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Bilbao L, Acquistapace S, Umpiérrez A, Smircich P, Alonzo P, Sotelo-Silveira JR, Zunino P. Genomic characterization of Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi Uruguayan strains isolated from calves with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Rev Argent Microbiol 2024:S0325-7541(24)00004-X. [PMID: 38403533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is an ocular disease that affects bovines and has significant economic and health effects worldwide. Gram negative bacteria Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi are its main etiological agents. Antimicrobial therapy against IBK is often difficult in beef and dairy herds and, although vaccines are commercially available, their efficacy is variable and dependent on local strains. The aim of this study was to analyze for the first time the genomes of Uruguayan clinical isolates of M. bovis and M. bovoculi. The genomes were de novo assembled and annotated; the genetic basis of fimbrial synthesis was analyzed and virulence factors were identified. A 94% coverage in the reference genomes of both species, and more than 80% similarity to the reference genomes were observed. The mechanism of fimbrial phase variation in M. bovis was detected, and the tfpQ orientation of these genes confirmed, in an inversion region of approximately 2.18kb. No phase variation was determined in the fimbrial gene of M. bovoculi. When virulence factors were compared between strains, it was observed that fimbrial genes have 36.2% sequence similarity. In contrast, the TonB-dependent lactoferrin/transferrin receptor exhibited the highest percentage of amino acid similarity (97.7%) between strains, followed by cytotoxins MbxA/MbvA and the ferric uptake regulator. The role of these virulence factors in the pathogenesis of IBK and their potential as vaccine components should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Bilbao
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600,, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Acquistapace
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Virbac Uruguay SA, Millán 4175, PC 12900, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Umpiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Smircich
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600,, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Alonzo
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Virbac Uruguay SA, Millán 4175, PC 12900, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José R Sotelo-Silveira
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600,, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Ravikumaran KS, King RM, Notaro A, Molinaro A, de Castro C, Wilson JC, Grice ID, Peak IR. Moraxella ovis and Moraxella bovoculi lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis genes, and structural characterisation of oligosaccharide from M. ovis 354T. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109043. [PMID: 38281396 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Moraxella ovis is a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from sheep conjunctivitis cases and is a rare isolate of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). This species is closely related to M. bovoculi, another species which can also be isolated from IBK, or cattle upper respiratory tract (URT). Prior to molecular identification techniques, M. bovoculi was frequently misclassified as M. ovis. We previously described the structure of two oligosaccharides (lipooligosaccharide-derived, minor and major glycoforms) from M. bovoculi 237T (type strain, also ATCC BAA-1259T). Here, we have identified the genetic loci for lipooligosaccharide synthesis in M. ovis 354T (NCTC11227) and compared it with M. bovoculi 237T. We identified genes encoding the known glycosyltransferases Lgt6 and Lgt3 in M.ovis. These genes are conserved in Moraxella spp., including M bovoculi. We identified three further putative OS biosynthesis genes that are restricted to M. ovis and M. bovoculi. These encode enzymes predicted to function as GDP-mannose synthases, namely a mannosyltransferase and a glycosyltransferase. Adding insight into the genetic relatedness of M.ovis and M. bovoculi, the M. ovis genes have higher similarity to those in M. bovoculi genotype 2 (nasopharyngeal isolates from asymptomatic cattle), than to M. bovoculi genotype 1 (isolates from eyes of IBK-affected cattle). Sequence analysis confirmed that the predicted mannosyltransferase in M. bovoculi 237T is interrupted by a C>T polymorphism. This mutation is not present in other M. bovoculi strains sequenced to date. We isolated and characterised LOS-derived oligosaccharide from M. ovis 354T. GLC-MS and NMR spectroscopy data revealed a heptasaccharide structure with three β-D-Glcp residues attached as branches to the central 3,4,6-α-D-Glcp, with subsequent attachment to Kdo. This inner core arrangement is consistent with the action of Lgt6 and Lgt3 glycosyltransferases. Two α-D-Manp residues are linearly attached to the 4-linked β-D-Glcp, consistent with the presence of the two identified glycosyltransferases. This oligosaccharide structure is consistent with the previously reported minor glycoform isolated from M. bovoculi 237T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala S Ravikumaran
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Rebecca M King
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Anna Notaro
- Dipartmento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartmento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina de Castro
- Dipartmento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Jennifer C Wilson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - I Darren Grice
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
| | - Ian R Peak
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
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Wilkes RP, Kattoor JJ, Weng HY, Anis E. Targeted next-generation sequencing assay to detect 3 Moraxella spp. directly from bovine ocular swabs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:120-123. [PMID: 38018659 PMCID: PMC10734584 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231216698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is associated with 2 species of Moraxella: M. bovis and M. bovoculi. A third novel Moraxella spp., designated tentatively as M. oculi, has been identified from the eyes of cattle with and without pinkeye. These 3 Moraxella spp. can be found in various combinations within the same clinical sample, making speciation of this genus directly from a sample impossible with Sanger sequencing. Assessing Moraxella diversity found in IBK- and non-IBK-affected cattle eyes, independent of culture, may provide additional information about IBK by avoiding the selectivity bias of culturing. We developed a targeted NGS panel to detect and speciate these 3 Moraxella spp. directly from bovine ocular swabs. Our targeted panel amplifies bacterial essential genes and the 16S-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer region (ITS) of the 3 Moraxella spp. and speciates based on these sequences. Our panel was able to differentiate the 3 species directly from DNA extracted from 13 swabs (6 from healthy animals, 7 from animals with IBK), and every swab except one (clinically healthy eye) had the 3 Moraxella spp. Targeted NGS with sequencing of Moraxella spp. housekeeping genes appears to be a suitable method for speciation of Moraxella directly from ocular swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P. Wilkes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases (adjunct), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jobin J. Kattoor
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Eman Anis
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, PA, USA
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Webb EM, Holman DB, Schmidt KN, Pun B, Sedivec KK, Hurlbert JL, Bochantin KA, Ward AK, Dahlen CR, Amat S. Sequencing and culture-based characterization of the vaginal and uterine microbiota in beef cattle that became pregnant or remained open following artificial insemination. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0273223. [PMID: 37921486 PMCID: PMC10714821 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02732-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Emerging evidence suggests that microbiome-targeted approaches may provide a novel opportunity to reduce the incidence of reproductive failures in cattle. To develop such microbiome-based strategies, one of the first logical steps is to identify reproductive microbiome features related to fertility and to isolate the fertility-associated microbial species for developing a future bacterial consortium that could be administered before breeding to enhance pregnancy outcomes. Here, we characterized the vaginal and uterine microbiota in beef cattle that became pregnant or remained open via artificial insemination and identified microbiota features associated with fertility. We compared similarities between vaginal and uterine microbiota and between heifers and cows. Using culturing, we provided new insights into the culturable fraction of the vaginal and uterine microbiota and their antimicrobial resistance. Overall, our findings will serve as an important basis for future research aimed at harnessing the vaginal and uterine microbiome for improved cattle fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Webb
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kaycie N. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Beena Pun
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kevin K. Sedivec
- Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hurlbert
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kerri A. Bochantin
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Alison K. Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Carl R. Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Gafen HB, Liu CC, Ineck NE, Scully CM, Mironovich MA, Taylor CM, Luo M, Leis ML, Scott EM, Carter RT, Hernke DM, Paul NC, Lewin AC. Alterations to the bovine bacterial ocular surface microbiome in the context of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:60. [PMID: 37996960 PMCID: PMC10668498 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common cause of morbidity in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses. This study aimed to characterize the bovine bacterial ocular surface microbiome (OSM) through conjunctival swab samples from Normal eyes and eyes with naturally acquired, active IBK across populations of cattle using a three-part approach, including bacterial culture, relative abundance (RA, 16 S rRNA gene sequencing), and semi-quantitative random forest modeling (real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)). RESULTS Conjunctival swab samples were obtained from eyes individually classified as Normal (n = 376) or IBK (n = 228) based on clinical signs. Cattle unaffected by IBK and the unaffected eye in cattle with contralateral IBK were used to obtain Normal eye samples. Moraxella bovis was cultured from similar proportions of IBK (7/228, 3.07%) and Normal eyes (1/159, 0.63%) (p = 0.1481). Moraxella bovoculi was cultured more frequently (p < 0.0001) in IBK (59/228, 25.88%) than Normal (7/159, 4.40%) eyes. RA (via 16 S rRNA gene sequencing) of Actinobacteriota was significantly higher in Normal eyes (p = 0.0045). Corynebacterium variabile and Corynebacterium stationis (Actinobacteriota) were detected at significantly higher RA (p = 0.0008, p = 0.0025 respectively) in Normal eyes. Rothia nasimurium (Actinobacteriota) was detected at significantly higher RA in IBK eyes (p < 0.0001). Alpha-diversity index was not significantly different between IBK and Normal eyes (p > 0.05). Alpha-diversity indices for geographic location (p < 0.001), age (p < 0.0001), sex (p < 0.05) and breed (p < 0.01) and beta-diversity indices for geographic location (p < 0.001), disease status (p < 0.01), age (p < 0.001), sex (p < 0.001) and breed (p < 0.001) were significantly different between groups. Modeling of RT-PCR values reliably categorized the microbiome of IBK and Normal eyes; primers for Moraxella bovoculi, Moraxella bovis, and Staphylococcus spp. were consistently the most significant canonical variables in these models. CONCLUSIONS The results provide further evidence that multiple elements of the bovine bacterial OSM are altered in the context of IBK, indicating the involvement of a variety of bacteria in addition to Moraxella bovis, including Moraxella bovoculi and R. nasimurium, among others. Actinobacteriota RA is altered in IBK, providing possible opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. While RT-PCR modeling provided limited further support for the involvement of Moraxella bovis in IBK, this was not overtly reflected in culture or RA results. Results also highlight the influence of geographic location and breed type (dairy or beef) on the bovine bacterial OSM. RT-PCR modeling reliably categorized samples as IBK or Normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Gafen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Nikole E Ineck
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Clare M Scully
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Melanie A Mironovich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Christopher M Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, 2020 Gravier St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, 2020 Gravier St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Marina L Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Erin M Scott
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 602 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - David M Hernke
- Department of Ambulatory Medicine and Theriogenology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Narayan C Paul
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M University, 483 Agronomy Rd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Kuibagarov M, Abdullina E, Ryskeldina A, Abdigulov B, Amirgazin A, Shevtsov A, Angelos JA. Association of different microbes and pathogenic factors in cases of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle from Eastern Kazakhstan. Vet World 2023; 16:1833-1839. [PMID: 37859972 PMCID: PMC10583875 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1833-1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) causes a significant economic loss to cattle industries in many countries, including Kazakhstan. Although Moraxella bovis is recognized as an etiologic agent of IBK, other bacterial and viral agents have been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. This study aimed to evaluate samples collected from the eyes of IBK-affected cattle in Eastern Kazakhstan at different stages of IBK for the presence of Mor. bovis, Moraxella bovoculi, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovoculi, and Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BHV-1) and to characterize Mor. bovoculi pilA gene sequence diversity from Mor. bovoculi positive samples. Materials and Methods Individual ocular swabs (n = 168) were collected from cattle that had clinical signs of IBK during the summer of 2022 on farms in the Abay region of Kazakhstan. Eye lesion scores (1, 2, and 3) were assigned depending on the degree of ocular damage. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis-associated organisms were detected using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The Mor. bovoculi pilA gene was sequenced from Mor. bovoculi positive samples. Results Mycoplasma bovis and BHV-1 were not detected in any of the collected samples. Mycoplasma bovoculi was identified in the majority of samples overall, usually in mixed infection with Moraxella spp. Moraxella bovoculi was detected in 76.2% of animals and predominated in animals with eye lesion scores 2 and 3. Mycoplasma bovoculi was detected only in association with Mor. bovis and/or Mor. bovoculi in animals with eye lesion scores 2 and 3. Moraxella bovis was found in 57.7% of animals and was always identified in association with another organism. Sequencing of the pilA gene in 96 samples from Mor. bovoculi positive samples identified five PilA groups. The majority belonged to PilA group A. However, three new PilA groups were identified and designated PilA groups N, O, and P. Conclusion The results indicate a high prevalence of Myc. bovoculi and Mor. bovoculi in eyes of cattle with IBK on livestock farms in Eastern Kazakhstan. Additional novel Mor. bovoculi PilA groups were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elmira Abdullina
- Department of Veterinary and Agricultural Management, Shakarim University, Semey, 071412, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Bolat Abdigulov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - John A. Angelos
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Loy JD, Clawson ML, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR. Current and Emerging Diagnostic Approaches to Bacterial Diseases of Ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:93-114. [PMID: 36732002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic approaches and methods to detect bacterial pathogens in ruminants are discussed, with a focus on cattle. Conventional diagnostic methods using culture, isolation, and characterization are being replaced or supplemented with new methods. These include molecular diagnostics such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and whole-genome sequencing. In addition, methods such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry enable rapid identification and enhanced pathogen characterization. These emerging diagnostic tools can greatly enhance the ability to detect and characterize pathogens, but performance and interpretation vary greatly across sample and pathogen types, disease syndromes, assay performance, and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Michael L Clawson
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Li F, Gao H, Zhu P, Li Z, Zhao W, Song J, Yang S. Moraxella nasicaprae sp. nov., Isolated from a Goat with Respiratory Disease. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:78. [PMID: 36651991 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, irregular coccus designated as ZY201224T, was isolated from the nasal cavity of a goat with respiratory disease in a goat farm, located at Jianshui, Yunnan Province, PR China and its taxonomic position was clarified using a polyphasic approach. The strain grew optimally at 37 °C, at pH 8.0 and in the presence of 1% NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenomic analysis based on 808 single-copy genes revealed that the strain is affiliated to the genus Moraxella and is distinct from the recognized species of the genus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis indicated that the strain is most closely related to Moraxella caviae CCUG 355T with sequence similarity of 98.1%. The genomic OrthoANI and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the strain and the type strains of Moraxella species were no higher than 74.7% (Moraxella pluranimalium CCUG 54913T) and 26.0% (Moraxella oblonga NBRC 102422T), respectively. The G + C content of the complete genome sequence was 43.6 mol%. The strain contained CoQ-8 as the major respiratory quinone, and C18:1ω9c, C17:1ω8c, C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/ or C16:1ω6c) as the predominant fatty acids (> 5%). The major polar lipids comprised phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG). Based on these taxonomic characterizations, strain ZY201224T represents a novel species of the genus Moraxella, for which the name Moraxella nasicaprae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZY201224T (= CCTCC AB 2021474T = NBRC 115473T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Huafeng Gao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianling Song
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibiao Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China.
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Karthik K, Anbazhagan S, Chitra MA, Sridhar R. First report of the whole genome of Moraxella bovoculi genotype 1 from India and comparative genomics of Moraxella bovoculi to identify genotype-specific markers. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:663. [PMID: 36201053 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella bovoculi has been isolated frequently from cattle with Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Two diverse genotypes of M. bovoculi, 1 and 2 were identified based on whole genome sequence analysis. It is essential to discriminate between the two genotypes to frame prevention and control measures. The whole genome of M. bovoculi TN7 was sequenced and compared to other M. bovoculi strains available in the NCBI database. M. bovoculi TN7 was found to be genotype 1, had an RTX toxin operon and pilA gene that are the known virulence factors in related Moraxella sp., but lacked antimicrobial resistance genes. M. bovoculi was found to have an open pangenome with 4051 (75.31%) accessory genes, and the addition of each new genome adds 18 genes to the pangenome. Comparison of pilin protein amino acid sequences revealed three new sequence types. Furthermore, the presence of linx, nagL, swrC and mdtA genes was found to be genotype 1 specific, whereas hyaD, garR, gbsA, yhdG, gabT, iclR, higB2, hmuU, hmuT and hemS were found only in genotype 2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) primers were designed and evaluated on strain TN7 plus seven additional strains accessible to us that had not been whole genome sequenced. This initial evaluation of the designed primers for the linX and hyaD genes produced the expected banding patterns on PCR gels for genotypes 1 and 2, respectively, among the 8 strains. The genotype-specific genes identified in this study can be used as markers for accurate diagnosis of genotype 1 isolates and this can aid in the development of autogenous or other molecular vaccines for treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in resource-limited research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600051, India. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Udumalpet, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Subbaiyan Anbazhagan
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Murugesan Ananda Chitra
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600051, India
| | - Ramaswamy Sridhar
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600051, India
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A Five Year Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Antibody Responses to a Commercial and Autogenous Vaccine for the Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060916. [PMID: 35746524 PMCID: PMC9228096 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A randomized control trial was performed over a five-year period to assess the efficacy and antibody response induced by autogenous and commercial vaccine formulations against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Calves were randomly assigned each year to one of three arms: an autogenous vaccine treatment that included Moraxella bovis (M. bovis), Moraxella bovoculi, and Mycoplasma bovoculi antigens, a commercial M. bovis vaccine treatment, or a sham vaccine treatment that consisted only of adjuvant. A total of 1198 calves were enrolled in the study. Calves were administered the respective vaccines approximately 21 days apart, just prior to turnout on summer pastures. Treatment effects were analyzed for IBK incidence, retreatment incidence, 205-day adjusted weaning weights, and antibody response to the type IV pilus protein (pili) of M. bovis as measured by a novel indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent screening assay (ELISA). Calves vaccinated with the autogenous formulation experienced a decreased cumulative incidence of IBK over the entire study compared to those vaccinated with the commercial and sham formulations (24.5% vs. 30.06% vs. 30.3%, respectively, p = 0.25), and had less IBK cases that required retreatment compared to the commercial and sham formulations (21.4% vs. 27.9% vs. 34.3%, respectively, p = 0.15), but these differences were not significant. The autogenous formulation induced a significantly stronger antibody response than the commercial (p = 0.022) and sham formulations (p = 0.001), but antibody levels were not significantly correlated with IBK protection (p = 0.37).
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11
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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortazar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MA, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Dewulf J, Guardabassi L, Hilbert F, Mader R, Baldinelli F, Alvarez J. Assessment of animal diseases caused by bacteria resistant to antimicrobials: cattle. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06955. [PMID: 34938371 PMCID: PMC8662806 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this opinion, the antimicrobial resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of cattle have been assessed. The assessment has been performed following a methodology based on information collected by an extensive literature review and expert judgement. Details of the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. A global state of play on antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (non-VTEC), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, Moraxella bovis, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Trueperella pyogenes is provided. Among those bacteria, EFSA identified E. coli and S. aureus with ≥ 66% certainty as being the most relevant antimicrobial resistant bacteria in cattle in the EU based on the available evidence. The animal health impact of these most relevant bacteria, as well as their eligibility for being listed and categorised within the animal health law framework will be assessed in separate scientific opinions.
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12
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Akwuobu CA, Ngbede EO, Mamfe LM, Ezenduka EV, Chah KF. Veterinary clinic surfaces as reservoirs of multi-drug- and biocide-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000277. [PMID: 35018324 PMCID: PMC8742594 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the common Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) contaminating veterinary clinic environments, and to evaluate the susceptibility of the isolates to commonly used antibiotics and biocides. A total of 62 swab samples were collected from different frequently touched surfaces in the 4 veterinary clinics visited. The samples were processed for isolation and identification of GNB using standard microbiological procedures. The susceptibility of the isolates to disinfectants and antibiotics was determined using agar dilution and disc diffusion techniques, respectively. A total of 114 GNB were isolated from the 4 clinics with isolation rates of 21.9, 22.8, 23.7 and 31.6% in clinics A, B, C and D, respectively. The surfaces of treatment tables were more contaminated (16.7 %) than receptionist/clinician desks (15.8%), weighing balances (10.5 %), door handles (7.9 %), drip stands (7.9 %), handwashing basins (7.0 %) and client chairs (7.0%). The surface-contaminating isolates were distributed into 20 genera, with members of
Enterobacteriaceae
predominating (n=97). Fifty-nine per cent of the isolates were resistant to the disinfectant Septol, while 5.3 and 0.9% were resistant to Purit and Dettol disinfectants, respectively. Multiple drug resistance was observed among 99% of the isolates with approximately 100% resistance to beta-lactams. Phenotypic expression of extended-spectrum (3.5 %) and AmpC beta-lactamase (38.6 %) production was detected. These findings highlight the role of clinic environments in serving as reservoirs for potential pathogens and sources for the spread of multi-drug resistant GNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu A. Akwuobu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Chinedu A. Akwuobu,
| | - Emmanuel O. Ngbede
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Levi M. Mamfe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Ekene V. Ezenduka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy F. Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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13
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Maier GU, Davy JS, Forero LC, Bang H, Clothier K, Angelos JA. Effects of eye patches on corneal ulcer healing and weight gain in stocker steers on pasture: a randomized controlled trial. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab162. [PMID: 34693213 PMCID: PMC8530089 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a painful ocular disease in cattle that is characterized by the presence of a corneal ulcer and production losses. A common industry practice is to cover an affected eye with a piece of cloth to reduce exposure to face flies and ultraviolet light with the goal of alleviating pain, accelerating healing, and reducing spread. To study the efficacy of eye patches in the treatment of IBK, a group of 216 clinically normal Angus crossbred steers were followed between April and August 2019 and evaluated weekly for the development of IBK. Eyes of cattle that developed IBK were enrolled with a blocked randomization scheme based on ulcer severity score to receive either an eye patch (treatment group) or no eye patch (control group). All treatment and control group animals received parenteral antimicrobial and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatments and were housed in a pasture separated from the rest of the cohort for a maximum of 28 d or until clinical cure. Corneal ulcer areas were measured, and body weights were recorded twice weekly for steers in the treatment and control groups. Weights of all steers in the cohort were recorded three times during the trial period. The primary outcome, rate of corneal ulcer healing, was higher (P = 0.001) for lesions in eyes receiving an eye patch as determined by a linear mixed model that controlled for ulcer severity score at enrollment and previous IBK in the opposite eye. Median corneal ulcer healing time was 10 (IQR [Interquartile range] 7–17) d for patched eyes vs. 14 (IQR 7–21) d for unpatched eyes. In a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for severity score at diagnosis, the hazard ratio for ulcer healing was 1.62 (95% CI: 1.02–2.56, P = 0.042) for eyes that received a patch compared to eyes that did not. Among all 216 steers in the cohort, those that were diagnosed with IBK had a numerically higher average daily gain (ADG) (0.45 [±SE 0.01] kg) vs. those that were not (0.42 [±SE 0.12] kg; P = 0.06). In enrolled steers that received a patch, the secondary outcome ADG was 0.47 (±SE 0.02) kg compared to 0.43 (±SE 0.02) kg in controls (P = 0.22). Weight gain may have been confounded by pasture during the treatment period. Results of this trial support the use of this low-cost intervention; further investigation into possible reasons for observed differences in weight gain may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele U Maier
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Josh S Davy
- Agriculture and Natural Resources Tehama, Glenn and Colusa counties, University of California, Red Bluff, CA 96080, USA
| | - Larry C Forero
- Agriculture and Natural Resources Shasta and Trinity counties, University of California, Redding, CA 96002, USA
| | - Heejung Bang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kristin Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John A Angelos
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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14
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Loy JD, Hille M, Maier G, Clawson ML. Component Causes of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis - The Role of Moraxella Species in the Epidemiology of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2021; 37:279-293. [PMID: 34049659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) involves multiple factors and opportunistic pathogens, including members of the genus Moraxella, specifically M bovis. The causal role of M bovis is clear, where the presence of virulence factors that facilitate colonization (pili) and host cytotoxicity (RTX toxins) are well characterized, and IBK has been reproduced in many models. Experimental infection with M bovoculi has failed to reproduce IBK-typical lesions in cattle thus far. However, recent work using genomics and mass spectrometry have found genomic diversity and recombination within these species, making species differentiation complex and challenging the ability to assign IBK causality to these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 East Campus Loop North 115Q NVDC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA.
| | - Matthew Hille
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 East Campus Loop North 115Q NVDC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA
| | - Gabriele Maier
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael L Clawson
- US Meat Animal Research Center, USDA Agriculture Research Service, Clay Center, 844 Road 313, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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15
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Maier G, O'Connor AM, Sheedy D. The Evidence Base for Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis Through Vaccination. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2021; 37:341-353. [PMID: 34049664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pili and cytotoxins are important virulence factors and antigens for Moraxella spp. Local and systemic immunity may play a role in the body's response to infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). No evidence exists that eliminating the carrier state for IBK is possible or beneficial. Evidence for efficacious transfer of passive immunity from dams to calves is conflicting. Autogenous vaccines and commercial vaccines for putative pathogens for IBK have not yet shown efficacy in blinded randomized field trials. Study design features, such as randomization, blinding, diagnostic criteria, and use of a placebo, reduce the risk of bias in vaccine studies for IBK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Maier
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, 1 Shieds Avenue, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road Room D-204, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA.
| | - David Sheedy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
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16
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O'Connor AM, Angelos JA, Dennis EJ, Elizalde P, Kneipp M, Loy JD, Maier G. Future Directions for Research in Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2021; 37:371-379. [PMID: 34049666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the authors summarize the future needs from a research perspective to make the greatest gains. They discuss the areas of research: diagnosis, epidemiology, economic impact, prevention, and treatment. In some areas, simple studies with little cost could be conducted that would quickly add to the evidence base. In other areas, substantial investment is needed if new study approaches, which do not repeat past studies' failures, are to be conducted. To maximize the value of research funding, it is essential to critically evaluate the information gains from prior studies and ensure that studies increase knowledge incrementally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - John A Angelos
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Paola Elizalde
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mac Kneipp
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Gabriele Maier
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Grice ID, Peak IR, Dawood WA, King RM, Ravikumaran KS, Speciale I, Molinaro A, de Castro C, Wilson JC. Structural characterisation of the oligosaccharide from Moraxella bovoculi type strain 237 (ATCC BAA-1259) lipooligosaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2021; 503:108293. [PMID: 33839496 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Moraxella bovoculi is associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), colloquially known as 'pink-eye'. IBK is an extremely contagious ocular disease of cattle. We report here the structure of the oligosaccharide derived from the lipooligosaccharide from M. bovoculi type strain 237 (also known as ATCC BAA-1259T). GLC-MS and correlation NMR analysis of the oligosaccharide revealed 5 sugar residues, with a notable central branched 3,4,6-α-D-Glcp. An additional α-D-Manp was present ~30% on the sub-terminal α-D-Manp of the 4-linked branch. This oligosaccharide structure was consistent with other members of the Moraxellaceae where no heptose was present and 5-linked Kdo was directly attached to the central 3,4,6-α-D-Glcp.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Darren Grice
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Ian R Peak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Wisam A Dawood
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Rebecca M King
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Kosala S Ravikumaran
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina de Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Jennifer C Wilson
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
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18
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Hille MM, Clawson ML, Dickey AM, Lowery JH, Loy JD. MALDI-TOF MS Biomarker Detection Models to Distinguish RTX Toxin Phenotypes of Moraxella bovoculi Strains Are Enhanced Using Calcium Chloride Supplemented Agar. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:632647. [PMID: 33796479 PMCID: PMC8007961 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.632647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella bovoculi is the bacterium most often cultured from ocular lesions of cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, also known as bovine pinkeye. Some strains of M. bovoculi contain operons encoding for a repeats-in-toxin (RTX) toxin, which is a known virulence factor of multiple veterinary pathogens. We explored the utility of MALDI-TOF MS and biomarker detection models to classify the presence or absence of an RTX phenotype in M. bovoculi. Ninety strains that had undergone whole genome sequencing were classified by the presence or absence of complete RTX operons and confirmed with a visual assessment of hemolysis on blood agar. Strains were grown on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) with 5% sheep blood, TSA with 5% bovine blood that was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 10 mmol/LCaCl2, or both. The formulations were designed to determine the influence of growth media on toxin production or activity, as calcium ions are required for toxin secretion and activity. Mass spectra were obtained for strains grown on each agar formulation and biomarker models were developed using ClinProTools 3.0 software. The most accurate model was developed using spectra from strains grown on TSA with 5% bovine blood and supplemented with CaCl2, which had a sensitivity and specificity of 93.3% and 73.3%, respectively, regarding RTX phenotype classification. The same biomarker model algorithm developed from strains grown on TSA with 5% sheep blood had a substantially lower sensitivity and specificity of 68.0% and 52.0%, respectively. Our results indicate that MALDI-TOF MS biomarker models can accurately classify strains of M. bovoculi regarding the presence or absence of RTX toxin operons and that agar media modifications improve the accuracy of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hille
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Michael L Clawson
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Aaron M Dickey
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Justin H Lowery
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - John Dustin Loy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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19
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Angelos JA, Clothier KA, Agulto RL, Mandzyuk B, Tryland M. Relatedness of type IV pilin PilA amongst geographically diverse Moraxella bovoculi isolated from cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33404383 PMCID: PMC8131017 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Moraxella bovoculi is frequently isolated from the eyes of cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; pinkeye). As with M. bovis, which has been causally linked to IBK, M. bovoculi expresses an RTX (repeats in the structural toxin) cytotoxin that is related to M. bovis cytotoxin. Pilin, another pathogenic factor in M. bovis, is required for corneal attachment. Seven antigenically distinct pilin serogroups have been described in M. bovis. Hypothesis/Gap Statement Multiple different serogroups exist amongst type IV pilin encoded by M. bovis, however, it is not known whether M. bovoculi exhibits a similar degree of diversity in type IV pilin that it encodes. Aim This study was done to characterize a structural pilin (PilA) encoded by M. bovoculi isolated from cases of IBK to determine if diversity exists amongst PilA sequences. Methodology Ninety-four isolates of M. bovoculi collected between 2002 and 2017 from 23 counties throughout California and from five counties in four other Western states were evaluated. Results DNA sequencing and determination of deduced amino acid sequences revealed ten (designated groups A through J) unique PilA sequences that were ~96.1–99.3 % identical. Pilin groups A and C matched previously reported putative PilA sequences from M. bovoculi isolated from IBK-affected cattle in the USA (Virginia, Nebraska, and Kansas) and Asia (Kazakhstan). The ten pilin sequences identified were only ~74–76 % identical to deduced amino acid sequences of putative pilin proteins identified from the previously reported whole-genome sequences of M. bovoculi derived from deep nasopharyngeal swabs of IBK-asymptomatic cattle. Conclusions Compared to the diversity reported between structural pilin proteins amongst different serogroups of M. bovis, M. bovoculi PilA from geographically diverse isolates derived from IBK-affected cattle are more conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Angelos
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kristin A Clothier
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Regina L Agulto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Boguslav Mandzyuk
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Morten Tryland
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Framstredet 39, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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20
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Bartenslager AC, Althuge ND, Loy JD, Hille MM, Spangler ML, Fernando SC. Longitudinal assessment of the bovine ocular bacterial community dynamics in calves. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:16. [PMID: 33516260 PMCID: PMC7847012 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), commonly known as pinkeye, is one of the most significant diseases of beef cattle. As such, IBK costs the US beef industry at least 150 million annually. However, strategies to prevent IBK are limited, with most cases resulting in treatment with antibiotics once the disease has developed. Longitudinal studies evaluating establishment of the ocular microbiota may identify critical risk periods for IBK outbreaks or changes in the microbiota that may predispose animals to IBK. RESULTS In an attempt to characterize the establishment and colonization patterns of the bovine ocular microbiota, we conducted a longitudinal study consisting of 227 calves and evaluated the microbiota composition over time using amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) based on 16S rRNA sequencing data and culture-based approaches. Beef calves on trial consisted of both male (intact) and females. Breeds were composed of purebred Angus and composites with varying percentages of Simmental, Angus, and Red Angus breeds. Average age at the start of the trial was 65 days ±15.02 and all calves remained nursing on their dam until weaning (day 139 of the study). The trial consisted of 139 days with four sampling time points on day 0, 21, 41, and 139. The experimental population received three different vaccination treatments (autogenous, commercial (both inactivated bacteria), and adjuvant placebo), to assess the effectiveness of different vaccines for IBK prevention. A significant change in bacterial community composition was observed across time periods sampled compared to the baseline (p < 0.001). However, no treatment effect of vaccine was detected within the ocular bacterial community. The bacterial community composition with the greatest time span between sampling time periods (98d span) was most similar to the baseline sample collected, suggesting re-establishment of the ocular microbiota to baseline levels over time after perturbation. The effect of IgA levels on the microbial community was investigated in a subset of cattle within the study. However, no significant effect of IgA was observed. Significant changes in the ocular microbiota were identified when comparing communities pre- and post-clinical signs of IBK. Additionally, dynamic changes in opportunistic pathogens Moraxella spp. were observed and confirmed using culture based methods. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the bovine ocular microbiota is well represented by opportunistic pathogens such as Moraxella and Mycoplasma. Furthermore, this study characterizes the diversity of the ocular microbiota in calves and demonstrates the plasticity of the ocular microbiota to change. Additionally, we demonstrate the ocular microbiome in calves is similar between the eyes and the perturbation of one eye results in similar changes in the other eye. We also demonstrate the bovine ocular microbiota is slow to recover post perturbation and as a result provide opportunistic pathogens a chance to establish within the eye leading to IBK and other diseases. Characterizing the dynamic nature of the ocular microbiota provides novel opportunities to develop potential probiotic intervention to reduce IBK outbreaks in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirosh D Althuge
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John Dustin Loy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Matthew M Hille
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Matthew L Spangler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Samodha C Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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21
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Rapid differentiation of Moraxella bovoculi genotypes 1 and 2 using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry profiles. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 173:105942. [PMID: 32418912 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella bovoculi is the most frequently isolated bacteria from the eyes of cattle with Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), also known as bovine pinkeye. Two distinct genotypes of M. bovoculi, genotype 1 and genotype 2, were characterized after whole genome sequencing showed a large degree of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity within the species. To date, both genotypes have been isolated from the eyes of cattle without clinical signs of IBK while only genotype 1 strains have been isolated from the eyes of cattle with clinical signs of IBK. We used 38 known genotype 1 strains and 26 known genotype 2 strains to assess the ability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to accurately genotype M. bovoculi strains using mass spectrum biomarkers. Mass spectrum data was analyzed with ClinProTools 3.0 software and six models were developed that classify strain genotypes with accuracies ranging from 90.6% - 100%. Finally, using four of the most genotype-specific peaks that also exhibited high peak intensities from the six automated models, we developed a customized model (UNL assisted model) that had recognition capability, validation, and classification accuracies of 100% for genotype classification. Our results indicate that MALDI-TOF MS biomarkers can be used to accurately discriminate genotypes of M. bovoculi without the need for additional methods.
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Zheng W, Porter E, Noll L, Stoy C, Lu N, Wang Y, Liu X, Purvis T, Peddireddi L, Lubbers B, Hanzlicek G, Henningson J, Liu Z, Bai J. A multiplex real-time PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of five bovine pinkeye pathogens. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 160:87-92. [PMID: 30930057 PMCID: PMC7114150 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), also known as pinkeye, is one of the most common eye diseases in cattle. Several pathogens have been associated with IBK cases, however, Moraxella bovis, Moraxella bovoculi, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovoculi and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) are most frequently observed. A multiplex real-time PCR assay using two reactions was developed for the detection and differentiation of these five pathogens. Detection sensitivities of the multiplex assays were compared to singleplex reactions testing for the same targets. Correlation coefficients (R2) of >0.99, and PCR efficiencies between 92 and 106% were demonstrated in all singleplex and multiplex real-time PCR reactions. The limits of detection (LOD) of multiplex assays for Moraxella bovis, Moraxella bovoculi, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovoculi and BHV-1 were 19, 23, 25, 24 and 26 copies per reaction, respectively. No cross amplification was observed for specificity testing of 179 IBK positive clinical samples and 55 non-target clinical samples. Percentage of clinical samples positive for Mycoplasma bovoculi, Moraxella bovoculi, Moraxella bovis, BHV-1 and Mycoplasma bovis were 88.8% (159/179), 75.9% (136/179), 60.3% (108/179), 11.7% (21/179) and 10.0% (18/179), respectively. Moraxella bovis, Moraxella bovoculi and Mycoplasma bovoculi were more prevalent than Mycoplasma bovis and BHV-1 in IBK samples collected from animals in this study population. Our data indicates that the multiplex real-time PCR panel assay is highly sensitive and highly specific for the detection and differentiation of the five major pathogens associated with bovine pinkeye. A multiplex real-time PCR is developed for the detection of five major IBK pathogens. Correlation coefficients of all standard curves were >0.99. PCR amplification efficiencies for the five pathogens were between 92% and 106%. Limits of detection were between 19 and 26 copies per reaction for the five pathogens. Moraxella bovoculi, Mycoplasma bovoculi, and Moraxella bovis were more prevalent IBK pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanglong Zheng
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Elizabeth Porter
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Lance Noll
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Colin Stoy
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Nanyan Lu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Yin Wang
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Xuming Liu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Tanya Purvis
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Brian Lubbers
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Gregg Hanzlicek
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Jamie Henningson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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Dickey AM, Schuller G, Loy JD, Clawson ML. Whole genome sequencing of Moraxella bovoculi reveals high genetic diversity and evidence for interspecies recombination at multiple loci. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209113. [PMID: 30557405 PMCID: PMC6296526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella bovoculi is frequently cultured from the ocular secretions and conjunctiva of cattle with Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Previous work has shown that single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity in this species is quite high with 81,284 SNPs identified in eight genomes representing two distinct genotypes isolated from IBK affected eyes (genotype 1) and the nasopharynx of cattle without clinical IBK signs (genotype 2), respectively. The goals of this study were to identify SNPs from a collection of geographically diverse and epidemiologically unlinked M. bovoculi strains from the eyes of IBK positive cattle (n = 183) and another from the eyes of cattle (most from a single population at a single time-point) without signs of IBK (n = 63) and to characterize the genetic diversity. Strains of both genotypes were identified from the eyes of cattle without IBK signs. Only genotype 1 strains were identified from IBK affected eyes, however, these strains were isolated before the discovery of genotype 2, and the protocol for their isolation would have preferentially selected genotype 1 M. bovoculi. The core genome comprised ~74% of the whole and contained >127,000 filtered SNPs. More than 80% of these characterize diversity within genotype 1 while 23,611 SNPs (~18%) delimit the two major genotypes. Genotype 2 strains lacked a repeats-in-toxin (RTX) putative pathogenesis factor and any of ten putative antibiotic resistance genes carried within a genomic island. Within genotype 1, prevalence of these elements was 0.85 and 0.12 respectively in strains from eyes that were IBK positive. Recombination appears to be an important source of genetic diversity for genotype 1 and undermines the utility of ribosomal-locus-based species identification. The extremely high genetic diversity in genotype 1 presents a challenge to the development of an efficacious vaccine directed against them, however, several low-diversity pilin-like genes were identified. Finally, the genotype-defining SNPs described in this study are a resource that can facilitate the development of more accurate M. bovoculi diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Dickey
- Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gennie Schuller
- Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - J. Dustin Loy
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Clawson
- Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Shifts in spinach microbial communities after chlorine washing and storage at compliant and abusive temperatures. Food Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Muñoz Gutiérrez JF, Sondgeroth KS, Williams ES, Montgomery DL, Creekmore TE, Miller MM. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in free-ranging mule deer in Wyoming: a retrospective study and identification of a novel alphaherpesvirus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:663-670. [PMID: 30032722 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718787862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the clinicopathologic findings, relative prevalence, and pathogens associated with infectious keratoconjunctivitis in mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) in Wyoming. Seventeen cases with ocular lesions were identified among 1,036 mule deer postmortem submissions (1.6%) in an ~16 y period. Sixteen cases were observed in winter and most were in male (15 cases) and juvenile (13 cases) deer. Blindness was the most commonly reported clinical sign (10 cases). A herpesvirus was detected only in the 4 cases of bilateral necrotizing bulbar conjunctivitis. Phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein amino acid sequences consistently identified this virus as a novel alphaherpesvirus. In 2 of these herpesvirus-positive cases, Actinomyces sp. and Moraxella ovis were also identified. Trueperella pyogenes was identified in 4 cases of unilateral ulcerative keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and panophthalmitis. M. ovis was cultured from 3 cases of bilateral conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis. In the remaining cases, isolates included Moraxella bovis (1 case), Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. (2), Flavobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. (2), Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp. (1), and bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (1). No pathogens were identified in 2 cases. The relative prevalence of keratoconjunctivitis in mule deer in Wyoming appears to be low, and this disease is most commonly associated with infection by a novel alphaherpesvirus, T. pyogenes, and M. ovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Muñoz Gutiérrez
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Muñoz Gutiérrez, Sondgeroth, Williams, Montgomery, Miller).,Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, WY (Creekmore)
| | - Kerry S Sondgeroth
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Muñoz Gutiérrez, Sondgeroth, Williams, Montgomery, Miller).,Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, WY (Creekmore)
| | - Elizabeth S Williams
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Muñoz Gutiérrez, Sondgeroth, Williams, Montgomery, Miller).,Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, WY (Creekmore)
| | - Donald L Montgomery
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Muñoz Gutiérrez, Sondgeroth, Williams, Montgomery, Miller).,Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, WY (Creekmore)
| | - Terry E Creekmore
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Muñoz Gutiérrez, Sondgeroth, Williams, Montgomery, Miller).,Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, WY (Creekmore)
| | - Myrna M Miller
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Muñoz Gutiérrez, Sondgeroth, Williams, Montgomery, Miller).,Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, WY (Creekmore)
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Robbins K, Dickey AM, Clawson ML, Loy JD. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry identification of Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella bovis isolates from cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:739-742. [PMID: 30027824 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718789725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is an economically significant disease caused by Moraxella bovis. Moraxella bovoculi, although not reported to cause IBK, has been isolated from the eyes of cattle diagnosed with IBK. Identification of M. bovis and M. bovoculi can be performed using biochemical or DNA-based approaches, both of which may be time consuming and inconsistent between laboratories. We conducted a comparative evaluation of M. bovoculi and M. bovis identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with a database provided by Bruker Daltonics (termed the BDAL database), the BDAL database supplemented with spectra generated in our study (termed the UNLVDC database), and with PCR-restriction-fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) typing. M. bovoculi ( n = 250) and M. bovis ( n = 18) isolates from cattle with or without IBK were used. MALDI-TOF MS using the UNLVDC database correctly identified 250 of 250 (100%) of M. bovoculi and 17 of 18 (94%) of M. bovis isolates. With the BDAL database, MALDI-TOF MS correctly identified 249 of 250 (99%) of M. bovoculi and 7 of 18 (39%) of M. bovis isolates. In comparison, the PCR-RFLP test correctly identified 210 of 250 (84%) of M. bovoculi and 12 of 18 (66%) of M. bovis isolates. Thus, MALDI-TOF MS with the UNLVDC database was the most effective identification methodology for M. bovis and M. bovoculi isolates from cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Robbins
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Loy, Robbins).,U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE (Dickey, Clawson)
| | - Aaron M Dickey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Loy, Robbins).,U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE (Dickey, Clawson)
| | - Michael L Clawson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Loy, Robbins).,U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE (Dickey, Clawson)
| | - John D Loy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Loy, Robbins).,U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE (Dickey, Clawson)
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27
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Bergstrom BE, Abdelkhalek A, Younis W, Hammac GK, Townsend WM, Seleem MN. Antibacterial activity and safety of commercial veterinary cationic steroid antibiotics and neutral superoxidized water. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513686 PMCID: PMC5841667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance of bacteria common to the ocular surface is an evolving problem. Thus, novel treatment options with new modes of action are required. We investigated the antibacterial activity and safety of three commercially available topical veterinary ophthalmic products (cationic steroid antibiotics, products A and B, and a neutral superoxidized water, product C) to determine their potential use as antimicrobial alternatives. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the three products were determined against 17 antibiotic resistant bacterial clinical isolates from the ocular surface. Using a standard cytotoxicity assay, the products at varying concentrations were evaluated with a corneal fibroblast cell line and a macrophage-like cell line to determine their potential toxic effect in vitro. The commercial ophthalmic solutions, ofloxacin 0.3%, tobramycin 0.3% and gentamicin 0.3% were used as positive controls for the MIC and tobramycin 0.3% was used as positive control for the cytotoxicity assays. For the MIC, Product C showed no inhibition of growth for any organisms, while Products A and B showed inhibition of growth similar to slightly less than the positive controls. For the cytotoxicity assays, Product C exhibited minimal toxicity while Products A and B exhibited toxicity similar to the controls. In conclusion, Product C had no antibacterial activity in these assays, while Products A and B had antibacterial profiles similar to slightly less than common topical ophthalmic antibiotics and cytotoxicity profiles similar to common topical ophthalmic antibiotics. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the antibacterial activity and safety of the cationic steroid antibiotics and superoxidized water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Bergstrom
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Waleed Younis
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - G. Kenitra Hammac
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Wendy M. Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohamed N. Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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28
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Tryland M, Romano JS, Marcin N, Nymo IH, Josefsen TD, Sørensen KK, Mørk T. Cervid herpesvirus 2 and not Moraxella bovoculi caused keratoconjunctivitis in experimentally inoculated semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:23. [PMID: 28438213 PMCID: PMC5404682 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a transmissible disease in semi-domesticated Eurasian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). It is regarded as multifactorial and a single causative pathogen has not yet been identified. From clinical outbreaks we have previously identified Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) and Moraxella bovoculi as candidates for experimental investigations. Eighteen reindeer were inoculated in the right eye with CvHV2 (n = 5), M. bovoculi (n = 5), CvHV2 and M. bovoculi (n = 5) or sterile saline water (n = 3; controls). Results All animals inoculated with CvHv2, alone or in combination with M. bovoculi, showed raised body temperature, increased lacrimation, conjunctivitis, excretion of pus and periorbital oedema; clinical signs that increased in severity from day 2 post inoculation (p.i.) and throughout the experiment, until euthanasia 5–7 days p.i. Examination after euthanasia revealed corneal oedema, and three animals displayed a corneal ulcer. CvHV2 could be identified in swab samples from both the inoculated eye and the control eye from most animals and time points, indicating a viral spread from the inoculation site. Conclusions This study showed that CvHV2 alone and in combination with M. bovoculi was able to cause the characteristic clinical signs of IKC in reindeer, whereas inoculation of M. bovoculi alone, originally isolated from a reindeer with IKC, did not produce clinical signs. Previous studies have suggested that herding procedures, animal stress and subsequent reactivation of latent CvHV2 infection in older animals is a plausible mechanism for IKC outbreaks among reindeer calves and young animals in reindeer herds. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the infection biology and epidemiology associated with IKC in reindeer.
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Dickey AM, Loy JD, Bono JL, Smith TPL, Apley MD, Lubbers BV, DeDonder KD, Capik SF, Larson RL, White BJ, Blom J, Chitko-McKown CG, Clawson ML. Large genomic differences between Moraxella bovoculi isolates acquired from the eyes of cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis versus the deep nasopharynx of asymptomatic cattle. Vet Res 2016; 47:31. [PMID: 26872821 PMCID: PMC4752781 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella bovoculi is a recently described bacterium that is associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) or “pinkeye” in cattle. In this study, closed circularized genomes were generated for seven M. bovoculi isolates: three that originated from the eyes of clinical IBK bovine cases and four from the deep nasopharynx of asymptomatic cattle. Isolates that originated from the eyes of IBK cases profoundly differed from those that originated from the nasopharynx of asymptomatic cattle in genome structure, gene content and polymorphism diversity and consequently placed into two distinct phylogenetic groups. These results suggest that there are genetically distinct strains of M. bovoculi that may not associate with IBK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Dickey
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA.
| | - John D Loy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0907, USA.
| | - James L Bono
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA.
| | - Timothy P L Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA.
| | - Mike D Apley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Brian V Lubbers
- Kansas State Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Keith D DeDonder
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Sarah F Capik
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Robert L Larson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Brad J White
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Carol G Chitko-McKown
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA.
| | - Michael L Clawson
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA.
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30
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Meekins JM, Apley MD, Lubbers B, Peddireddi L, Rankin AJ. Evaluation of conjunctival bacterial flora in a herd of goats in the Midwestern United States. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:40-45. [PMID: 26778666 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify conjunctival bacterial flora in healthy adult and newborn kid goats in the Midwestern United States and to compare vaginal and ocular surface flora in dam-kid pairs. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty mixed-breed (crosses between Boer, Kiko, and Syfan Spanish) goats, 20 adult does and 10 newborn kids. PROCEDURES One eye of 15 adult goats (n = 15 eyes) and 5 kids (n = 5 eyes) was randomly selected. A subset of 5 adults (n = 10 eyes) and 5 kids (n = 10 eyes) underwent bilateral sampling. Each recently kidded dam's vaginal canal (n = 10) was also sampled. Two swabs were collected from each sample site for aerobic bacterial culture and Mycoplasma and Chlamydia spp. PCR. RESULTS Of the animals with positive cultures, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus were the most common bacterial genera from the conjunctival sac of adult (16/17; 94%) and kid (5/5; 100%) goats; three adults and 5 kids had no growth of bacteria on aerobic culture. Moraxella bovoculi was the most common single bacteria in adults, in 9 eyes (36%) of 8 animals (40%). Staphylococcus equorum was identified in all 5 kids with positive cultures. Mycoplasma sp. DNA was detected in 7 animals. Chlamydia sp. DNA was not detected in any sample. Four of 10 dam-kid pairs had identical bacteria isolated from the dam's vaginal sample and the kid's conjunctival sample. CONCLUSIONS Staphylococcus and Streptococcus were the most common conjunctival bacterial genera in this goatherd. Moraxella bovoculi was the most common single bacteria isolated from adults, and Staphylococcus equorum was the most common bacteria in kids. Mycoplasma sp. occurred infrequently at the ocular surface of adult and kid goats. A convincing association between dam-kid vaginal-conjunctival samples was not identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Meekins
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Michael D Apley
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Brian Lubbers
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Lalitha Peddireddi
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Amy J Rankin
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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