1
|
Opdenaker J, Blinch J, Scolari M. Post-error adjustments occur in both reaching and grasping. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1495-1505. [PMID: 38704771 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Post-error slowing (PES), the tendency to slow down a behavioral response after a previous error, has typically been investigated during simple cognitive tasks using response time as a measure of PES magnitude. More recently, PES was investigated during a single reach-to-grasp task to determine where post-error adjustments are employed in a more ecological setting. Kinematic analyses in the previous study detected PES during pre-movement planning and within the grasping component of movement execution. In the current study (N = 22), we increased the cognitive demands of a reach-to-grasp task by adding a choice between target and distractor locations to further explore PES, and other post-error adjustments, under different task conditions. We observed a significant main effect of task condition on overall reaction time (RT); however, it did not significantly impact PES or other post-error adjustments. Nonetheless, the results of this study suggest post-error adjustment is a flexible process that can be observed during pre-movement planning and within the onset and magnitude of the reaching component, as well as in the magnitudes of the grasping component. Considering the sum of the results in the context of existing literature, we conclude that the findings add support to a functional account of error reactivity, such that post-error adjustments are implemented intentionally to improve performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Opdenaker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jarrod Blinch
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas Tech University, Box 43011, Lubbock, TX, 79409,, USA.
| | - Miranda Scolari
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nakashoji K, Sasaki A, Kaneko N, Nomura T, Milosevic M. Effects of finger pinch motor imagery on short-latency afferent inhibition and corticospinal excitability. Neuroreport 2024; 35:413-420. [PMID: 38526943 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Motor imagery is a cognitive process involving the simulation of motor actions without actual movements. Despite the reported positive effects of motor imagery training on motor function, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate how sustained tonic finger-pinching motor imagery modulates sensorimotor integration and corticospinal excitability using short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) assessments, respectively. Able-bodied individuals participated in the study and assessments were conducted under two experimental conditions in a randomized order between participants: (1) participants performed motor imagery of a pinch task while observing a visual image displayed on a monitor (Motor Imagery), and (2) participants remained at rest with their eyes fixed on the monitor displaying a cross mark (Control). For each condition, sensorimotor integration and corticospinal excitability were evaluated during sustained tonic motor imagery in separate sessions. Sensorimotor integration was assessed by SAI responses, representing inhibition of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the first dorsal interosseous muscle elicited by TMS following median nerve stimulation. Corticospinal excitability was assessed by MEP responses elicited by single-pulse TMS. There was no significant difference in the magnitude of SAI responses between motor imagery and Control conditions, while MEP responses were significantly facilitated during the Motor Imagery condition compared to the Control condition. These findings suggest that motor imagery facilitates corticospinal excitability, without altering sensorimotor integration, possibly due to insufficient activation of the somatosensory circuits or lack of afferent feedback during sustained tonic motor imagery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Nakashoji
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Naotsugu Kaneko
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishin Nomura
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Matija Milosevic
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xia X, Wang D, Li Y, Zhu X, Tan X, Wu Y. The trial-by-trial fluctuations in primary motor cortex excitability during attentional bias among smokers: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100468. [PMID: 38803683 PMCID: PMC11129100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A relatively new computational approach called trial-level bias score (TL-BS) has shown that attentional bias to smoking-related stimuli in smokers fluctuates temporally, trial by trial, during attention tasks. Here, we investigated the reliability of using TL-BS values to assess attentional bias and the electrophysiology mechanisms undergirding fluctuations in attentional bias among smokers. Method In total, 26 male smokers and 26 male non-smokers performed a dot-probe task in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, an additional 23 male smokers and 23 male non-smokers performed the same task while undergoing single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation, which was used to investigate corticospinal excitability. Results It showed that assessing TL-BS parameters for reaction time (RT) was more reliable than calculating the traditional mean attentional bias score; however, this superior reliability was no longer apparent after controlling for general RT variability. There was a significant difference between smokers and non-smokers in TL-BS parameters calculated for both RT and motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude. However, TL-BS parameters for RT and MEP amplitude were strongly correlated with general RT variability and general MEP variability, respectively. Conclusions Our findings indicated that TL-BS parameters may not be ideal for measuring attentional bias at either the behavioral or electrophysiology level; however, larger general RT and MEP amplitude variabilities in non-smokers may indicate dysregulation of cognitive processing in smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- School of Social Development and Health Management, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yansong Li
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Yin Wu
- School of Economics and Management, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gmaz JM, Keller JA, Dudman JT, Gallego JA. Integrating across behaviors and timescales to understand the neural control of movement. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 85:102843. [PMID: 38354477 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The nervous system evolved to enable navigation throughout the environment in the pursuit of resources. Evolutionarily newer structures allowed increasingly complex adaptations but necessarily added redundancy. A dominant view of movement neuroscientists is that there is a one-to-one mapping between brain region and function. However, recent experimental data is hard to reconcile with the most conservative interpretation of this framework, suggesting a degree of functional redundancy during the performance of well-learned, constrained behaviors. This apparent redundancy likely stems from the bidirectional interactions between the various cortical and subcortical structures involved in motor control. We posit that these bidirectional connections enable flexible interactions across structures that change depending upon behavioral demands, such as during acquisition, execution or adaptation of a skill. Observing the system across both multiple actions and behavioral timescales can help isolate the functional contributions of individual structures, leading to an integrated understanding of the neural control of movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmie M Gmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK. https://twitter.com/j_gmaz
| | - Jason A Keller
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn VA, USA. https://twitter.com/jakNeurd
| | - Joshua T Dudman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn VA, USA.
| | - Juan A Gallego
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Churchland MM, Shenoy KV. Preparatory activity and the expansive null-space. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:213-236. [PMID: 38443626 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The study of the cortical control of movement experienced a conceptual shift over recent decades, as the basic currency of understanding shifted from single-neuron tuning towards population-level factors and their dynamics. This transition was informed by a maturing understanding of recurrent networks, where mechanism is often characterized in terms of population-level factors. By estimating factors from data, experimenters could test network-inspired hypotheses. Central to such hypotheses are 'output-null' factors that do not directly drive motor outputs yet are essential to the overall computation. In this Review, we highlight how the hypothesis of output-null factors was motivated by the venerable observation that motor-cortex neurons are active during movement preparation, well before movement begins. We discuss how output-null factors then became similarly central to understanding neural activity during movement. We discuss how this conceptual framework provided key analysis tools, making it possible for experimenters to address long-standing questions regarding motor control. We highlight an intriguing trend: as experimental and theoretical discoveries accumulate, the range of computational roles hypothesized to be subserved by output-null factors continues to expand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Churchland
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Bio-X Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang S, Wilmut K, Zhang K, Wang S. Age-related changes in motor planning for prior intentions: a mouse tracking reach-to-click task. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1323798. [PMID: 38562237 PMCID: PMC10983849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1323798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
When we complete sequential movements with different intentions, we plan our movements and adjust ahead. Such a phenomenon is called anticipatory planning for prior intentions and is known to decline with age. In daily life activities, we often need to consider and plan for multiple demands in one movement sequence. However, previous studies only considered one dimension of prior intentions, either different types of onward actions or different precisions of fit or placement. Therefore, in this study, we investigated anticipatory planning for both extrinsic (movement direction) and intrinsic (fit precision) target-related properties in a computer-based movement task and analyzed the computer cursor movement kinematics of both young and older adults. We found that older people consider and adjust for different properties step-by-step, with movement direction being considered as a prior intention during reach movement and fit precision as a motor constraint during drop movement. The age-related changes in the completion of onward actions are constrained by one's general cognitive ability, sensorimotor performance and effective motor planning for prior intentions. Age-related decline in motor planning can manifest as counterproductive movement profiles, resulting in suboptimal performance of intended actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Zhang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Kate Wilmut
- Department of Psychology, Health and Professional Development, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Department of Psychology, Health and Professional Development, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen L, He J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhang L, Gu B, Liu X, Ming D. Influence of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Motor Planning: A Resting-State and Task-State EEG Study. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2024; 28:1374-1385. [PMID: 37824310 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2023.3324085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) shows a potential regulatory role for motor planning. Still, existing research mainly focuses on behavioral studies, and the neural modulation mechanism needs to be clarified. Therefore, we designed a multi-condition (active or sham, pre or under, difficult or easy, left-hand or right-hand) motor planning experiment to explore the effect of online tVNS (i.e., tVNS and tasks synchronized). Twenty-eight subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to active and sham groups. Both groups performed the same tasks in the experiment and separately collected task-state EEG and 5-min eye-open resting-state EEG. The results showed that the changes in event-related potential (ERP) and movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) amplitudes were more significant for the left-hand difficult task (LD) under active-tVNS. According to the power spectrum results, active-tVNS significantly modulated the activities of the contralateral motor cortex at beta and gamma bands in the resting state. The functional connectivity based on partial directed coherence (PDC) showed significant changes in the parietal lobe after active-tVNS. These findings suggest that tVNS is a promising way to improve motor planning ability.
Collapse
|
8
|
Frissen I, Mars F. Planning lane changes using advance visual and haptic information. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:363-378. [PMID: 37801088 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Taking a motor planning perspective, this study investigates whether haptic force cues displayed on the steering wheel are more effective than visual cues in signaling the direction of an upcoming lane change. Licensed drivers drove in a fixed-base driving simulator equipped with an active steering system for realistic force feedback. They were instructed to make lane changes upon registering a directional cue. Cues were delivered according to the movement precuing technique employing a pair of precues and imperative cues which could be either visual, haptic, or crossmodal (a visual precue with a haptic imperative cue, and vice versa). The main dependent variable was response time. Additional analyses were conducted on steering wheel angle profiles and the rate of initial steering errors. Conditions with a haptic imperative cue produced considerably faster responses than conditions with a visual imperative cue, irrespective of the precue modality. Valid and invalid precues produced the typical gains and costs, with one exception. There appeared to be little cost in response time or initial steering errors associated with invalid cueing when both cues were haptic. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that imperative haptic cues facilitate action selection while visual stimuli require additional time-consuming cognitive processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Frissen
- School of Information Studies, McGill University, 3661 Rue Peel, Montreal, QC, H3A 1X1, Canada.
| | - Franck Mars
- Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, Nantes Université, 44000, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Keating CJ, Hester RJ, Thorsen TA. High cadence cycling not high work rate, increases gait velocity post-exercise. Sports Biomech 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38374655 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2315245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Gait velocity, or walking speed, has been referred to as the sixth vital sign, and research suggests that it is highly sensitive to change. Previous research has demonstrated the utility of cycling to improve gait parameters and in particular gait velocity in a variety of populations. However, it is unclear if the benefits from cycling to gait velocity stem from increased cadence, increased work rate, or the interaction between them. Therefore, the objective of the current research was to explicitly test the relationship between cycling work rate, cycling cadence, and gait velocity. 45 recreationally active young adults were randomly assigned to cycle at a normalised cadence and work rate, a higher cadence, or a higher work rate (CONTROL, FAST, HARD). All participants completed two ten-metre walk tests (10 MWT) pre- and post-cycling intervention. There was a significant interaction between group and time and post hoc comparisons showed that the FAST group walked significantly faster than the HARD group post-cycling. These results support the hypothesis that cycling at a cadence greater than the comfortable walking cadence, and not cycling at an increased work rate, increased gait velocity post-exercise for all members of our sample of healthy young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rials J Hester
- School of Kinesiology & Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Tanner A Thorsen
- School of Kinesiology & Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ansado J, Eynard B, Mirofle N, Mennetrey C, Banchereau J, Sablon M, Lokietek E, Le Vourc'h F, Tissot J, Wrobel J, Martel C, Granon S, Suarez S. Adult norms for the decision-making MindPulse Digital Test. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38354094 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2307413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
We present adult normalized data for MindPulse (MP), a new tool evaluating attentional and executive functioning (AEF) in decision-making. We recruited 722 neurotypical participants (18-80 years), with 149 retested. The MP test includes three tasks: Simple Reaction Time (SRT), Go/No-go, and complex Go/No-go, involving perceptual components, motor responses, and measurements of reaction time (RT) and correctness. We compare responses, evaluating 14 cognitive indices (including new composite indices to describe AEF: Executive Speed and Reaction to Difficulty). We adjust for age/sex effects, introduce a difficulty scale, and consider standard deviations, aberrant times, and Spearman Correlation for speed-accuracy balance. Wilcoxon unpaired rank test is used to assess sex effects, and linear regression is employed to assess the age linear dependency model on the normalized database. The study demonstrated age and sex effects on RTs, in all three subtests, and the ability to correct it for individual results. The test showed excellent validity (Cronbach Alpha for the three subtasks is 92, 87, 95%) and high internal consistency (p < 0.001 for each subtask significantly faster than the more complex subtask) of the MP across the wide age range. Results showed correlation within the three RT parts of the test (p < .001 for each) and the independence of SRT, RD, and ES indices. The Retest effect was lower than intersubject variance, showing consistency over time. This study highlights the MP test's strong validity on a homogeneous, large adult sample. It emphasizes assessing AEF and Reaction to Difficulty dynamically with high sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertrand Eynard
- It's Brain SAS, Orsay, France
- IPHT/DRF/CEA Institut de Physique Théorique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CRM Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nastasia Mirofle
- Institut des Neurosciences de Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Eline Lokietek
- Centre SSR Marguerite Boucicaut, Chalon sur Saône, France
| | | | | | | | - Claire Martel
- Centre de Santé Universitaire, St Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Sylvie Granon
- Institut des Neurosciences de Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cano LA, Albarracín AL, Pizá AG, García-Cena CE, Fernández-Jover E, Farfán FD. Assessing Cognitive Workload in Motor Decision-Making through Functional Connectivity Analysis: Towards Early Detection and Monitoring of Neurodegenerative Diseases. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1089. [PMID: 38400247 PMCID: PMC10893317 DOI: 10.3390/s24041089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia, among others, are increasingly prevalent in the global population. The clinical diagnosis of these NDs is based on the detection and characterization of motor and non-motor symptoms. However, when these diagnoses are made, the subjects are often in advanced stages where neuromuscular alterations are frequently irreversible. In this context, we propose a methodology to evaluate the cognitive workload (CWL) of motor tasks involving decision-making processes. CWL is a concept widely used to address the balance between task demand and the subject's available resources to complete that task. In this study, multiple models for motor planning during a motor decision-making task were developed by recording EEG and EMG signals in n=17 healthy volunteers (9 males, 8 females, age 28.66±8.8 years). In the proposed test, volunteers have to make decisions about which hand should be moved based on the onset of a visual stimulus. We computed functional connectivity between the cortex and muscles, as well as among muscles using both corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence. Despite three models being generated, just one of them had strong performance. The results showed two types of motor decision-making processes depending on the hand to move. Moreover, the central processing of decision-making for the left hand movement can be accurately estimated using behavioral measures such as planning time combined with peripheral recordings like EMG signals. The models provided in this study could be considered as a methodological foundation to detect neuromuscular alterations in asymptomatic patients, as well as to monitor the process of a degenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ariel Cano
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman, Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - Ana Lía Albarracín
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman, Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - Alvaro Gabriel Pizá
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman, Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Elisabet García-Cena
- ETSIDI-Center for Automation and Robotics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ronda de Valencia 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Jover
- Institute of Bioengineering, Universidad Miguel Hernández of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Daniel Farfán
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman, Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucuman 4000, Argentina
- Institute of Bioengineering, Universidad Miguel Hernández of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khan MA, Kurniawan A, Khan MER, Khan MCM, Smith KL, Scharoun Benson S, Carlsen AN, Lawrence GP. The influence of foreperiod duration on the preparation and control of sequential aiming movements. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:242-256. [PMID: 36847427 PMCID: PMC10798029 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231162617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Reaction time (RT) and movement times (MTs) to the first target are typically longer for two-target sequential movements compared to one-target movements. While this one-target advantage has been shown to be dependent on the availability of advance information about the numbers of targets, there has been no systematic investigation of how foreperiod duration (i.e., interval between presentation of the target(s) and stimulus) influences the planning and execution of sequential movements. Two experiments were performed to examine how the one-target advantage is influenced by the availability and timing of advance target information. In Experiment 1, participants performed one- and two-target movements in two separate blocks. In Experiment 2, target conditions were randomised from trial to trial. The interval between target(s) appearing and stimulus tone (i.e., foreperiod) was varied randomly (0, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ms). The results of Experiment 1 revealed that while the one-target advantage in RT was not influenced by foreperiod duration, the one-target advantage in MT increased as foreperiod duration increased. The variability of endpoints at the first target was greater in the two- compared to one-target condition. In Experiment 2, the one-target advantage in both RT and MT increased as the length of the foreperiod increased. However, there was no difference in limb trajectory variability between target conditions. The implication of these findings for theories of motor planning and execution of multiple segment movements is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Khan
- Department of Kinesiology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aryan Kurniawan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madison ER Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michaela CM Khan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristy L Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Scharoun Benson
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony N Carlsen
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gavin P Lawrence
- Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lombardi G, Sciutti A, Rea F, Vannucci F, Di Cesare G. Humanoid facial expressions as a tool to study human behaviour. Sci Rep 2024; 14:133. [PMID: 38167552 PMCID: PMC10762044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Besides action vitality forms, facial expressions represent another fundamental social cue which enables to infer the affective state of others. In the present study, we proposed the iCub robot as an interactive and controllable agent to investigate whether and how different facial expressions, associated to different action vitality forms, could modulate the motor behaviour of participants. To this purpose, we carried out a kinematic experiment in which 18 healthy participants observed video-clips of the iCub robot performing a rude or gentle request with a happy or angry facial expression. After this request, they were asked to grasp an object and pass it towards the iCub robot. Results showed that the iCub facial expressions significantly modulated participants motor response. Particularly, the observation of a happy facial expression, associated to a rude action, decreased specific kinematic parameters such as velocity, acceleration and maximum height of movement. In contrast, the observation of an angry facial expression, associated to a gentle action, increased the same kinematic parameters. Moreover, a behavioural study corroborated these findings, showing that the perception of the same action vitality form was modified when associated to a positive or negative facial expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Lombardi
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit (CONTACT), Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - A Sciutti
- Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit (CONTACT), Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - F Rea
- Robotics Brain and Cognitive Sciences Unit, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - F Vannucci
- Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit (CONTACT), Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - G Di Cesare
- Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit (CONTACT), Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, via Volturno 39/E, 43125, Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Doganci N, Iannotti GR, Coll SY, Ptak R. How embodied is cognition? fMRI and behavioral evidence for common neural resources underlying motor planning and mental rotation of bodily stimuli. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11146-11156. [PMID: 37804243 PMCID: PMC10687356 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging shows that dorsal frontoparietal regions exhibit conjoint activity during various motor and cognitive tasks. However, it is unclear whether these regions serve several, computationally independent functions, or underlie a motor "core process" that is reused to serve higher-order functions. We hypothesized that mental rotation capacity relies on a phylogenetically older motor process that is rooted within these areas. This hypothesis entails that neural and cognitive resources recruited during motor planning predict performance in seemingly unrelated mental rotation tasks. To test this hypothesis, we first identified brain regions associated with motor planning by measuring functional activations to internally-triggered vs externally-triggered finger presses in 30 healthy participants. Internally-triggered finger presses yielded significant activations in parietal, premotor, and occipitotemporal regions. We then asked participants to perform two mental rotation tasks outside the scanner, consisting of hands or letters as stimuli. Parietal and premotor activations were significant predictors of individual reaction times when mental rotation involved hands. We found no association between motor planning and performance in mental rotation of letters. Our results indicate that neural resources in parietal and premotor cortex recruited during motor planning also contribute to mental rotation of bodily stimuli, suggesting a common core component underlying both capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naz Doganci
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giannina Rita Iannotti
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sélim Yahia Coll
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Radek Ptak
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Palma GCS, Freitas TB, Bonuzzi GMG, Torriani-Pasin C. Does Cognitive Impairment Impact Motor Learning? A Scoping Review of Elderly Individuals With Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:1924-1951. [PMID: 37337358 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231182732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with cognitive impairment may have motor learning deficits due to the high engagement of cognitive mechanisms during motor skill acquisition. We conducted a scoping review to address the quality of current research on the relationship between cognitive impairments (i.e., deficits in attention, memory, planning and executive functions) and motor learning among older adults with Alzheimer's Disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment. After screening thousands of articles, we selected 15 studies describing cognitive assessment tools, experimental designs, and the severity of cognitive impairment. Although seven studies reported that cognitive impairment impaired motor learning, most studies included a high risk of bias. We identified multiple assessment tools across these studies that make comparisons among findings difficult. Future research in this area should focus on the influence of increased practice days during motor learning acquisition and incorporate both retention and transfer tests. Cognitive assessments should target the specific cognitive skills or deficits most closely related to the motor learning process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisele C S Palma
- Motor Behavior Research in Neurorehabilitation (GEPENEURO), Laboratory of Motor Behavior (LACOM), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana B Freitas
- Motor Behavior Research in Neurorehabilitation (GEPENEURO), Laboratory of Motor Behavior (LACOM), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giordano Márcio G Bonuzzi
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Piauí, Picos, Piauí, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Camila Torriani-Pasin
- Motor Behavior Research in Neurorehabilitation (GEPENEURO), Laboratory of Motor Behavior (LACOM), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Neurorehabilitation, Exercise Science and Learning (NEUROEXCEL), Department of Physical Therapy and Movement Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Heckman RL, Ludvig D, Perreault EJ. A motor plan is accessible for voluntary initiation and involuntary triggering at similar short latencies. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:2395-2407. [PMID: 37634132 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Movement goals are an essential component of motor planning, altering voluntary and involuntary motor actions. While there have been many studies of motor planning, it is unclear if motor goals influence voluntary and involuntary movements at similar latencies. The objectives of this study were to determine how long it takes to prepare a motor action and to compare this time for voluntary and involuntary movements. We hypothesized a prepared motor action would influence voluntarily and involuntarily initiated movements at the same latency. We trained subjects to reach with a forced reaction time paradigm and used a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) to trigger involuntary initiation of the same reaches. The time available to prepare was controlled by varying when one of four reach targets was presented. Reach direction was used to evaluate accuracy. We quantified the time between target presentation and the cue or trigger for movement initiation. We found that reaches were accurately initiated when the target was presented 48 ms before the SAS and 162 ms before the cue to voluntarily initiate movement. While the SAS precisely controlled the latency of movement onset, voluntary reach onset was more variable. We, therefore, quantified the time between target presentation and movement onset and found no significant difference in the time required to plan reaches initiated voluntarily or involuntarily (∆ = 8 ms, p = 0.2). These results demonstrate that the time required to plan accurate reaches is similar regardless of if they are initiated voluntarily or triggered involuntarily. This finding may inform the understanding of neural pathways governing storage and access of motor plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind L Heckman
- Department of Physical Therapy, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Daniel Ludvig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Eric J Perreault
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suleiman A, Solomonow-Avnon D, Mawase F. Cortically Evoked Movement in Humans Reflects History of Prior Executions, Not Plan for Upcoming Movement. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5030-5044. [PMID: 37236809 PMCID: PMC10324989 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2170-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human motor behavior involves planning and execution of actions, some more frequently. Manipulating probability distribution of a movement through intensive direction-specific repetition causes physiological bias toward that direction, which can be cortically evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, because evoked movement has not been used to distinguish movement execution and plan histories to date, it is unclear whether the bias is because of frequently executed movements or recent planning of movement. Here, in a cohort of 40 participants (22 female), we separately manipulate the recent history of movement plans and execution and probe the resulting effects on physiological biases using TMS and on the default plan for goal-directed actions using a timed-response task. Baseline physiological biases shared similar low-level kinematic properties (direction) to a default plan for upcoming movement. However, manipulation of recent execution history via repetitions toward a specific direction significantly affected physiological biases, but not plan-based goal-directed movement. To further determine whether physiological biases reflect ongoing motor planning, we biased plan history by increasing the likelihood of a specific target location and found a significant effect on the default plan for goal-directed movements. However, TMS-evoked movement during preparation did not become biased toward the most frequent plan. This suggests that physiological biases may either provide a readout of the default state of primary motor cortex population activity in the movement-related space, but not ongoing neural activation in the planning-related space, or that practice induces sensitization of neurons involved in the practiced movement, calling into question the relevance of cortically evoked physiological biases to voluntary movements.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Human motor performance depends not only on ability to make movements relevant to the environment/body's current state, but also on recent action history. One emerging approach to study recent movement history effects on the brain is via physiological biases in cortically-evoked involuntary movements. However, because prior movement execution and plan histories were indistinguishable to date, to what extent physiological biases are due to pure execution-dependent history, or to prior planning of the most probable action, remains unclear. Here, we show that physiological biases are profoundly affected by recent movement execution history, but not ongoing movement planning. Evoked movement, therefore, provides a readout of the default state within the movement space, but not of ongoing activation related to voluntary movement planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset Suleiman
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Deborah Solomonow-Avnon
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Firas Mawase
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cortical Patterns Shift from Sequence Feature Separation during Planning to Integration during Motor Execution. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1742-1756. [PMID: 36725321 PMCID: PMC10010461 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1628-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Performing sequences of movements from memory and adapting them to changing task demands is a hallmark of skilled human behavior, from handwriting to playing a musical instrument. Prior studies showed a fine-grained tuning of cortical primary motor, premotor, and parietal regions to motor sequences: from the low-level specification of individual movements to high-level sequence features, such as sequence order and timing. However, it is not known how tuning in these regions unfolds dynamically across planning and execution. To address this, we trained 24 healthy right-handed human participants (14 females, 10 males) to produce four five-element finger press sequences with a particular finger order and timing structure in a delayed sequence production paradigm entirely from memory. Local cortical fMRI patterns during preparation and production phases were extracted from separate No-Go and Go trials, respectively, to tease out activity related to these perimovement phases. During sequence planning, premotor and parietal areas increased tuning to movement order or timing, regardless of their combinations. In contrast, patterns reflecting the unique integration of sequence features emerged in these regions during execution only, alongside timing-specific tuning in the ventral premotor, supplementary motor, and superior parietal areas. This was in line with the participants' behavioral transfer of trained timing, but not of order to new sequence feature combinations. Our findings suggest a general informational state shift from high-level feature separation to low-level feature integration within cortical regions for movement execution. Recompiling sequence features trial-by-trial during planning may enable flexible last-minute adjustment before movement initiation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Musicians and athletes can modify the timing and order of movements in a sequence trial-by-trial, allowing for a vast repertoire of flexible behaviors. How does the brain put together these high-level sequence features into an integrated whole? We found that, trial-by-trial, the control of sequence features undergoes a state shift from separation during planning to integration during execution across a network of motor-related cortical areas. These findings have implications for understanding the hierarchical control of skilled movement sequences, as well as how information in brain areas unfolds across planning and execution.
Collapse
|
19
|
van Alebeek H, Kahveci S, Rinck M, Blechert J. Touchscreen-based approach-avoidance responses to appetitive and threatening stimuli. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 78:101806. [PMID: 36435548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Individuals are thought to be biased towards approaching positive stimuli and avoiding negative stimuli. Yet, it is unclear whether this general pattern applies to all stimulus classes or whether biases are more specific. We expected significant approach biases towards two types of positive stimuli, appetitive foods and butterflies; and avoidance biases away from two types of negative stimuli, spoiled foods and spiders. METHODS A touchscreen-based Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), using hand gestures toward or away from stimuli assessed biases. Questionnaires and image ratings assessed individual differences in stimulus evaluations. RESULTS Approach biases for butterflies and appetitive foods were found, the latter being strongest towards individually liked foods. There was no avoidance bias for spoiled foods. An avoidance bias for spiders was found in individuals with elevated spider fear. LIMITATIONS Incomplete counterbalancing precluded direct comparison between both positive and negative stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Behavioural biases in the touchscreen AAT generally co-vary with individuals' affective evaluation of the stimuli. Approach biases were elicited by positive stimuli independently of whether they were regularly (foods) or rarely (butterflies) approached in everyday life. This may hint towards a tendency to approach positive stimuli regardless of the specific category, whereas avoidance biases may be more stimulus specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah van Alebeek
- Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Sercan Kahveci
- Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Deng X, Yang C, Xu J, Liufu M, Li Z, Chen J. Bridging event-related potentials with behavioral studies in motor learning. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1161918. [PMID: 37168099 PMCID: PMC10164924 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1161918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral approaches and electrophysiology in understanding human sensorimotor systems have both yielded substantial advancements in past decades. In fact, behavioral neuroscientists have found that motor learning involves the two distinct processes of the implicit and the explicit. Separately, they have also distinguished two kinds of errors that drive motor learning: sensory prediction error and task error. Scientists in electrophysiology, in addition, have discovered two motor-related, event-related potentials (ERPs): error-related negativity (ERN), and feedback-related negativity (FRN). However, there has been a lack of interchange between the two lines of research. This article, therefore, will survey through the literature in both directions, attempting to establish a bridge between these two fruitful lines of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Xueqian Deng,
| | - Chen Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyue Xu
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mengzhan Liufu
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zina Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Juan Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rounis E, Binkofski F. Limb Apraxias: The Influence of Higher Order Perceptual and Semantic Deficits in Motor Recovery After Stroke. Stroke 2023; 54:30-43. [PMID: 36542070 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.037948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Limb apraxia is a group of higher order motor disorders associated with greater disability and dependence after stroke. Original neuropsychology studies distinguished separate brain pathways involved in perception and action, known as the dual stream hypothesis. This framework has allowed a better understanding of the deficits identified in Limb Apraxia. In this review, we propose a hierarchical organization of this disorder, in which a distinction can be made between several visuomotor pathways that lead to purposeful actions. Based on this, executive apraxias (such as limb kinetic apraxia) cause deficits in executing fine motor hand skills, and intermediate apraxias (such as optic ataxia and tactile apraxia) cause deficits in reaching to grasp and manipulating objects in space. These disorders usually affect the contralesional limb. A further set of disorders collectively known as limb apraxias include deficits in gesture imitation, pantomime, gesture recognition, and object use. These deficits are due to deficits in integrating perceptual and semantic information to generate complex movements. Limb apraxias are usually caused by left-hemisphere lesions in right-handed stroke patients, affecting both limbs. The anterior- to posterior-axis of brain areas are disrupted depending on the increasing involvement of perceptual and semantic processes with each condition. Lower-level executive apraxias are linked to lesions in the frontal lobe and the basal ganglia, while intermediate apraxias are linked to lesions in dorso-dorsal subdivisions of the dorsal fronto-parietal networks. Limb apraxias can be caused by lesions in both dorsal and ventral subdivisions including the ventro-dorsal stream and a third visuomotor pathway, involved in body schema and social cognition. Rehabilitation of these disorders with behavioral therapies has aimed to either restore perceptuo-semantic deficits or compensate to overcome these deficits. Further studies are required to better stratify patients, using modern neurophysiology and neuroimaging techniques, to provide targeted and personalized therapies for these disorders in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rounis
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, West Middlesex University Hospital, Isleworth, United Kingdom (E.R.).,MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.R.).,Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (E.R.)
| | - Ferdinand Binkofski
- Division for Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany (F.B.).,Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Center Juelich GmbH, Germany (F.B.).,Juelich Aachen Research Alliance - JARA, Germany (F.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nordli SA, Todd PM. Embodied and embedded ecological rationality: A common vertebrate mechanism for action selection underlies cognition and heuristic decision-making in humans. Front Psychol 2022; 13:841972. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The last common ancestor shared by humans and other vertebrates lived over half a billion years ago. In the time since that ancestral line diverged, evolution by natural selection has produced an impressive diversity—from fish to birds to elephants—of vertebrate morphology; yet despite the great species-level differences that otherwise exist across the brains of many animals, the neural circuitry that underlies motor control features a functional architecture that is virtually unchanged in every living species of vertebrate. In this article, we review how that circuitry facilitates motor control, trial-and-error-based procedural learning, and habit formation; we then develop a model that describes how this circuitry (embodied in an agent) works to build and refine sequences of goal-directed actions that are molded to fit the structure of the environment (in which the agent is embedded). We subsequently review evidence suggesting that this same functional circuitry became further adapted to regulate cognitive control in humans as well as motor control; then, using examples of heuristic decision-making from the ecological rationality tradition, we show how the model can be used to understand how that circuitry operates analogously in both cognitive and motor domains. We conclude with a discussion of how the model encourages a shift in perspective regarding ecological rationality’s “adaptive toolbox”—namely, to one that views heuristic processes and other forms of goal-directed cognition as likely being implemented by the same neural circuitry (and in the same fashion) as goal-directed action in the motor domain—and how this change of perspective can be useful.
Collapse
|
23
|
Desmet DM, Cusumano JP, Dingwell JB. Adaptive multi-objective control explains how humans make lateral maneuvers while walking. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010035. [PMID: 36374914 PMCID: PMC9704766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully traverse their environment, humans often perform maneuvers to achieve desired task goals while simultaneously maintaining balance. Humans accomplish these tasks primarily by modulating their foot placements. As humans are more unstable laterally, we must better understand how humans modulate lateral foot placement. We previously developed a theoretical framework and corresponding computational models to describe how humans regulate lateral stepping during straight-ahead continuous walking. We identified goal functions for step width and lateral body position that define the walking task and determine the set of all possible task solutions as Goal Equivalent Manifolds (GEMs). Here, we used this framework to determine if humans can regulate lateral stepping during non-steady-state lateral maneuvers by minimizing errors consistent with these goal functions. Twenty young healthy adults each performed four lateral lane-change maneuvers in a virtual reality environment. Extending our general lateral stepping regulation framework, we first re-examined the requirements of such transient walking tasks. Doing so yielded new theoretical predictions regarding how steps during any such maneuver should be regulated to minimize error costs, consistent with the goals required at each step and with how these costs are adapted at each step during the maneuver. Humans performed the experimental lateral maneuvers in a manner consistent with our theoretical predictions. Furthermore, their stepping behavior was well modeled by allowing the parameters of our previous lateral stepping models to adapt from step to step. To our knowledge, our results are the first to demonstrate humans might use evolving cost landscapes in real time to perform such an adaptive motor task and, furthermore, that such adaptation can occur quickly-over only one step. Thus, the predictive capabilities of our general stepping regulation framework extend to a much greater range of walking tasks beyond just normal, straight-ahead walking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Desmet
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Cusumano
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan B. Dingwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Menéndez Granda M, Iannotti GR, Darqué A, Ptak R. Does mental rotation emulate motor processes? An electrophysiological study of objects and body parts. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:983137. [PMID: 36304589 PMCID: PMC9592819 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.983137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Several arguments suggest that motor planning may share embodied neural mechanisms with mental rotation (MR). However, it is not well established whether this overlap occurs regardless of the type of stimulus that is manipulated, in particular manipulable or non-manipulable objects and body parts. We here used high-density electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the cognitive similarity between MR of objects that do not afford specific hand actions (chairs) and bodily stimuli (hands). Participants had identical response options for both types of stimuli, and they gave responses orally in order to prevent possible interference with motor imagery. MR of hands and chairs generated very similar behavioral responses, time-courses and neural sources of evoked-response potentials (ERPs). ERP segmentation analysis revealed distinct time windows during which differential effects of stimulus type and angular disparity were observed. An early period (90-160 ms) differentiated only between stimulus types, and was associated with occipito-temporal activity. A later period (290-330 ms) revealed strong effects of angular disparity, associated with electrical sources in the right angular gyrus and primary motor/somatosensory cortex. These data suggest that spatial transformation processes and motor planning are recruited simultaneously, supporting the involvement of motor emulation processes in MR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Menéndez Granda
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giannina Rita Iannotti
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Foundation for Innovation and Training in Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Darqué
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Radek Ptak
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Starita F, Garofalo S, Dalbagno D, Degni LAE, di Pellegrino G. Pavlovian threat learning shapes the kinematics of action. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1005656. [PMID: 36304859 PMCID: PMC9592852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1005656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt response to environmental threats is critical to survival. Previous research has revealed mechanisms underlying threat-conditioned physiological responses, but little is known about how threats shape action. Here we tested if threat learning shapes the kinematics of reaching in human adults. In two different experiments conducted on independent samples of participants, after Pavlovian threat learning, in which a stimulus anticipated the delivery of an aversive shock, whereas another did not, the peak velocity and acceleration of reaching increased for the shocked-paired stimulus, relative to the unpaired one. These kinematic changes appeared as a direct consequence of learning, emerging even in absence of an actual threat to body integrity, as no shock occurred during reaching. Additionally, they correlated with the strength of sympathetic response during threat learning, establishing a direct relationship between previous learning and subsequent changes in action. The increase in velocity and acceleration of action following threat learning may be adaptive to facilitate the implementation of defensive responses. Enhanced action invigoration may be maladaptive, however, when defensive responses are inappropriately enacted in safe contexts, as exemplified in a number of anxiety-related disorders.
Collapse
|
26
|
Adam EM, Johns T, Sur M. Dynamic control of visually guided locomotion through corticosubthalamic projections. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111139. [PMID: 35905719 PMCID: PMC9395210 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed locomotion requires control signals that propagate from higher order areas to regulate spinal mechanisms. The corticosubthalamic hyperdirect pathway offers a short route for cortical information to reach locomotor centers in the brainstem. We developed a task in which head-fixed mice run to a visual landmark and then stop and wait to collect the reward and examined the role of secondary motor cortex (M2) projections to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in controlling locomotion. Our behavioral modeling, calcium imaging, and optogenetics manipulation results suggest that the M2-STN pathway can be recruited during visually guided locomotion to rapidly and precisely control the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) of the mesencephalic locomotor region through the basal ganglia. By capturing the physiological dynamics through a feedback control model and analyzing neuronal signals in M2, PPN, and STN, we find that the corticosubthalamic projections potentially control PPN activity by differentiating an M2 error signal to ensure fast input-output dynamics. Using a combination of optogenetics, 2-photon imaging, extracellular recordings, and control theoretic models in behaving mice, Adam et al. find that the M2-STN projection sends stop signals to halt visually guided locomotion and potentially controls the MLR/PPN through SNr by differentiating an M2 error signal for the rapid control of locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elie M Adam
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Taylor Johns
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sadeghi N, Joghataei MT, Shahbazi A, Tonekaboni SH, Akrami H, Nazari MA. Motor planning is not restricted to only one hemisphere: evidence from ERPs in individuals with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2311-2326. [PMID: 35876852 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The evidence for the hemispheric specialization of motor planning reveals several inconsistencies between the left-lateralized hypothesis and a distributed system across the hemispheres. We compared participants with left hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP) to right-handed control subjects in this study's first experiment by inviting them to perform a motor planning task. Participants were required to release the start button, grasp a hexagon, and rotate it according to the instructions. In the second experiment, we compared left-HCP subjects with right-HCP subjects inviting them to perform the same task (we used the data for left-HCP subjects from the first experiment). P2 amplitude, as well as planning time, grasping time, releasing time, and initial grip selection planning patterns, were used as outcome measures in both experiments. The first experiment revealed that controls acted more quickly and chose more effective planning patterns. Also, the P2 amplitude was smaller in left-HCP subjects than in control subjects. No significant group effect was observed in the second experiment for any movement-related measure or P2. At the neural level, however, there was an interaction between 'region' and 'group,' indicating the distinction between the two groups in the right region. The results are discussed in terms of motor planning's hemispheric distribution and individual differences in the HCP group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Sadeghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Exp. way, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Exp. way, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Exp. way, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Tonekaboni
- Pediatric Neurology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hale Akrami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Exp. way, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Contemori S, Loeb GE, Corneil BD, Wallis G, Carroll TJ. Symbolic cues enhance express visuomotor responses in human arm muscles at the motor planning rather than the visuospatial processing stage. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:494-510. [PMID: 35858112 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00136.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can produce "express" (~100ms) arm muscle responses that are inflexibly locked in time and space to visual target presentations, consistent with subcortical visuomotor transformations via the tecto-reticulo-spinal pathway. These express visuomotor responses are sensitive to explicit cue-driven expectations, but it is unclear at what stage of sensory-to-motor transformation such modulation occurs. Here, we recorded electromyographic activity from shoulder muscles as participants reached toward one of four virtual targets whose physical location was partially predictable from a symbolic cue. In an experiment in which targets could be veridically reached, express responses were inclusive of the biomechanical requirements for reaching the cued locations and not systematically modulated by cue validity. In a second experiment, movements were restricted to the horizontal plane so that the participants could perform only rightward or leftward reaches, irrespective of target position on the vertical axis. Express muscle responses were almost identical for targets that were validly cued in the horizontal direction, regardless of cue validity in the vertical dimension. Together, these findings suggest that the cue-induced enhancements of express responses are dominated by effects at the level of motor plans and not solely via facilitation of early visuospatial target processing. Notably, direct cortico-tectal and cortico-reticular projections exist that are well-placed to modulate pre-stimulus motor preparation state in subcortical circuits. Our results could reflect a neural mechanism by which contextually relevant motor responses to compatible visual inputs are rapidly released via subcortical circuits that are sufficiently along the sensory- to-motor continuum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Contemori
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gerald E Loeb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brian D Corneil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guy Wallis
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Developmental Coordination Disorder: State of the Art and Future Directions from a Neurophysiological Perspective. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9070945. [PMID: 35883929 PMCID: PMC9318843 DOI: 10.3390/children9070945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition characterized by disabling motor impairments being visible from the first years of life. Over recent decades, research in this field has gained important results, showing alterations in several processes involved in the regulation of motor behavior (e.g., planning and monitoring of actions, motor learning, action imitation). However, these studies mostly pursued a behavioral approach, leaving relevant questions open concerning the neural correlates of this condition. In this narrative review, we first survey the literature on motor control and sensorimotor impairments in DCD. Then, we illustrate the contributions to the field that may be achieved using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex. While still rarely employed in DCD research, this approach offers several opportunities, ranging from the clarification of low-level cortical electrophysiology to the assessment of the motor commands transmitted throughout the corticospinal system. We propose that TMS may help to investigate the neural correlates of motor impairments reported in behavioral studies, thus guiding DCD research toward a brain-oriented acknowledgment of this condition. This effort would help translational research to provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
Collapse
|
30
|
Langsdorf L, Goehringer F, Schween R, Schenk T, Hegele M. Additional cognitive load decreases performance but not adaptation to a visuomotor transformation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 226:103586. [PMID: 35427929 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-task paradigms are procedures for investigating interference with two tasks performed simultaneously. Studies that previously addressed dual-task paradigms within a visuomotor reaching task yielded mixed results. While some of the studies found evidence of cognitive interference, called dual-task costs, other studies did not. We assume that dual-task costs only manifest themselves within the explicit component of adaptation, as it involves cognitive resources for processing. We suspect the divergent findings to be due to the lack of differentiation between the explicit and implicit component. In this study, we aimed to investigate how a cognitive secondary task affects visuomotor adaptation overall and its different components, both during and after adaptation. In a series of posttests, we examined the explicit and implicit components separately. Eighty participants performed a center-outward reaching movement with a 30° cursor perturbation. Participants were either assigned to a single task group (ST) or a dual-task group (DT) with an additional auditory 1-back task. To further enhance our predicted effect of dual-task interference on the explicit component, we added a visual feedback delay condition to both groups (ST/DTDEL). In the other condition, participants received visual feedback immediately after movement termination (ST/DTNoDEL). While there were clear dual-task costs during the practice phase, there were no dual-task effects on any of the posttest measures. On one hand, our findings suggest that dual-task costs in visuomotor adaptation tasks can occur with sufficient cognitive demand, and on the other hand, that cognitive constraints may affect motor performance but not necessarily motor adaptation.
Collapse
|
31
|
The acute effects of action observation on muscle strength/weakness and corticospinal excitability in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1801-1810. [PMID: 35488129 PMCID: PMC9053563 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Muscle weakness is a critical problem facing many older adults. Interventions targeting nervous system plasticity may show promise in enhancing strength. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of action observation on muscular strength characteristics and corticospinal excitability in older adults. Isometric wrist flexion strength characteristics and corticospinal excitability of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) were measured in 14 older adults (mean age = 73 years) in response to observation of (1) STRONG contractions of the hand/wrist, (2) WEAK contractions of the hand/wrist, and (3) a CONTROL condition. Results from repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) indicated that rate of torque development at 200 ms (RTD200) significantly decreased from PRE to POST observation for CONTROL and WEAK, but not STRONG. No other ANOVAs were significant. However, effect sizes indicated that maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) peak torque showed moderate declines following WEAK (d = − 0.571) and CONTROL (d = − 0.636), but not STRONG (d = 0.024). Similarly, rate of torque development at 30 (RTD30), 50 (RTD50), and 200 (RTD200) ms showed large declines from PRE to POST after WEAK and CONTROL, but small changes following STRONG. FDI motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude tended to increase over time, but these results were variable. There was a pronounced effect from PRE to 8MIN (d = 0.954) during all conditions. Action observation of strong contractions may exert a preservatory effect on muscular strength. More work is needed to determine whether this is modulated by increased corticospinal excitability. The study was prospectively registered (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03946709).
Collapse
|
32
|
Barhorst-Cates EM, Isaacs MW, Buxbaum LJ, Wong AL. Action imitation via trajectory-based or posture-based planning. Hum Mov Sci 2022; 83:102951. [PMID: 35460956 PMCID: PMC9670324 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Imitation is a significant daily activity involved in social interaction and motor learning. Imitation has been theorized to be performed in at least two ways. In posture-based imitation, individuals reproduce how the body should look and feel, and are sensitive to the relative positioning of body parts. In trajectory imitation, individuals mimic the spatiotemporal motion path of the end effector. There are clear anecdotal situations in which one might benefit from imitating postures (when learning ballet) or trajectories (when learning to reach around objects). However, whether these are in fact distinct methods of imitation, and if so, whether they may be applied interchangeably to perform the same task, remain unknown. If these are indeed separate mechanisms that rely on different computational and neural resources, a cost should be incurred when switching from using one mechanism to the other within the context of a single task. Therefore, observing a processing cost would both provide evidence that these are indeed two distinct mechanisms, and that they may be used interchangeably when trying to imitate the same stimulus. To test this, twenty-five healthy young adults performed a sequential multitasking imitation task. Participants were first instructed to pay attention to the limb postures or the hand path of a video-recorded model, then performed a neutral, congruent, or incongruent intervening motor task. Finally, participants imitated the modeled movement. We examined both spatial and temporal imitation accuracy as well as individual spatial consistency. When the primary task involved imitating trajectories, analysis of individual consistency suggested a processing cost: movements following the posture-matching intervening task were less consistent with baseline (neutral) performance, suggesting performance may be disrupted by the incongruence. This effect was not observed when imitating limb postures. In summary, we present initial evidence for a difference between posture matching and trajectory imitation as a result of instructions and intervening tasks that is consistent with the existence of two computationally distinct imitation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Barhorst-Cates
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, 60 Township Line Rd, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA.
| | - Mitchell W Isaacs
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, 60 Township Line Rd, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA
| | - Laurel J Buxbaum
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, 60 Township Line Rd, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA
| | - Aaron L Wong
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, 60 Township Line Rd, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu Y, Caracoglia J, Sen S, Freud E, Striem-Amit E. Are reaching and grasping effector-independent? Similarities and differences in reaching and grasping kinematics between the hand and foot. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1833-1848. [PMID: 35426511 PMCID: PMC9142431 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While reaching and grasping are highly prevalent manual actions, neuroimaging studies provide evidence that their neural representations may be shared between different body parts, i.e., effectors. If these actions are guided by effector-independent mechanisms, similar kinematics should be observed when the action is performed by the hand or by a cortically remote and less experienced effector, such as the foot. We tested this hypothesis with two characteristic components of action: the initial ballistic stage of reaching, and the preshaping of the digits during grasping based on object size. We examined if these kinematic features reflect effector-independent mechanisms by asking participants to reach toward and to grasp objects of different widths with their hand and foot. First, during both reaching and grasping, the velocity profile up to peak velocity matched between the hand and the foot, indicating a shared ballistic acceleration phase. Second, maximum grip aperture and time of maximum grip aperture of grasping increased with object size for both effectors, indicating encoding of object size during transport. Differences between the hand and foot were found in the deceleration phase and time of maximum grip aperture, likely due to biomechanical differences and the participants’ inexperience with foot actions. These findings provide evidence for effector-independent visuomotor mechanisms of reaching and grasping that generalize across body parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - James Caracoglia
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
- Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sriparna Sen
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Erez Freud
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ella Striem-Amit
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kantak SS, Johnson T, Zarzycki R. Linking Pain and Motor Control: Conceptualization of Movement Deficits in Patients With Painful Conditions. Phys Ther 2022; 102:6497839. [PMID: 35079833 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED When people experience or expect pain, they move differently. Pain-altered movement strategies, collectively described here as pain-related movement dysfunction (PRMD), may persist well after pain resolves and, ultimately, may result in altered kinematics and kinetics, future reinjury, and disability. Although PRMD may manifest as abnormal movements that are often evident in clinical assessment, the underlying mechanisms are complex, engaging sensory-perceptual, cognitive, psychological, and motor processes. Motor control theories provide a conceptual framework to determine, assess, and target processes that contribute to normal and abnormal movement and thus are important for physical therapy and rehabilitation practice. Contemporary understanding of motor control has evolved from reflex-based understanding to a more complex task-dependent interaction between cognitive and motor systems, each with distinct neuroanatomic substrates. Though experts have recognized the importance of motor control in the management of painful conditions, there is no comprehensive framework that explicates the processes engaged in the control of goal-directed actions, particularly in the presence of pain. This Perspective outlines sensory-perceptual, cognitive, psychological, and motor processes in the contemporary model of motor control, describing the neural substrates underlying each process and highlighting how pain and anticipation of pain influence motor control processes and consequently contribute to PRMD. Finally, potential lines of future inquiry-grounded in the contemporary model of motor control-are outlined to advance understanding and improve the assessment and treatment of PRMD. IMPACT This Perspective proposes that approaching PRMD from a contemporary motor control perspective will uncover key mechanisms, identify treatment targets, inform assessments, and innovate treatments across sensory-perceptual, cognitive, and motor domains, all of which have the potential to improve movement and functional outcomes in patients with painful conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh S Kantak
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Behavior Laboratory, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tessa Johnson
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Behavior Laboratory, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan Zarzycki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Manea AMG, Zilverstand A, Ugurbil K, Heilbronner S, Zimmermann J. Intrinsic timescales as an organizational principle of neural processing across the whole rhesus macaque brain. eLife 2022; 11:75540. [PMID: 35234612 PMCID: PMC8923667 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical temporal dynamics are a fundamental computational property of the brain; however, there are no whole-brain, noninvasive investigations into timescales of neural processing in animal models. To that end, we used the spatial resolution and sensitivity of ultrahigh field fMRI performed at 10.5 Tesla to probe timescales across the whole macaque brain. We uncovered within-species consistency between timescales estimated from fMRI and electrophysiology. Crucially, we extended existing electrophysiological hierarchies to whole brain topographies. Our results validate the complementary use of hemodynamic and electrophysiological intrinsic timescales, establishing a basis for future translational work. Further, with these results in hand, we were able to show that one facet of the high-dimensional functional connectivity topography of any region in the brain is closely related to hierarchical temporal dynamics. We demonstrated that intrinsic timescales are organized along spatial gradients that closely match functional connectivity gradient topographies across the whole brain. We conclude that intrinsic timescales are a unifying organizational principle of neural processing across the whole brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M G Manea
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Sarah Heilbronner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Jan Zimmermann
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Reward-Dependent Selection of Feedback Gains Impacts Rapid Motor Decisions. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0439-21.2022. [PMID: 35277452 PMCID: PMC8970337 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0439-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Target reward influences motor planning strategies through modulation of movement vigor. Considering current theories of sensorimotor control suggesting that movement planning consists in selecting a goal-directed control strategy, we sought to investigate the influence of reward on feedback control. Here, we explored this question in three human reaching experiments. First, we altered the explicit reward associated with the goal target and found an overall increase in feedback gains for higher target rewards, highlighted by larger velocities, feedback responses to external loads, and background muscle activity. Then, we investigated whether the differences in target rewards across multiple goals impacted rapid motor decisions during movement. We observed idiosyncratic switching strategies dependent on both target rewards and, surprisingly, the feedback gains at perturbation onset: the more vigorous movements were less likely to switch to a new goal following perturbations. To gain further insight into a causal influence of the feedback gains on rapid motor decisions, we demonstrated that biasing the baseline activity and reflex gains by means of a background load evoked a larger proportion of target switches in the direction opposite to the background load associated with lower muscle activity. Together, our results demonstrate an impact of target reward on feedback control and highlight the competition between movement vigor and flexibility.
Collapse
|
37
|
Du Y, Krakauer JW, Haith AM. The relationship between habits and motor skills in humans. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:371-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
38
|
Proprioception-based movement goals support imitation and are disrupted in apraxia. Cortex 2022; 147:140-156. [PMID: 35033899 PMCID: PMC8852218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to imitate observed actions serves as an efficient method for learning novel movements and is specifically impaired (without concomitant gross motor impairments) in the neurological disorder of limb apraxia, a disorder common after left hemisphere stroke. Research with apraxic patients has advanced our understanding of how people imitate. However, the role of proprioception in imitation has been rarely assessed directly. Prior work has proposed that proprioceptively sensed body position is transformed into a visual format, supporting the attainment of a desired imitation goal represented visually (i.e., how the movement should look when performed). In contrast, we hypothesized a more direct role for proprioception: we suggest that movement goals are also represented proprioceptively (i.e., how a desired movement should feel when performed), and the ability to represent or access such proprioceptive goals is deficient in apraxia. Using a novel imitation task in which a robot cued meaningless trajectories proprioceptively or visually, we probed the role of each sensory modality. We found that patients with left hemisphere stroke were disproportionately worse than controls at imitating when cued proprioceptively versus visually. This proprioceptive versus visual disparity was associated with apraxia severity as assessed by a traditional imitation task, but could not be explained by general proprioceptive impairment or speed-accuracy trade-offs. These data suggest that successful imitation depends in part on the ability to represent movement goals in terms of how those movements should feel, and that deficits in this ability contribute to imitation impairments in patients with apraxia.
Collapse
|
39
|
Gupta A, Bansal R, Alashwal H, Kacar AS, Balci F, Moustafa AA. Neural Substrates of the Drift-Diffusion Model in Brain Disorders. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 15:678232. [PMID: 35069160 PMCID: PMC8776710 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.678232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies on the drift-diffusion model (DDM) explain decision-making based on a unified analysis of both accuracy and response times. This review provides an in-depth account of the recent advances in DDM research which ground different DDM parameters on several brain areas, including the cortex and basal ganglia. Furthermore, we discuss the changes in DDM parameters due to structural and functional impairments in several clinical disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and schizophrenia. This review thus uses DDM to provide a theoretical understanding of different brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gupta
- CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rohini Bansal
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hany Alashwal
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Hany Alashwal
| | - Anil Safak Kacar
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fuat Balci
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- School of Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ptak R, Doganci N, Bourgeois A. From Action to Cognition: Neural Reuse, Network Theory and the Emergence of Higher Cognitive Functions. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1652. [PMID: 34942954 PMCID: PMC8699577 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to discuss the logic and assumptions behind the concept of neural reuse, to explore its biological advantages and to discuss the implications for the cognition of a brain that reuses existing circuits and resources. We first address the requirements that must be fulfilled for neural reuse to be a biologically plausible mechanism. Neural reuse theories generally take a developmental approach and model the brain as a dynamic system composed of highly flexible neural networks. They often argue against domain-specificity and for a distributed, embodied representation of knowledge, which sets them apart from modular theories of mental processes. We provide an example of reuse by proposing how a phylogenetically more modern mental capacity (mental rotation) may appear through the reuse and recombination of existing resources from an older capacity (motor planning). We conclude by putting arguments into context regarding functional modularity, embodied representation, and the current ontology of mental processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radek Ptak
- Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (N.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Naz Doganci
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (N.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexia Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (N.D.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Seegelke C, Schonard C, Heed T. Repetition effects in action planning reflect effector- but not hemisphere-specific coding. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:2001-2013. [PMID: 34788180 PMCID: PMC9007629 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00326.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Action choices are influenced by future and recent past action states. For example, when performing two actions in succession, response times (RTs) to initiate the second action are reduced when the same hand is used. These findings suggest the existence of effector-specific processing for action planning. However, given that each hand is primarily controlled by the contralateral hemisphere, the RT benefit might actually reflect effector-independent, hemisphere-specific rather than effector-specific repetition effects. Here, participants performed two consecutive movements, each with a hand or a foot, in one of two directions. Direction was specified in an egocentric reference frame (inward, outward) or in an allocentric reference frame (left, right). Successive actions were initiated faster when the same limb (e.g., left hand-left hand), but not the other limb of the same body side (e.g., left foot-left hand), executed the second action. The same-limb advantage was evident even when the two movements involved different directions, whether specified egocentrically or allocentrically. Corroborating evidence from computational modeling lends support to the claim that repetition effects in action planning reflect persistent changes in baseline activity within neural populations that encode effector-specific action plans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Repeated hand use facilitates the initiation of successive actions (repetition effect). This finding has been interpreted as evidence for effector-specific action plans. However, given that each hand is primarily controlled by the contralateral hemisphere, any differences might reflect effector-independent, hemisphere-specific rather than effector-specific processing. We dissociated these alternatives by asking participants to perform successive actions with hands and feet and provide novel evidence that repetition effects in limb use truly reflect effector-specific coding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Seegelke
- Biopsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carolin Schonard
- Biopsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Heed
- Biopsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sensorimotor strategy selection under time constraints in the presence of two motor targets with different values. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22207. [PMID: 34782649 PMCID: PMC8593016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed movements often require choosing an option from multiple potential goals under time constraints. However, there are limited studies on how humans change their time spent on decision-making and movement patterns according to time constraints. Here, we examined how sensorimotor strategies are selected under time constraints when the target values are uncertain. In the double-target condition, the values were uncertain until the movement onset and presented immediately afterwards. The behavior in this condition was compared to the single-target condition, in relation to time constraints and target-separation-angles. The results showed that the participants frequently used the choice-reaction even under tight time constraints, and their performance was consistently lower than that in the single-target condition. Additionally, in the double-target condition, differences in the movement trajectory depending on the time constraint and target-separation angle were confirmed. Specifically, the longer the time constraint, the higher the frequency of the intermediate behavior (to initiate movement toward the intermediate direction of two targets) or the change-of-mind behavior (to change the aiming target during movement). Furthermore, the smaller the target-separation angle, the higher the frequency of intermediate behavior, but the frequency of change-of-mind was not affected by the target-separation angle. These results suggest that the participants initiated the movement at an incomplete value judgment stage in some trials. Furthermore, they seemed to select a strategy to utilize the information obtained during the movement, taking into account the time constraints and target-separation angle. Our results show a consistent cognitive bias in choosing a higher value when multiple alternatives have different values. Additionally, we also suggest flexibility and adaptability in the movement patterns in response to time constraints.
Collapse
|
43
|
Bourgeois A, Schmid A, Turri F, Schnider A, Ptak R. Visual but Not Auditory-Verbal Feedback Induces Aftereffects Following Adaptation to Virtual Prisms. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:658353. [PMID: 34764847 PMCID: PMC8575682 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.658353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Visuo-motor adaptation with optical prisms that displace the visual scene (prism adaptation, PA) has been widely used to study visuo-motor plasticity in healthy individuals and to decrease the lateralized bias of brain-damaged patients suffering from spatial neglect. Several factors may influence PA aftereffects, such as the degree of optical deviation (generally measured in dioptres of wedge prisms) or the direction of the prismatic shift (leftward vs. rightward). However, the mechanisms through which aftereffects of adaptation in healthy individuals and in neglect affect performance in tasks probing spatial cognition remain controversial. For example, some studies have reported positive effects of PA on auditory neglect, while other studies failed to obtain any changes of performance even in the visual modality. We here tested a new adaptation method in virtual reality to evaluate how sensory parameters influence PA aftereffects. Visual vs. auditory-verbal feedback of optical deviations were contrasted to assess whether rightward deviations influence manual and perceptual judgments in healthy individuals. Our results revealed that altered visual, but not altered auditory-verbal feedback induces aftereffects following adaptation to virtual prisms after 30-degrees of deviation. These findings refine current models of the mechanisms underlying the cognitive effects of virtual PA in emphasizing the importance of visual vs. auditory-verbal feedback during the adaptation phase on visuospatial judgments. Our study also specifies parameters which influence virtual PA and its aftereffect, such as the sensory modality used for the feedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Schmid
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Turri
- Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Radek Ptak
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nguyen AT, Drealan MW, Khue Luu D, Jiang M, Xu J, Cheng J, Zhao Q, Keefer EW, Yang Z. A portable, self-contained neuroprosthetic hand with deep learning-based finger control. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34571503 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac2a8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Deep learning-based neural decoders have emerged as the prominent approach to enable dexterous and intuitive control of neuroprosthetic hands. Yet few studies have materialized the use of deep learning in clinical settings due to its high computational requirements.Approach.Recent advancements of edge computing devices bring the potential to alleviate this problem. Here we present the implementation of a neuroprosthetic hand with embedded deep learning-based control. The neural decoder is designed based on the recurrent neural network architecture and deployed on the NVIDIA Jetson Nano-a compacted yet powerful edge computing platform for deep learning inference. This enables the implementation of the neuroprosthetic hand as a portable and self-contained unit with real-time control of individual finger movements.Main results.A pilot study with a transradial amputee is conducted to evaluate the proposed system using peripheral nerve signals acquired from implanted intrafascicular microelectrodes. The preliminary experiment results show the system's capabilities of providing robust, high-accuracy (95%-99%) and low-latency (50-120 ms) control of individual finger movements in various laboratory and real-world environments.Conclusion.This work is a technological demonstration of modern edge computing platforms to enable the effective use of deep learning-based neural decoders for neuroprosthesis control as an autonomous system.Significance.The proposed system helps pioneer the deployment of deep neural networks in clinical applications underlying a new class of wearable biomedical devices with embedded artificial intelligence.Clinical trial registration: DExterous Hand Control Through Fascicular Targeting (DEFT). Identifier: NCT02994160.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Nguyen
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Fasikl Incorporated, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Markus W Drealan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Diu Khue Luu
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Ming Jiang
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Jian Xu
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Cheng
- Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Qi Zhao
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Edward W Keefer
- Nerves Incorporated, Dallas, TX, United States of America.,Fasikl Incorporated, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Zhi Yang
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Fasikl Incorporated, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cardoso LRL, Pedro LM, Forner-Cordero A. Handlebar Robotic System for Bimanual Motor Control and Learning Research. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5991. [PMID: 34577199 PMCID: PMC8472032 DOI: 10.3390/s21185991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Robotic devices can be used for motor control and learning research. In this work, we present the construction, modeling and experimental validation of a bimanual robotic device. We tested some hypotheses that may help to better understand the motor learning processes involved in the interlimb coordination function. The system emulates a bicycle handlebar with rotational motion, thus requiring bilateral upper limb control and a coordinated sequence of joint sub-movements. The robotic handlebar is compact and portable and can register in a fast rate both position and forces independently from arms, including prehension forces. An impedance control system was implemented in order to promote a safer environment for human interaction and the system is able to generate force fields, suitable for implementing motor learning paradigms. The novelty of the system is the decoupling of prehension and manipulation forces of each hand, thus paving the way for the investigation of hand dominance function in a bimanual task. Experiments were conducted with ten healthy subjects, kinematic and dynamic variables were measured during a rotational set of movements. Statistical analyses showed that movement velocity decreased with practice along with an increase in reaction time. This suggests an increase of the task planning time. Prehension force decreased with practice. However, an unexpected result was that the dominant hand did not lead the bimanual task, but helped to correct the movement, suggesting different roles for each hand during a cooperative bimanual task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. L. Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Bioengenharia (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M. Pedro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil;
| | - Arturo Forner-Cordero
- Biomechatronics Laboratory—Escola Politecnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
He C, Xiong CH, Chen ZJ, Fan W, Huang XL, Fu C. Preliminary Assessment of a Postural Synergy-Based Exoskeleton for Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:1795-1805. [PMID: 34428146 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3107376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Upper limb exoskeletons have drawn significant attention in neurorehabilitation because of the anthropomorphic mechanical structure analogous to human anatomy. Whereas, the training movements are typically unorganized because most exoskeletons ignore the natural movement characteristic of human upper limbs, particularly inter-joint postural synergy. This paper introduces a newly developed exoskeleton (Armule) for upper limb rehabilitation with a postural synergy design concept, which can reproduce activities of daily living (ADL) motion with the characteristics of human natural movements. The semitransparent active control strategy with the interactive force guidance and visual feedback ensured the active participation of users. Eight participants with hemiplegia due to a first-ever, unilateral stroke were recruited and included. They participated in exoskeleton therapy sessions for 4 weeks, with passive/active training under trajectories and postures with the characteristics of human natural movements. The primary outcome was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremities (FMA-UE). The secondary outcomes were the Action Research Arm Test(ARAT), modified Barthel Index (mBI), and metric measured with the exoskeleton After the 4-weeks intervention, all subjects showed significant improvements in the following clinical measures: the FMA-UE (difference, 11.50 points, p = 0.002), the ARAT (difference, 7.75 points ), and the mBI (difference, 17.50 points, p = 0.003 ) score. Besides, all subjects showed significant improvements in kinematic and interaction force metrics measured with the exoskeleton. These preliminary results demonstrate that the Armule exoskeleton could improve individuals' motor control and ADL function after stroke, which might be associated with kinematic and interaction force optimization and postural synergy modification during functional tasks.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Significant experimental, computational, and theoretical work has identified rich structure within the coordinated activity of interconnected neural populations. An emerging challenge now is to uncover the nature of the associated computations, how they are implemented, and what role they play in driving behavior. We term this computation through neural population dynamics. If successful, this framework will reveal general motifs of neural population activity and quantitatively describe how neural population dynamics implement computations necessary for driving goal-directed behavior. Here, we start with a mathematical primer on dynamical systems theory and analytical tools necessary to apply this perspective to experimental data. Next, we highlight some recent discoveries resulting from successful application of dynamical systems. We focus on studies spanning motor control, timing, decision-making, and working memory. Finally, we briefly discuss promising recent lines of investigation and future directions for the computation through neural population dynamics framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Vyas
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Matthew D Golub
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - David Sussillo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Google AI, Google Inc., Mountain View, California 94305, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Bio-X Institute, Neurosciences Program, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Godenzini L, Alwis D, Guzulaitis R, Honnuraiah S, Stuart GJ, Palmer LM. Auditory input enhances somatosensory encoding and tactile goal-directed behavior. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4509. [PMID: 34301949 PMCID: PMC8302566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the brain to encode multiple types of sensory input is key to survival. Yet, how neurons integrate information from multiple sensory pathways and to what extent this influences behavior is largely unknown. Using two-photon Ca2+ imaging, optogenetics and electrophysiology in vivo and in vitro, we report the influence of auditory input on sensory encoding in the somatosensory cortex and show its impact on goal-directed behavior. Monosynaptic input from the auditory cortex enhanced dendritic and somatic encoding of tactile stimulation in layer 2/3 (L2/3), but not layer 5 (L5), pyramidal neurons in forepaw somatosensory cortex (S1). During a tactile-based goal-directed task, auditory input increased dendritic activity and reduced reaction time, which was abolished by photoinhibition of auditory cortex projections to forepaw S1. Taken together, these results indicate that dendrites of L2/3 pyramidal neurons encode multisensory information, leading to enhanced neuronal output and reduced response latency during goal-directed behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Godenzini
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D Alwis
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R Guzulaitis
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S Honnuraiah
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience and ANU node of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - G J Stuart
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience and ANU node of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - L M Palmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Upper Limb Motor Planning in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy Aged between 3 and 21 Years Old: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070920. [PMID: 34356154 PMCID: PMC8306670 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with cerebral palsy have difficulties performing activities of daily living. Beyond motor execution impairments, they exhibit motor planning deficits contributing to their difficulties. The objective of this review is to synthesize the behavioral evidence of motor planning deficits during an upper limb motor task in children, adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy aged between 3 and 21 years. Methods: The inclusion criteria were: (1) including individuals with cerebral palsy from 3 to 21 years old; (2) assessing upper limb motor planning. Six databases were screened. The quality assessment of the studies was performed. Results: Forty-six studies and 686 participants were included. Five articles have been identified as very high quality, 12 as high, 20 as moderate, six as low, three as very low. Force planning studies reported a deficit for the more affected hand but adequate performances for the less affected hand. Object-manipulation studies reported hand posture planning deficits irrespectively of the hand assessed. Conclusions: Motor planning deficits has been shown in the more affected hand for force scaling, while the results for other variables showed overall deficits. Hence, variables affected by motor planning deficits in both hands should be considered in children with cerebral palsy to optimize intervention.
Collapse
|
50
|
Gale DJ, Flanagan JR, Gallivan JP. Human Somatosensory Cortex Is Modulated during Motor Planning. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5909-5922. [PMID: 34035139 PMCID: PMC8265805 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0342-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data and motor control theory argues that movement planning involves preparing the neural state of primary motor cortex (M1) for forthcoming action execution. Theories related to internal models, feedback control, and predictive coding also emphasize the importance of sensory prediction (and processing) before (and during) the movement itself, explaining why motor-related deficits can arise from damage to primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Motivated by this work, here we examined whether motor planning, in addition to changing the neural state of M1, changes the neural state of S1, preparing it for the sensory feedback that arises during action. We tested this idea in two human functional MRI studies (N = 31, 16 females) involving delayed object manipulation tasks, focusing our analysis on premovement activity patterns in M1 and S1. We found that the motor effector to be used in the upcoming action could be decoded, well before movement, from neural activity in M1 in both studies. Critically, we found that this effector information was also present, well before movement, in S1. In particular, we found that the encoding of effector information in area 3b (S1 proper) was linked to the contralateral hand, similarly to that found in M1, whereas in areas 1 and 2 this encoding was present in both the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres. Together, these findings suggest that motor planning not only prepares the motor system for movement but also changes the neural state of the somatosensory system, presumably allowing it to anticipate the sensory information received during movement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whereas recent work on motor cortex has emphasized the critical role of movement planning in preparing neural activity for movement generation, it has not investigated the extent to which planning also modulates the activity in the adjacent primary somatosensory cortex. This reflects a key gap in knowledge, given that recent motor control theories emphasize the importance of sensory feedback processing in effective movement generation. Here, we find through a convergence of experiments and analyses, that the planning of object manipulation tasks, in addition to modulating the activity in the motor cortex, changes the state of neural activity in different subfields of the human S1. We suggest that this modulation prepares the S1 for the sensory information it will receive during action execution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gale
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Randall Flanagan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jason P Gallivan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|