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Kamruzzaman M, Rahman A, Reidpath DD, Akhter S. Risk communication and community engagement in the context of COVID-19 response in Bangladesh: a qualitative study. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1267446. [PMID: 38249367 PMCID: PMC10799557 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1267446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The global COVID-19 pandemic profoundly impacted nations worldwide, and Bangladesh was no exception. In response, the government of Bangladesh implemented community awareness initiatives aimed at containing the spread of the virus, aligned with international guidelines and recommendations. Despite these efforts, a lack of comprehensive community awareness programs played an essential role during the pandemic, not the preventive measures. A qualitative study employing framing theory was conducted to gain a deeper insight into how the social context influenced risk communication and community response throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Methods The study was conducted in four selected districts of Bangladesh from February to May 2022 using complementary data collection methods, including key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with purposely selected participants. Data were analyzed thematically by following six steps of the thematic analysis process. Codes were developed based on the data and summarized into themes and sub-themes grounded on the codes. Results The findings indicate that the government of Bangladesh, along with development partners and non-government organizations, made a significant effort to raise awareness about COVID-19 in the community. However, there were certain limitations to this effort. These include a lack of social science and public health approaches to understanding the pandemic; inadequate coordination among the authorities for COVID-19 prevention and control; technological and geographical barriers for disseminating messages; the living conditions and lack of facilities; socio-cultural norms in understanding the COVID-19 health messages, and the gendered understanding of the messages. The findings also revealed that the awareness activities remained a one-way approach to inform the people and faced challenges to actively engage and create ownership of the community in the pandemic response. Conclusion The study identified gaps in implementing risk communication and community engagement strategies in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increasing focus on public health and prioritizing community ownership is essential to designing a more effective community awareness campaign. This approach will help ensure that health messages are communicated effectively and tailored to different communities' needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Daniel D. Reidpath
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Sadika Akhter
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Razzaque A, Huda TMN, Chowdhury R, Haq MA, Sarker P, Akhtar E, Billah MA, Islam MZ, Hoque DME, Ahmed S, Ahmed YH, Tofail F, Raqib R. Factors Associated with Reported COVID-like Symptoms and Seroprevalence Data Matched with COVID-like Symptoms in Slums and Non-Slums of Two Major Cities in Bangladesh. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101444. [PMID: 37239730 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the levels and socio-demographic differentials of: (a) reported COVID-like symptoms; and (b) seroprevalence data matched with COVID-like symptoms. METHODS Survey data of reported COVID-like symptoms and seroprevalence were assessed by Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay. Survey data of 10,050 individuals for COVID-like symptoms and seroprevalence data of 3205 individuals matched with COVID-like symptoms were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic analysis. RESULTS The odds of COVID-like symptoms were significantly higher for Chattogram city, for non-slum, people having longer years of schooling, working class, income-affected households, while for households with higher income had lower odd. The odds of matched seroprevalence and COVID-like symptoms were higher for non-slum, people having longer years of schooling, and for working class. Out of the seropositive cases, 37.77% were symptomatic-seropositive, and 62.23% were asymptomatic, while out of seronegative cases, 68.96% had no COVID-like symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Collecting community-based seroprevalence data is important to assess the extent of exposure and to initiate mitigation and awareness programs to reduce COVID-19 burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Razzaque
- Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tarique Mohammad Nurul Huda
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukairiyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razib Chowdhury
- Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahsanul Haq
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Protim Sarker
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Evana Akhtar
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Arif Billah
- Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Shehlina Ahmed
- Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Yasmin H Ahmed
- Bangladesh Health Watch, James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Tofail
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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Billah M, Rutherford S, Akhter S, Tanjeela M. Exploring mental health challenges and coping strategies in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1152366. [PMID: 37206868 PMCID: PMC10188952 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1152366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health challenges have emerged worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. University students experienced changes in their lifestyles, academic life, family relationships, earning capacity, and support systems. This study explores the common mental health challenges in university students and their coping strategies using social support in the first wave of lockdowns in Dhaka city in 2020. By learning from young people's impacts and coping responses, we can help build an improved strategy for future events of this magnitude. Methods A qualitative study design was employed to conduct 20 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions with students from purposively selected three public and three private universities in Dhaka city and five key informant interviews with different stakeholders. We used inductive reflexive thematic analysis and applied six phases of the thematic analysis. Codes retrieved from two differently prepared codebooks were merged and compared to identify themes for a fair interpretation of the underlying data. Data were manually indexed, summarized, and interpreted to categorize codes into sub-themes leading to themes. Results Financial constraints, academic pressure, learning resources shortages, losing confidence, relationship breakup, excessive internet dependency, and traumatic experiences challenged the mental health conditions of the students unevenly across universities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Expressed mental health well-being impacts ranged from anxiety, stress, and depression to self-harm and suicidal ideation. Family bonding and social networking appeared as robust social support mechanisms to allow students to cope with anxiety, stress, and depression. Partial financial subsidies, soft loans to purchase electronic resources, faculty members' counseling, and sessional health counseling contributed to minimizing the mental health impacts of COVID-19. Conclusion Mental health is still not a resourced area of health and well-being in Bangladesh. Concentration on developing strong social support and improving increased financial subsidies, including learning resources, can be effective in assisting students in coping with the common mental health burdens during pandemic periods. A national intervention plan should be immediately designed and implemented by engaging different stakeholders including healthcare professionals and establishing effective mental healthcare support centers at universities to avoid immediate and prolonged negative mental health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masum Billah
- Department of Sociology, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Masum Billah,
| | - Shannon Rutherford
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Sadika Akhter
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mumita Tanjeela
- Department of Sociology, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Sultana R, Nahar N, Rimi NA, Swarna ST, Khan S, Saifullah MK, Kabir H, Jensen PKM. The Meaning of "Hygiene" and Its Linked Practices in a Low-Income Urban Community in Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19169823. [PMID: 36011456 PMCID: PMC9407852 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Improving hygiene practices is considered to be the single most cost-effective means of reducing the global health burden of infectious diseases. Hygiene promotion and disease prevention interventions often portray and promote "hygiene" from a biomedical perspective, which may not be optimally effective for achieving their goal of changing people's behaviors. This study aimed to educe the meaning of hygiene for the residents of a low-income community in Bangladesh and how that meaning shapes their personal hygiene practices. We conducted this study in the Tongi township in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from September 2014 to June 2016. The research team purposively selected 24 households. The team conducted day-long observations using the participant observation approach and in-depth interviews with specific members of the 24 households. The concept of "hygiene" had two separate meanings to the study participants: cleanliness and holiness. The participants reported that cleanliness was required to remove odors, grease, hot spices and dirt. The motivation for cleanliness was to feel fresh, avoid heavy feelings, feel light and feel comfortable. To maintain the holiness of the body, bathing and ablution needed to be performed following particular religious rules/rituals. The motivation of holiness was derived from their accountability to God. The participants also reported that the cleansing processes and methods for the body and the home for cleanliness reasons were also different from those for holiness reasons. The notion of "hygiene" was multidimensional for the residents of the low-income urban community in Bangladesh. Our study participants did not explicitly conceptualize a notion of hygiene that was based on the germ theory of diseases but rather a notion that was based on individual physical comfort and cultural belief systems. Future studies on the prevention of hygiene-related diseases should combine and link the biomedical aspect to religious and cultural rituals to promote improved hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Sultana
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Nazmun Nahar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Kjær Mackie Jensen
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
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