davies JL, Uzal FA, Whitehead AE. Necrotizing hepatitis associated with Clostridium novyi in a pony in western Canada. Can Vet J 2017; 58:285-288. [PMID: 28246418 PMCID: PMC5302206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe icterus, peritoneal effusion, localized fibrinous peritonitis, and necrotizing hepatitis were found at necropsy of a 20-year-old female pony with a history of acute onset depression, inappetence, fever, and marked elevation in hepatic enzymes. Gross pathology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry were compatible with a diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi-group bacteria. This is believed to be the first reported case of clostridial hepatitis in an equid in Canada, and only the third report of this rare disease in North America.
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3
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Swerczek TW. Tyzzer's disease in foals: retrospective studies from 1969 to 2010. Can Vet J 2013; 54:876-880. [PMID: 24155494 PMCID: PMC3743575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Reports of 148 cases of Tyzzer's disease in foals in central Kentucky were analyzed to identify features of the disease and factors associated with it. The records indicate that Tyzzer's disease is a rapidly progressive, highly fatal hepatitis caused by Clostridium piliforme. Common clinical findings are lethargy, fever, anorexia, and icterus. Seizures, coma, and death may rapidly ensue. Laboratory findings are leukopenia, metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia, and increased activity of hepatic enzymes. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical signs and postmortem findings but a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is now available to detect C. piliforme DNA in organs and feces. Disease occurred most frequently in foals between 9 and 30 days of age that were born in April to May and was associated with heavy rainfall in the spring and high protein and nitrogenous diets fed to nursing mares. The findings are consistent with the ingestion of C. piliforme in the feces of adult horses and overgrowth in the intestine of foals with a high level of nutrients in their intestine.
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Martel A, Adriaensen C, Bogaerts S, Ducatelle R, Favoreel H, Crameri S, Hyatt AD, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F. Novel Chlamydiaceae disease in captive salamanders. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:1020-2. [PMID: 22608291 PMCID: PMC3358148 DOI: 10.3201/eid1806.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Miki T, Iguchi M, Akiba K, Hosono M, Sobue T, Danbara H, Okada N. Chromobacterium pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system is a major virulence determinant for Chromobacterium violaceum-induced cell death in hepatocytes. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:855-872. [PMID: 20545857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes fatal septicaemia in humans and animals. C. violaceum ATCC 12472 possesses genes associated with two distinct type III secretion systems (T3SSs). One of these systems is encoded by Chromobacterium pathogenicity islands 1 and 1a (Cpi-1/-1a), another is encoded by Chromobacterium pathogenicity island 2 (Cpi-2). Here we show that C. violaceum causes fulminant hepatitis in a mouse infection model, and Cpi-1/-1a-encoded T3SS is required for its virulence. In addition, using C. violaceum strains with defined mutations in the genes that encode the Cpi-1/-1a or Cpi-2 locus in combination with cultured mammalian cell lines, we found that C. violaceum is able to induce cytotoxicity in a Cpi-1/-1a-dependent manner. Characterization of Chromobacterium-induced cytotoxicity revealed that cell lysis by C. violaceum infection involves the formation of pore structures on the host cell membrane, as demonstrated by protection by cytotoxicity in the presence of osmoprotectants. Finally, we demonstrated that CipB, a Cpi-1/-1a effector, is implicated in translocator-mediated pore formation and the ability of CipB to form a pore is essential for Chromobacterium-induced cytotoxicity. These results strongly suggest that Cpi-1/-1a-encoded T3SS is a virulence determinant that causes fatal infection by the induction of cell death in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Miki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Mirei Iguchi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kinari Akiba
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masato Hosono
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Sobue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Danbara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okada
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Rasmussen ME, Lauritsen LE, Andersen LP. [Role of Helicobacter species in hepatobiliary diseases]. Ugeskr Laeger 2008; 170:2010-2015. [PMID: 18534163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter species have been found in extragastric tissues of humans and mice, and it has been shown that hepatic infection with H. hepaticus causes chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice. 18 studies of humans with hepatobiliary diseases have been reviewed. In studies of patients with HCC the results imply a pathogen role of Helicobacter species. The same trend was not found in studies of humans with other hepatobiliary diseases. There is no evidence of the possible involvement of Helicobacter species in the development of diseases in the hepatobiliary system.
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Borchers A, Magdesian KG, Halland S, Pusterla N, Wilson WD. Successful treatment and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmation of Tyzzer's disease in a foal and clinical and pathologic characteristics of 6 additional foals (1986-2005). J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20:1212-8. [PMID: 17063719 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[1212:stapcr]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyzzer's disease is a rapidly progressive and highly fatal hepatitis of foals caused by Clostridium piliforme. Survival of a confirmed case has not been reported previously. HYPOTHESIS Successful therapy of C. piliforme infection in foals is possible. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to diagnose Tyzzer's disease antemortem or postmortem. ANIMALS Seven foals were included in the study. METHODS Retrospective study was made to evaluate the clinical and pathologic characteristics of foals with Tyzzer's disease. Medical records of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at University of California Davis were reviewed. Foals <3 months old were included in the study if typical clinical signs were present and histologic examination identified multifocal coagulative necrosis and hepatitis with intracytoplasmic filamentous bacilli, consistent with C. piliforme. A real-time TaqMan assay was developed to detect C. piliforme gene sequences in liver tissue from affected foals. RESULTS Median survival time from onset of disease in nonsurviving foals was 30 hours (mean 34.5 +/- 20.1; range, 16-62 hours). Common clinical findings included lethargy, recumbency, seizures, and fever. Laboratory findings included metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia and increased activity of hepatobiliary enzymes. Treatment consisted of IV fluids, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory drugs, and parenteral nutrition. One filly survived, whereas 6 died. Postmortem examination of the 6 foals that died disclosed hepatomegaly with multifocal necrosis. Liver tissue from 4 foals was positive for C. piliforme gene sequences using PCR. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Although the mortality rate of Tyzzer's disease is high, successful outcome is possible if intensive care is initiated promptly. PCR can be used for early and specific diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Borchers
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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García A, Xu S, Dewhirst FE, Nambiar PR, Fox JG. Enterohepatic Helicobacter species isolated from the ileum, liver and colon of a baboon with pancreatic islet amyloidosis. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1591-1595. [PMID: 17030922 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microaerobic bacteria were isolated from a baboon with pancreatic islet amyloidosis and hepatitis. Phenotypic and molecular analyses identified two distinct helicobacters. Analyses of 16S rRNA demonstrated "Helicobacter macacae" in the ileum and liver, and Helicobacter cinaedi in the colon. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing the isolation of enterohepatic Helicobacter species from a baboon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis García
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shilu Xu
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Floyd E Dewhirst
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Prashant R Nambiar
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Russell-Lodrigue
- Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA
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10
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Bohr URM, Selgrad M, Ochmann C, Backert S, König W, Fenske A, Wex T, Malfertheiner P. Prevalence and spread of enterohepatic Helicobacter species in mice reared in a specific-pathogen-free animal facility. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:738-42. [PMID: 16517848 PMCID: PMC1393101 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.3.738-742.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS) can change the results of animal experiments. However, there is little information about the prevalence of EHS in noncommercial animal facilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and the spread of EHS in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Fecal samples of 40 mouse lines were analyzed for members of the family Helicobacteraceae using a group-specific PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Additional experiments were carried out to evaluate the spread of EHS among mice harbored in different caging systems. Helicobacter species were detected in 87.5% of the mouse lines tested. Five different Helicobacter species were identified: H. ganmani, H. hepaticus, H. typhlonicus, and the putative Helicobacter species represented by the isolates hamster B and MIT 98-5357. Helicobacter infection did not spread between animals in neighboring cages when individually ventilated cages were used; in contrast, when the mice were reared in open-air cages, EHS were found to spread from cage to cage. However, the spread was prevented by adding polycarbonate filter tops to the cages. When Helicobacter-negative and infected mice shared the same cage, transmission of the infection occurred in 100% within 2 weeks. Furthermore, we found that mice from commercial breeding facilities may carry undetected Helicobacter infections. Taken together, we show that infection with EHS may frequently occur and spread easily in mice reared under SPF conditions despite extensive safety precautions. Moreover, there is a high prevalence of rather uncommon Helicobacter species that may be a consequence of the current routine procedures used for health screening of SPF mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R M Bohr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
Ganoderic acid, from Ganoderma lucidum, at 8 microg/ml inhibited replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HepG2215 cells over 8 days. Production of HBV surface antigen and HBV e antigen were 20 and 44% of controls without ganoderic acid. Male KM mice were significantly protected from liver injury, induced with carbon tetrachloride, by treatment with ganoderic acid at 10 mg and 30 mg/kg x d (by intravenous injection) 7 days. Ganoderic acid at the same dosage also significantly protected the mice from liver injury induced by M. bovis BCG plus lipopolysaccharide (from Escherichia coli 0127:B8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qun Li
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
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12
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González Candela M, Martín Atance P, Seva J, Pallarés FJ, Léon Vizcaíno L. Granulomatous hepatitis caused by Salmonella Typhimurium in a spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca). Vet Rec 2005; 157:236-7. [PMID: 16113171 DOI: 10.1136/vr.157.8.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M González Candela
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Wang H, Wei W, Zhang SY, Shen YX, Yue L, Wang NP, Xu SY. Melatonin-selenium nanoparticles inhibit oxidative stress and protect against hepatic injury induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin/lipopolysaccharide in mice. J Pineal Res 2005; 39:156-63. [PMID: 16098093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2005.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin-selenium nanoparticles (MT-Se), a novel complex, were synthesized by preparing selenium nanoparticles in melatonin medium. The present investigation was designed to determine the protective effects of MT-Se against Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic injury in mice. In BCG/LPS-induced hepatic injury model, MT-Se administered (i.g.) at doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg to BCG/LPS-treated mice for 10 days, significantly reduced the increase in plasma aminotransferase, reduced the severe extent of hepatic cell damage and the immigration of inflammatory cells. The MT-Se particles also attenuated the increase in the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and enhanced the decrease in reduced activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). However, treatment with MT-Se suppressed the increase in nitric oxide levels both in plasma and liver tissue. Furthermore, supplementation with MT-Se at the dose of 10 mg/kg (composed of 9.9 mg/kg melatonin and 0.1 mg/kg selenium) had great capability to protect against hepatocellular damage than a similar dose of melatonin (10 mg/kg) or selenium (0.1 mg/kg) alone. This effect may relate to its higher antioxidant efficacy in decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing GPx activity. These results suggest that the mode of MT-Se hepatic protective action is, at least in part, related to its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Rallis T, Day MJ, Saridomichelakis MN, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Papazoglou L, Fytianou A, Koutinas AF. Chronic hepatitis associated with canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum): a clinicopathological study of 26 cases. J Comp Pathol 2005; 132:145-52. [PMID: 15737341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic tissue samples were obtained from 26 dogs humanely destroyed because of naturally occurring leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum). None of the animals had palpable hepatomegaly or any other physical finding or historical evidence indicative of liver failure. However, serum biochemistry revealed hypoalbuminaemia (6/26), increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (15/26), and increased concentrations of total bilirubin (2/26) and post-prandial bile acids (4/26). Three main histological patterns were identified. In pattern 1 (3/26), the liver microarchitecture remained unchanged apart from the presence of individual or clustered macrophages in the sinusoids. In pattern 2 (20/26), there was multifocal, mild to moderate, granulomatous to pyogranulomatous infiltration of the hepatic parenchyma, particularly in the portal areas. Pattern 3 (3/26), which was the most severe form, was characterized by marked portal lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with occasional broaching of the limiting plate and extension into the adjacent parenchyma. In this pattern there was also mild portal fibrosis, together with lymphoplasmacytic aggregates within the parenchyma and small clusters of lymphocytes and plasma cells within the sinusoids. All three patterns were associated with hepatocyte vacuolation (15/26 dogs), and haemosiderin accumulation within the hepatocyte cytoplasm. Congestion was present in the liver of five dogs. No correlation was found between histopathological pattern and breed, sex, age, clinical manifestations, serum biochemical profile or parasite load in the hepatic tissue; patterns 1-3 may, however, represent sequential stages of hepatic leishmania infection during the chronic course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rallis
- Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stavrou Voutyra 11, GR-54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Boomkens SY, Slump E, Egberink HF, Rothuizen J, Penning LC. PCR screening for candidate etiological agents of canine hepatitis. Vet Microbiol 2005; 108:49-55. [PMID: 15917133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM ASSESSED Hepatitis, either acute or chronic, is a relatively common hepatic disease in dogs. Several forms of canine hepatitis can occur, some with a defined cause, most cases have an unknown etiology. The similarities between canine hepatitis and human viral hepatitis suggest that canine hepatitis may have a viral etiology too. OBJECTIVE To test liver tissue of dogs with hepatitis for the presence of candidate agents based on their known association with hepatitis in other mammals. METHODS AND APPROACH The following infectious agents were tested by PCR: Hepadnaviridae, Helicobacter spp., Leptospira spp., Borrelia spp., hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus. Also canine adenovirus and parvovirus were included. Ninety-eight liver tissue samples of dogs with various histologically diagnoses forms of hepatitis were tested. Primers were designed on conserved regions in the genome of each of these agents, to increase the likelihood of detection by PCR. To further increase sensitivity, nested PCRs for all agents were designed. Finally, for each agent a nested short primer PCR (SPP) was performed. RESULTS None of these agents were detected by nested PCR and nested SPP. However, in two acute hepatitis liver samples parvovirus was detected by nested PCR, and one of these was also detected by nested SPP. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis in dogs is not caused by agents with high homology to known infectious agents that cause hepatitis in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Y Boomkens
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 8, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fox JG, Rogers AB, Whary MT, Taylor NS, Xu S, Feng Y, Keys S. Helicobacter bilis-associated hepatitis in outbred mice. Comp Med 2004; 54:571-7. [PMID: 15575372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Although Helicobacter bilis infects mice worldwide, it is not known whether H. bilis causes enterohepatic disease in outbred Swiss Webster (SW) mice. Intestinal and liver specimens from four groups of 39 SW mice, five of which were treated with creatine in the drinking water, were obtained for culture for the presence of H. bilis and were analyzed as to whether infection status was associated with H. bilis seroconversion and/or hepatitis. Helicobacter bilis was isolated from the colon of all 27 mice of groups I-III, but only from the liver of one 12- to 13-month-old female mouse. Ten of 27 livers were H. bilis-positive based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis; 8 of 10 (80%) of the positive results were for older mice. Results of PCR analysis for H. bilis were negative, and H. bilis was not isolated from 12 control mice (group IV). Irrespective of treatment group or controls, severity of histologic lobular and periportal chronic inflammatory lesions in the liver of H. bilis-infected outbred mice ranged from minimally to moderately severe. Helicobacter bilis infection was associated with increased portal inflammation in group III mice, compared with age-matched, helicobacter-free, group IV mice (P < 0.03). A comparison of potential sex effects in group III mice indicated that H. bilis-infected female mice developed more severe portal inflammation than did H. bilis-infected male mice (P < 0.01). On the basis of results of an ELISA, 8 of 11, 6- to 8-month-old H. bilis-infected mice of group III seroconverted to H. bilis outer membrane antigen. Helicobacter bilis infection is associated with hepatitis in SW mice and can confound experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Saulez MN, Cebra CK, Valentine BA. Necrotizing hepatitis associated with enteric salmonellosis in an alpaca. Can Vet J 2004; 45:321-3. [PMID: 15144106 PMCID: PMC548619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from the feces of an alpaca suffering anorexia and weight loss. Multifocal necrotizing and suppurative hepatitis consistent with bacterial infection was found in the liver biopsies. Enteric salmonellosis may be associated with milder physical and clinicopathological changes in camelids than in other large animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montague N Saulez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 158 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4803, USA
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Zheng SJ, Wang P, Tsabary G, Chen YH. Critical roles of TRAIL in hepatic cell death and hepatic inflammation. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:58-64. [PMID: 14702109 PMCID: PMC300768 DOI: 10.1172/jci19255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis of tumor cells but not most normal cells. Its role in hepatic cell death and hepatic diseases is not clear. In vitro studies suggest that murine hepatocytes are not sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, indicating that TRAIL may not mediate hepatic cell death. Using two experimental models of hepatitis, we found that hepatic cell death in vivo was dramatically reduced in TRAIL-deficient mice and mice treated with a blocking TRAIL receptor. Although both TRAIL and its death receptor 5 were constitutively expressed in the liver, TRAIL expression by immune cells alone was sufficient to restore the sensitivity of TRAIL-deficient mice to hepatitis. Thus, TRAIL plays a crucial role in hepatic cell death and hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jun Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Dumas PH, Gontier MF. [Hepatic nodules in...a hare!]. Ann Pathol 2003; 23:368-70. [PMID: 14597905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Henri Dumas
- Laboratoire Vétérinaire Départemental de la Somme, 31 avenue Paul Claudel, 80480 Dury les Amiens.
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Abstract
A live 19-day-old male ostrich chick was euthanized and necropsied. It was one of 12 chicks in a group in which 8 had died with history of anorexia, diarrhoea and weight loss. The birds had been treated with amikacin, piperacillin and enrofloxacin. Necropsy of the ostrich revealed dehydration, mild ascites and serous atrophy of fat around the heart. The liver had numerous yellow tan foci on the capsular surface as well as on the cut surface. Caecal contents were watery. Microscopic examination of the liver revealed multifocal necrosis of hepatocytes with infiltration of heterophils mixed with fibrin, few lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells. A Gram stain of the liver revealed a few gram-positive bacilli scattered within the necrotic foci. Clostridium difficile was isolated from the liver, and toxin A was detected by ELISA. A retrospective examination of approximately 1000 ostriches submitted during a seven year period to the laboratory system revealed seven cases of hepatitis due to Clostridium perfringens, two additional cases due to C. difficile and two cases due to C. sordelli.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Fresno Beach, University of California at Davis, 93725, USA.
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21
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Abram M, Schlüter D, Vuckovic D, Waber B, Doric M, Deckert M. Effects of pregnancy-associated Listeria monocytogenes infection: necrotizing hepatitis due to impaired maternal immune response and significantly increased abortion rate. Virchows Arch 2002; 441:368-79. [PMID: 12404062 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-002-0649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2001] [Accepted: 03/08/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The impact of L. monocytogenes infection on maternal immune responses as well as on the outcome of pregnancy was studied in a murine model of pregnancy-associated listeriosis. Mice infected i.v. with L. monocytogenes at day 15 of pregnancy showed a significantly impaired bacterial elimination, which resulted in a severe necrotizing hemorrhagic hepatitis. The aggravated course of the infection could be attributed to a suppressed transcription and production of anti-listerial, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, namely interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-12p40, inducible nitric oxide synthase, murine monokine induced by interferon-gamma, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10. In addition, listeriosis significantly increased the abortion rate. Infection of the placenta and fetuses was characterized by placental and fetal necrosis with unrestricted bacterial multiplication. A weak transcription of anti-listerial cytokines in the placenta in the absence of a cellular immune response could not prevent the fatal outcome of pregnancy-associated listeriosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryo Loss/immunology
- Embryo Loss/microbiology
- Embryo Loss/pathology
- Female
- Hepatitis, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Animal/microbiology
- Hepatitis, Animal/pathology
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunocompromised Host
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Listeria monocytogenes/pathogenicity
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Listeriosis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Necrosis
- Placenta/microbiology
- Placenta/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/microbiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Abram
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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22
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García A, Erdman SE, Xu S, Feng Y, Rogers AB, Schrenzel MD, Murphy JC, Fox JG. Hepatobiliary inflammation, neoplasia, and argyrophilic bacteria in a ferret colony. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:173-9. [PMID: 12009055 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-2-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary disease was diagnosed in eight of 34 genetically unrelated cohabitating pet ferrets (Mustela putorios furo) during a 7-year period. The eight ferrets ranged in age from 5 to 8 years and exhibited chronic cholangiohepatitis coupled with cellular proliferation ranging from hyperplasia to frank neoplasia. Spiral-shaped argyrophilic bacteria were demonstrated in livers of three ferrets, including two with carcinoma. Sequence analysis of a 400-base pair polymerase chain reaction product amplified from DNA derived from fecal bacteria from one ferret demonstrated 98% and 97% similarity to Helicobacter cholecystus and Helicobacter sp. strain 266-1 , respectively. The clustering of severe hepatic disease in these cohabitating ferroes suggests a possible infectious etiology. The role of Helicobacter species and other bacteria in hepatitis and/or neoplasia in ferrets requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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23
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Whary MT, Cline J, King A, Ge Z, Shen Z, Sheppard B, Fox JG. Long-term colonization levels of Helicobacter hepaticus in the cecum of hepatitis-prone A/JCr mice are significantly lower than those in hepatitis-resistant C57BL/6 mice. Comp Med 2001; 51:413-7. [PMID: 11924800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter hepaticus infection causes hepatitis in A/JCr mice but mild or no disease in C57BL/6 mice. Colonization of H. hepaticus in the cecum of experimentally infected A/JCr and C57BL/6 mice was quantified by use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with primers for the H. hepaticus cdtB gene and mouse 18srRNA. Eight-week-old mice were experimentally (n = 48) or sham (n = 24) infected with H. hepaticus, then were necropsied 6 months after infection. Liver specimens from experimentally infected mice had negative results of PCR analysis for H. hepaticus; thus, real-time quantification was not attempted. Quantitative PCR analysis of H. hepaticus in cecal specimens indicated that C57BL/6 mice were colonized to a greater extent than were A/JCr mice (P < 0.006). Appreciable typhlitis was not observed, but was consistent with that of previous reports; A/JCr mice developed more severe parenchymal necrosis, portal inflammation, and phlebitis in the liver (P < 0.0001), with mild disease observed in infected C57BL/6 mice. Thus, hepatitis in A/JCr mice caused by H. hepaticus infection is associated with significantly lower colonization levels of H. hepaticus in the cecum, compared with those of hepatitis-resistant C57BL/6 mice. Host responses of A/JCr mice that limit cecal colonization with H. hepaticus may have important roles in the pathogenesis of hepatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Whary
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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24
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Sasaki J, Goryo M, Okoshi N, Furukawa H, Honda J, Okada K. Cholangiohepatitis in broiler chickens in Japan: histopathological, immunohistochemical and microbiological studies of spontaneous disease. Acta Vet Hung 2001; 48:59-67. [PMID: 11402676 DOI: 10.1556/avet.48.2000.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Forty-five broiler carcasses from 6 different flocks were condemned due to liver lesions at processing meat inspection, and collected for pathological and bacterial examinations. All affected chickens showed liver enlargement with discolouration and an apparent acinar pattern. The enlarged gallbladder and the extrahepatic bile ducts contained yellow inspissated cream-coloured material. Histopathologically, extensive proliferation of bile ductules with fibrosis was observed in interlobular connective tissue, and it spread to form bridges with adjoining triads. Destruction and obstruction of portal bile ducts with multiple granulomas due to bacterial infection and outflow of the bile were frequently observed. Many Gram-positive bacilli were seen in the lesions, and they were identified as Clostridium perfringens by indirect immunofluorescence staining technique. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from affected livers. These findings are consistent with cholangiohepatitis. Therefore, it is suggested that C. perfringens might be important in the pathogenesis of cholangiohepatitis in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sasaki
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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25
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Fox JG, Handt L, Sheppard BJ, Xu S, Dewhirst FE, Motzel S, Klein H. Isolation of Helicobacter cinaedi from the colon, liver, and mesenteric lymph node of a rhesus monkey with chronic colitis and hepatitis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1580-5. [PMID: 11283091 PMCID: PMC87974 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.4.1580-1585.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of biochemical, phenotypic, and 16S rRNA analyses, Helicobacter cinaedi was isolated from the colon, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes of a 2-year-old rhesus monkey with chronic diarrhea. Histologically, the liver had mild to moderate biliary hyperplasia and hypertrophy with periportal inflammation and fibrosis. Colonic and cecal lesions consisted of diffuse chronic inflammation and glandular hyperplasia extending the length of the crypts. This is the first observation of H. cinaedi associated with active hepatitis and colitis in a nonhuman primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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26
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Yamanaka K, Tanaka M, Tsutsui H, Kupper TS, Asahi K, Okamura H, Nakanishi K, Suzuki M, Kayagaki N, Black RA, Miller DK, Nakashima K, Shimizu M, Mizutani H. Skin-specific caspase-1-transgenic mice show cutaneous apoptosis and pre-endotoxin shock condition with a high serum level of IL-18. J Immunol 2000; 165:997-1003. [PMID: 10878376 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To study the pathophysiological roles of overexpressed caspase-1 (CASP1), originally designated as IL-1 beta-converting enzyme, we generated transgenic mice in which human CASP1 is overexpressed in their keratinocytes. The transgenic mice spontaneously developed recalcitrant dermatitis and skin ulcers, characterized by the presence of massive keratinocyte apoptosis. The skin of the mice contained the active form of human CASP1 and expressed mRNA for caspase-activated DNase, an effector endonuclease responsible for DNA fragmentation. Their skin and sera showed elevated levels of mature IL-18 and IL-1 beta, but not of IFN-gamma. The plasma from these animals induced IFN-gamma production by IL-18-responsive NK cells. Administration of heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes, a potent in vivo type 1 cell inducer, caused IFN-gamma-mediated lethal liver injury in the transgenic mice, which was completely inhibited by treatment with neutralizing anti-IL-18 Ab. These results indicated that in vivo overexpression of CASP1 caused spontaneous apoptotic tissue injury and rendered mice highly susceptible to exogenous type 1 cell-inducing condition in collaboration with endogenously accumulated proinflammatory cytokines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Caspase 1/biosynthesis
- Caspase 1/genetics
- Caspase 1/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Enzyme Activation
- Female
- Hepatitis, Animal/enzymology
- Hepatitis, Animal/microbiology
- Hepatitis, Animal/pathology
- Humans
- Interleukin-18/blood
- Keratinocytes/enzymology
- Keratinocytes/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Organ Specificity
- Propionibacterium acnes
- Shock, Septic/enzymology
- Shock, Septic/genetics
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Shock, Septic/pathology
- Skin/enzymology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Ulcer/enzymology
- Skin Ulcer/genetics
- Skin Ulcer/pathology
- Substrate Specificity/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamanaka
- Departments of Dermatology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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27
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St Denis KA, Waddell-Parks N, Belanger M. Tyzzer's disease in an 11-day-old foal. Can Vet J 2000; 41:491-2. [PMID: 10857035 PMCID: PMC1476212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
An 11-day-old pony became depressed, anorectic, and pyrexic 2 days after the topsoil of its paddock had been turned over. Rapid progression to colic and head pressing occurred, despite intensive therapy for Tyzzer's disease, and the foal died within 7 h of the appearance of central nervous system signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A St Denis
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph
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28
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Chen YL, Yu CK, Lei HY. Propionibacterium acnes induces acute TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes followed by inflammatory T-cell-mediated granulomatous hepatitis in mice. J Biomed Sci 1999; 6:349-56. [PMID: 10494042 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD3+/TCRalphabeta+ T-cell-mediated hepatic inflammation induced by Propionibacterium acnes could be divided into an acute and a chronic phase. The acute phase occurred within 72 h after injection and displayed hepatic apoptosis. Anti-TNFalpha antibody inhibited both the P. acnes-induced hepatic apoptosis and lymphocyte infiltration seen in this phase, indicating the involvement of this cytokine. Thereafter, a chronic phase was manifested from days 7 to 14 after injection. It was characterized as granulomatous inflammation admixed with apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes and some hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the infiltrating lymphocytes displayed TNFalpha, TNF type I receptor and a variety of cytokines including IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFNgamma or IL-12. Interestingly, in naive mice, the arteries in the liver constitutively expressed IFNgamma. Its expression appeared to be substantially increased at 48 h, decreased at 72 h, and increased again on day 14 after P. acnes injection. Furthermore, Fas or FasL was only detected on the lymphocytes within the granuloma. We conclude that P. acnes can induce a TNFalpha-mediated acute hepatic apoptosis which subsequently progress to a T-cell-mediated granulomatous hepatitis with increased expression of multiple cytokines and Fas/FasL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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Tsuji H, Mukaida N, Harada A, Kaneko S, Matsushita E, Nakanuma Y, Tsutsui H, Okamura H, Nakanishi K, Tagawa Y, Iwakura Y, Kobayashi K, Matsushima K. Alleviation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in Propionibacterium acnes-primed IFN-gamma-deficient mice by a concomitant reduction of TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IL-18 production. J Immunol 1999; 162:1049-55. [PMID: 9916732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the role of IFN-gamma in LPS-induced liver injury following priming with Propionibacterium acnes. At 1 week after priming BALB/c mice with P. acnes, a large number of macrophages (Mphi) and lymphocytes predominantly infiltrated the portal area, resulting in the intrahepatic formation of granulomas consisting of epithelioid and lymphoid cells. In comparison, in IFN-gamma gene-disrupted BALB/c mice (IFN-gamma knockout mice), the number of infiltrated Mphi was decreased, with a significant reduction in the number and size of granulomas. Subsequent elicitation with a low dose of LPS induced massive hepatic necrosis in wild-type BALB/c mice, with a marked increase in the serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IL-18 and subsequently of alanine transferase. In contrast, IFN-gamma knockout mice developed scattered focal necrosis of the liver with significantly lower levels of serum alanine transferase as well as drastic decreases in TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IL-18 production. The administration of an anti-IFN-gamma neutralizing mAb at the eliciting phase significantly alleviated liver injury and reduced serum IL-12 and IL-18 levels. Thus, endogenously produced IFN-gamma is involved in the pathogenesis of this liver injury model by regulating Mphi infiltration and granuloma formation in the priming phase as well as cytokine production in the eliciting phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuji
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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30
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Li X, Fox JG, Whary MT, Yan L, Shames B, Zhao Z. SCID/NCr mice naturally infected with Helicobacter hepaticus develop progressive hepatitis, proliferative typhlitis, and colitis. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5477-84. [PMID: 9784560 PMCID: PMC108686 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.11.5477-5484.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis, proliferative typhlitis, and colitis were characterized in young adult and older SCID/NCr mice naturally infected with Helicobacter hepaticus. Liver lesions consisted of Kupffer, Ito, and oval cell hyperplasia along with multifocal to coalescing coagulative hepatocyte necrosis. Numerous Warthin-Starry-positive bacteria were observed in the parenchyma, and there were minimal to mild accumulations of monocytic cells and neutrophils. Proliferative typhlitis was characterized by moderate to marked mucosal epithelial cell hyperplasia with mild monocytic and neutrophilic infiltration. Minimal to mild colitis with mucosal epithelial cell hyperplasia of the colon was most marked in older mice. Comparable gastrointestinal lesions were not observed in uninfected control SCID/NCr mice. H. hepaticus was cultured from fetal viscera of 2 of 11 pups sampled late in gestation from infected SCID/NCr females, suggesting transplacental infection of H. hepaticus. As expected, most of the naturally infected SCID/NCr mice had no serum immunoglobulin G response against H. hepaticus. These findings contrast with those in infected immunocompetent A/JCr mice, which develop a significant immune response to H. hepaticus associated with prominent multifocal mononuclear cell infiltrates in the liver, with only rare bacteria observable at the periphery of inflammatory foci or in the biliary canaliculi. The results demonstrate that chronic inflammatory and proliferative lesions simultaneously affecting the liver, cecum, and colon are associated with natural infection of SCID/NCr mice with H. hepaticus and that lesions are progressive with age. Concurrent infection with H. hepaticus may confound studies that have been attributed to similar lesions due to other experimental manipulations of SCID/NCr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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31
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Ramljak D, Jones AB, Diwan BA, Perantoni AO, Hochadel JF, Anderson LM. Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha-associated overexpression of cyclin D1, Cdk4, and c-Myc during hepatocarcinogenesis in Helicobacter hepaticus-infected A/JCr mice. Cancer Res 1998; 58:3590-7. [PMID: 9721866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter hepaticus is a new bacterial species that is homologous to Helicobacter pylori, a human gastric carcinogen. H. hepaticus causes chronic active hepatitis, with progression to hepatocellular tumors. We hypothesized that chronic up-regulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha, and nuclear oncogenes (cyclin D1 and c-Myc), all known to transform by overexpression, might contribute to tumorigenesis. Livers from mice that were 6-18 months old were analyzed, including nonneoplastic and preneoplastic tissues and tumors, along with age-matched controls, by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha were increased at the earliest stage, with a further increase in EGF in tumors. Cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, and c-Myc were strongly increased in all infected livers, with even greater increases in tumors. An increase in cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 complex was also demonstrated in tumors, and its functionality was confirmed by an increase in the hyperphosphorylated:hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein ratio. Our findings suggest a possible cooperation of growth factors, cell cycle proteins, and transcription factors during the development of H. hepaticus-associated liver tumors and may have relevance to human cancers associated with bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ramljak
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201, USA.
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32
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Cantor GH, Byrne BA, Hines SA, Richards HM. VapA-negative Rhodococcus equi in a dog with necrotizing pyogranulomatous hepatitis, osteomyelitis, and myositis. J Vet Diagn Invest 1998; 10:297-300. [PMID: 9683085 DOI: 10.1177/104063879801000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G H Cantor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State Univeristy, Pullman 99164-7040, USA
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33
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Stephens CP, On SL, Gibson JA. An outbreak of infectious hepatitis in commercially reared ostriches associated with Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni. Vet Microbiol 1998; 61:183-90. [PMID: 9631530 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A disease causing high morbidity and mortality was observed in young ostriches from six properties in southeast Queensland, Australia. The disease affected birds from 2-8 weeks of age and was characterised clinically by bright-green urates and pathologically by severe necrotic hepatitis. The liver lesions resembled those of vibrionic hepatitis in other avian species. Campylobacter coli was isolated from the livers of affected ostriches from five of the six properties. Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni was isolated from birds from the remaining property. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-based (PFGE) typing of representative isolates indicated that trade of infected birds between farms was an important factor in the spread of C. coli. Phenotypic and genotypic data suggest a clonal variant of the principal outbreak type may account for the remaining cases from which C. coli was found. Conventional biochemical test results and PFGE clearly distinguished the C. jejuni strain isolated from the geographically remote farm from the outbreak of C. coli type. We believe this to be the first definitive report of avian hepatitis associated with C. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Stephens
- Toowoomba Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, Australia.
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34
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Veihelmann A, Brill T, Blobner M, Scheller I, Mayer B, Prölls M, Himpel S, Stadler J. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis improves detoxication in inflammatory liver dysfunction in vivo. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:G530-6. [PMID: 9277434 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.2.g530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory stimulation of the liver induces nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis and suppression of detoxication. In this study the effect of NO biosynthesis on cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme activity was investigated by comparing in vivo and in vitro assays. To establish liver inflammation, CD rats were injected with Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) suspension. After 5 days NO biosynthesis was highly induced as indicated by increased NO2- plus NO3- serum concentrations. At the same time the aminopyrine breath test (ABT), measuring CYP activity in vivo, was reduced to 42% and the in vitro assay of aminopyrine turnover was suppressed to 12% of NaCl- injected controls. When C. parvum-injected animals were treated with the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), CYP activities significantly improved with an ABT of 76% and an in vitro aminopyrine turnover of 47% of controls. Neither C. parvum injections nor L-NMMA treatment resulted in a significant change of CYP protein concentrations. These data indicate that suppression of xenobiotic metabolism can be attenuated by inhibition of NO biosynthesis during an ongoing process of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Veihelmann
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Germany
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35
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Real F, Fernández A, Acosta F, Acosta B, Castro P, Déniz S, Orós J. Septicemia associated with Hafnia alvei in laying hens. Avian Dis 1997; 41:741-7. [PMID: 9356725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present work Hafnia alvei was isolated from laying hens displaying a reduction in egg production, loss of appetite, opisthotonus, and death. Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis were the most prominent lesions. The organism was identified microbiologically. Laying hens were experimentally inoculated by the oral and intraperitoneal route to show the pathogenicity of the organism. A very similar clinicopathologic effect resulted from this trial. Several experimentally infected laying hens died due to septicemia. We conclude that H. alvei may cause a septicemia similar to that reportedly caused by Salmonella spp. in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Real
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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36
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Tsuji H, Harada A, Mukaida N, Nakanuma Y, Bluethmann H, Kaneko S, Yamakawa K, Nakamura SI, Kobayashi KI, Matsushima K. Tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 is essential for intrahepatic granuloma formation and hepatocellular apoptosis in a murine model of bacterium-induced fulminant hepatitis. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1892-8. [PMID: 9125577 PMCID: PMC175237 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.5.1892-1898.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Fas systems in liver injury, although the interaction between these two systems remains to be investigated. In this study, we examined Propionibacterium acnes-primed TNF receptor p55-deficient (TNFRp55-/-) or Fas-deficient MRL/MpJ Lpr/Lpr mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Priming with P. acnes caused mononuclear cell infiltration into the hepatic lobules and granuloma formation in the livers of TNFRp55 wild-type mice. Subsequent LPS challenge caused massive liver injury and a marked increase in transaminase levels, leading to acute lethality in control wild-type mice. In contrast, the same treatment caused few pathological changes in livers of TNFRp55-/- mice, and all animals survived. P. acnes and subsequent LPS challenge induced granuloma formation and apoptotic changes, respectively, in livers of MRL/MpJ Lpr/Lpr mice. However, liver injury was 50% of that in control MRL/MpJ +/+ mice, suggesting some role of the Fas-Fas ligand system in this liver injury model. On the other hand, an agonistic anti-Fas antibody caused massive apoptosis and hemorrhagic changes of the liver without any priming with P. acnes, leading to death in both TNFRp55-/- and control wild-type mice. These results suggest that TNFRp55 but not Fas was involved in P. acnes-induced granuloma formation as well as subsequent LPS-induced liver injury and that TNFRp55 and Fas independently induced apoptosis of hepatocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Japan
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Poonacha
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40511, USA
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38
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Fox JG, Drolet R, Higgins R, Messier S, Yan L, Coleman BE, Paster BJ, Dewhirst FE. Helicobacter canis isolated from a dog liver with multifocal necrotizing hepatitis. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:2479-82. [PMID: 8880504 PMCID: PMC229299 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.10.2479-2482.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of biochemical, phenotypic, and 16S rRNA analysis, a novel gram-negative bacterium, isolated from normal and diarrheic dogs as well as humans with gastroenteritis, has been recently named Helicobacter canis. A 2-month-old female crossbred puppy was submitted to necropsy with a history of weakness and vomiting for several hours prior to death. The liver had multiple and slightly irregular yellowish foci up to 1.5 cm in diameter. Histologically, the liver parenchyma contained randomly distributed, occasionally coalescing hepatocellular necrosis, often accompanied by large numbers of mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Sections of liver stained by the Warthin-Starry silver impregnation technique revealed spiral- to curve-shaped bacteria predominantly located in bile canaliculi and occasionally in bile ducts. Aerobic culture of liver was negative, whereas small colonies were noted on Campylobacter selective media after 5 days of microaerobic incubation. The bacteria were gram negative and oxidase positive but catalase, urease, and indoxyl acetate negative; nitrate was not reduced to nitrite, and the organism did not hydrolyze hippurate. The bacteria were also resistant to 1.5% bile. Electron microscopy revealed spiral-shaped bacteria with bipolar sheathed flagella. By 16S rRNA analysis, the organism was determined to be H. canis. This is the first observation of H. canis in active hepatitis in a dog and correlates with recent findings of Helicobacter hepaticus- and Helicobacter bilis-related hepatic disease in mice. Further studies are clearly warranted to ascertain whether H. canis-associated hepatitis is more widespread in canines as well as a cause of previously classified idiopathic liver disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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39
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Loy JK, Dewhirst FE, Weber W, Frelier PF, Garbar TL, Tasca SI, Templeton JW. Molecular phylogeny and in situ detection of the etiologic agent of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis in shrimp. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:3439-45. [PMID: 8795235 PMCID: PMC168141 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.9.3439-3445.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) is a severe disease of farm-raised Penaeus vannamei that has been associated with mortality losses ranging from 20 to 95%. NHP was first recognized in Texas in 1985 (S. K. Johnson, p. 16, in Handbook of Shrimp Diseases, 1989) and is an economically important disease that has limited the ability to culture shrimp in Texas. The putative cause of NHP is a gram-negative, pleomorphic, intracellular, rickettsia-like bacterium that remains uncultured in part because of the absence of established shrimp cell lines. The inability to culture the NHP bacterium necessitated the use of molecular methods for phylogenetic placement of the NHP bacterium. The gene encoding the 16S rRNA (16S rDNA) of this shrimp pathogen was amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the cloned 16S rDNA indicates that the NHP bacterium is a member of the alpha subclass of the Proteobacteria. Within the alpha subclass, the NHP bacterium is shown to be most closely related to bacterial endosymbionts of protozoa, Caedibacter caryophila and Holospora obtusa. Also, the NHP bacterium is distinct from but related to members of the typhus group (Rickettsia typhi and R. prowazekii) and spotted fever group (R. rickettsii) of the family Rickettsiaceae. Fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide DNA probes that bind to variable regions (V2, V6, and V8) of 16S rRNA of the NHP bacterium were used to detect the bacterium in infected shrimp by in situ hybridization. This technique provided direct visual evidence that the 16S rDNA that was amplified, cloned, and sequenced was derived from the intracellular bacterium that infects the hepatopancreas of farm-raised P. vannamei shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Loy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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40
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Abstract
Helicobacter hepaticus has been associated with naturally occurring hepatitis in certain inbred strains of mice, and in A/JCr mice it has been linked to the development of hepatic adenomas and adenocarcinomas. H. hepaticus was orally inoculated into 30 axenic, outbred female mice, and the mice were studied longitudinally to fulfill Koch's postulates and to ascertain the pathogenic potential of the organism under defined germfree conditions. Ten cage contact mice were also housed in the same germfree isolator to study transmission patterns, and 10 germfree mice were maintained in separate isolators as controls. Mice serially euthanized from 3 weeks through 24 months postinoculation (p.i.) were surveyed by culture and PCR for H. hepaticus in liver and intestinal tissues. Tissues were analyzed for histopathological changes, and sera were assayed for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibody to H. hepaticus and changes in the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase. Inoculated mice and cage contact mice were persistently infected with H. hepaticus as identified by culture and PCR, in both the intestine and, less frequently, the liver, for the duration of the 2-year study. Animals developed persistent chronic hepatitis, and in some animals enterocolitis was noted. Hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in one H. hepaticus-infected mouse. The level of H. hepaticus serum antibody was highest in experimentally infected mice at 12 to 18 months p.i.; this corresponded in general to the time interval when the highest levels of alanine aminotransferase were recorded. Although cage contact mice became persistently infected with H. hepaticus, lesions were less severe and the levels of serological biomarkers utilized in the study were lower. The H. hepaticus-infected mouse will provide an ideal model to study putative bacterial virulence determinants and how they interact with the host to induce chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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41
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Fox JG, Li X, Yan L, Cahill RJ, Hurley R, Lewis R, Murphy JC. Chronic proliferative hepatitis in A/JCr mice associated with persistent Helicobacter hepaticus infection: a model of helicobacter-induced carcinogenesis. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1548-58. [PMID: 8613359 PMCID: PMC173960 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.5.1548-1558.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter hepaticus causes hepatitis in selected strains of mice and in A/JCr mice is linked to liver cancer. To analyze whether H. hepaticus persists in specified ecological niches, to determine whether biomarkers of infection exist, and to analyze the influence of H. hepaticus on hepatocyte proliferation, a longitudinal study of H. hepaticus-infected A/JCr mice was undertaken. A/JCr mice were serially euthanatized from 3 through 18 months and surveyed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; bacterial culture of liver, colon, and cecum; histology; electron microscopy; hepatocyte proliferation indices determined by using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; and measurement of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase. In infected animals throughout the 18-month study, H. hepaticus was consistently isolated from the lower bowel but only sporadically from the liver. By electron microscopy, H. hepaticus was noted infrequently and only in bile canaliculi. Infected mice, particularly males, showed chronic inflammation; oval cell, Kupffer cell, and Ito cell hyperplasia; hepatocytomegaly; and bile duct proliferation. The inflammatory and necrotizing lesion was progressive and involved the hepatic parenchyma, portal triads, and intralobular venules. Hepatic adenomas were noted only in male mice, whereas 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine proliferation indices were markedly increased in both sexes, but especially in males, compared to control A/J mice. Infected mice also developed sustained anti-H. hepaticus serum immunoglobulin G antibody responses and elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. H. hepaticus, which persists in the lower bowels and livers of A/JCr mice, is associated with a chronic proliferative hepatitis, and hepatomas in selected male mice indicate that this novel bacterium may cause an increased risk of hepatic cancer induction in susceptible strains of mice. This murine model should prove useful in dissecting the molecular events operable in the development of neoplasms induced by bacteria belonging to this expanding genera of pathogenic Helicobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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42
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Jackson MK, Phillips SN. Necrotizing hepatitis in pet birds associated with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Avian Dis 1996; 40:473-6. [PMID: 8790902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Six pet birds, from a flock of 100 birds of various species, died within a 2-day period. Drinking water had recently been changed from potable water to irrigation water. Three birds submitted for necropsy had hepatic necrosis with numerous gram-negative rodshaped bacteria present in necrotic areas and Kuppfer cells. Pseudomonas fluorescens was isolated in pure culture from the livers of all three birds and from other organs. This is the first report of naturally occurring disease in which P. fluorescens was the sole etiologic agent identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Jackson
- Utah State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Logan 84332-5700, USA
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43
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Misawa N, Ohnishi T, Uchida K, Nakai M, Nasu T, Itoh K, Takahashi E. Experimental hepatitis induced by Campylobacter jejuni infection in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J Vet Med Sci 1996; 58:205-10. [PMID: 8777226 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.58.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish an experimental model for vibrionic hepatitis caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were inoculated with C. jejuni strains isolated from chicken hepatitis (BL107) and human diarrhea (HP5113). Necrotic liver lesions were formed by intra-pancreaticoduodenal vein injection by which the bacteria reached the liver directly via the portal vein, but not by intra-gastric infection. These liver lesions were observed from day 1 to 7 after the infection. The pathological changes were weak and no clinical signs were observed throughout the experimental period. By immunohistochemistry, the bacterial antigens were detected in the hepatocytes, and intercellular spaces between the hepatocytes, and in the macrophages during the early stage of the infection. When focal hepatocyte necrosis was formed, the antigen was detected more frequently in the intact hepatocytes at the periphery of the lesions than within necrotic foci. The bacteria were not detected from the liver, spleen or blood according to raising the serum agglutination titer. In contrast, the bacteria immediately invaded the bile in 5 min post-infection and were retained in the gallbladder for long periods. The present study showed that necrotizing hepatitis was formed by intra-pancreaticoduodenal vein infection of the quail with C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Misawa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan
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44
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Abstract
In Nova Scotia the main manifestation of acute Q fever is pneumonia, while in France it is granulomatous hepatitis. To test the hypothesis that the route of infection is the major determinant of the manifestations of acute Q fever, 10 groups of 10- to 12-g female BALB/c mice (4 animals/group) were used. Five groups were inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) and 5 intranasally (inl) with Coxiella burnetii. Both routes of infection resulted in pneumonia. However, the inl route resulted in greater airway changes (on a numeric scale with 0 being no changes): 2.05 +/- 2.20 versus 0.60 +/- 0.83 (P < .002). The ip route resulted only in hepatosplenomegaly. It was concluded that the route of infection is one determinant of the manifestations of acute Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Marrie
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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45
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Russell RJ, Haines DC, Anver MR, Battles JK, Gorelick PL, Blumenauer LL, Gonda MA, Ward JM. Use of antibiotics to prevent hepatitis and typhlitis in male scid mice spontaneously infected with Helicobacter hepaticus. Lab Anim Sci 1995; 45:373-8. [PMID: 7474875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibiotic combinations to prevent acute and progressive chronic hepatitis and proliferative typhlitis associated with Helicobacter hepaticus infection in male scid/NCr mice was evaluated. The drug combinations used were amoxicillin-metronidazole-bismuth, tetracycline-metronidazole-bismuth, amoxicillin-neomycin, neomycin alone, and amoxicillin alone. Treatments were administered per os for 14 days beginning at 4 weeks of age. All mice remained clinically normal throughout the study. Specimens from mice were evaluated histologically at 21, 60, 90, and 120 days after initiation of the antibiotic treatments. Results of histologic examination and use of special stains indicated that the antibiotic regimens containing amoxicillin prevented progressive chronic hepatitis and typhlitis. Helical bacteria were not observed histologically in the liver or cecum of amoxicillin-treated mice. Helical bacteria were observed in the liver and cecum of untreated mice and in the cecum of mice treated with antibiotic regimens not containing amoxicillin. Untreated mice and those treated with amoxicillin were evaluated by culture for presence of H. hepaticus at 60 and 90 days and by polymerase chain reaction at 90 days after initiation of the antibiotic treatment. All untreated mice were test-positive by fecal/cecal culture, and three of five were positive by polymerase chain reaction. All mice treated with amoxicillin were negative for H. hepaticus by results of culture and polymerase chain reaction. The oral administration of amoxicillin to young scid mice via the drinking water prevents hepatitis and typhlitis caused by H. hepaticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Russell
- Animal Production, Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46229-0176, USA
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46
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Fox JG, Yan LL, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Shames B, Murphy JC, Hayward A, Belcher JC, Mendes EN. Helicobacter bilis sp. nov., a novel Helicobacter species isolated from bile, livers, and intestines of aged, inbred mice. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:445-54. [PMID: 7536217 PMCID: PMC227964 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.2.445-454.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A fusiform bacterium with 3 to 14 multiple bipolar sheathed flagella and periplasmic fibers wrapped around the cell was isolated from the liver, bile, and lower intestine of aged, inbred mice. The bacteria grew at 37 and 42 degrees C under microaerophilic conditions, rapidly hydrolyzed urea, were catalase and oxidase positive, reduced nitrate to nitrite, did not hydrolyze indoxyl acetate or hippurate, and were resistant to both cephalothin and nalidixic acid but sensitive to metronidazole. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the organism was classified as a novel helicobacter, Helicobacter bilis. This new helicobacter, like Helicobacter hepaticus, colonizes the bile, liver, and intestine of mice. Although the organism is associated with multifocal chronic hepatitis, further studies are required to ascertain whether H. bilis is responsible for causing chronic hepatitis and/or hepatocellular tumors in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Bile/microbiology
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Female
- Helicobacter/genetics
- Helicobacter/isolation & purification
- Helicobacter/ultrastructure
- Hepatitis, Animal/microbiology
- Intestines/microbiology
- Liver/microbiology
- Male
- Mice/microbiology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Microscopy, Electron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 02139
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48
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Abstract
A naturally occurring case of Tyzzer's disease due to infection with Bacillus piliformis in a wolf-dog hybrid resulted in widely disseminated lesions, including severe myocarditis, hepatitis, enterocolitis, intestinal leiomyositis, and adrenal cortical adenitis. Previously reported lesions for canine Tyzzer's disease have been limited to hepatic necrosis and a necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Young
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80526
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49
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Rice JM. Helicobacter hepaticus, a recently recognized bacterial pathogen, associated with chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular neoplasia in laboratory mice. Emerg Infect Dis 1995; 1:129-31. [PMID: 8903182 PMCID: PMC2626889 DOI: 10.3201/eid0104.950404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/drug therapy
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/microbiology
- Amoxicillin/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Antitrichomonal Agents/therapeutic use
- Bismuth/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/microbiology
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Helicobacter/pathogenicity
- Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy
- Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
- Helicobacter Infections/transmission
- Hepatitis, Animal/drug therapy
- Hepatitis, Animal/microbiology
- Hepatitis, Animal/transmission
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/microbiology
- Metronidazole/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Penicillins/therapeutic use
- Tetracycline/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rice
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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50
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Abstract
Several inbred strains of mice in closed breeding colonies were found to have spiral-shaped bacteria associated with active, chronic hepatitis. A new species of Helicobacter, H. hepaticus, was isolated from the infected livers of some strains of mice. Other strains of mice were colonised with H. hepaticus in the caecum and colon, but not the liver. Filtersterilised supernatant fluid from five strains of H. hepaticus was tested in a mouse liver cell line (ATCC no. CCL 9.1) for cytotoxic activity. All strains produced a toxic factor causing morphological changes in the cells at dilutions up to 1 in 1000. Toxicity was observed after exposure to the supernatant fluid for 48-72 h. Other Helicobacter spp. that also produced the cytopathic effect (CPE) in the liver cell line were H. felis, H. acinonyx, H. pylori and one strain of H. mustelae. "Helicobacter rappini" and H. muridarum did not cause CPE in the liver cells. The soluble factor was stable at 4 degrees C for up to 3 months. It was also stable at 56 degrees C for 30 min, but was inactivated by boiling for 15 min. It was inactivated by incubation with trypsin. A partially purified preparation of the cytotoxin had a mol. wt of c. 100,000 and did not have urease activity. The cytotoxin produced by H. hepaticus did not cause vacuole formation in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Taylor
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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