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Callan PD, Swanberg S, Weber SK, Eidnes K, Pope TM, Shepler D. Diagnostic Utility of Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:992-1007. [PMID: 38317541 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231223727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature on the utility of the Conners CPT-3 in persons with ADHD. METHODS A systematic review was conducted. Six databases were searched using inclusion criteria: research studies, year 2000+, English, and ages 8+. Two raters independently screened 1,480 title/abstracts and subsequently reviewed 399 full texts. Data extraction and critical appraisal were conducted. Reflective thematic analysis through inductive coding identified qualitative themes. RESULTS Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria with five themes identified. Five studies found CPT-3 was a weak or poor predictor of ADHD diagnosis while two found it was an adequate predictor. Two studies found CPT-3 could differentiate clients with comorbid ADHD/anxiety from ADHD or ADHD from obsessive-compulsive disorder. One found CPT-3 could not differentiate ADHD from ASD or comorbid ADHD/ASD. CONCLUSIONS Results revealed CPT-3 as a standalone measure is a weak or poor predictor of ADHD. Multiple measures for evaluating persons with ADHD are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah K Weber
- Michigan School of Psychology, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | - Kari Eidnes
- Michigan School of Psychology, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | - Tara M Pope
- Michigan School of Psychology, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | - Dustin Shepler
- Michigan School of Psychology, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
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Egeland J, Lund O, Kowalik-Gran I, Aarlien AK, Söderlund GBW. Effects of auditory white noise stimulation on sustained attention and response time variability. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1301771. [PMID: 38144987 PMCID: PMC10748431 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1301771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction "The moderate brain arousal model" claims that white noise improves attention by optimizing brain arousal. We analyze Conners' Continuous Performance Test-3 (CCPT-3) performance, expecting to find reduced reaction time variability with noise mediated by decrease under long event-rates and in later parts of the test, indicating that noise reverse fall in phasic and tonic arousal. Methods Sixty-five children with high or lower ADHD-symptoms from a child psychiatric unit, succeeded to complete the CCPT-3 with and without white noise. Results Noise reduced overall variability, improved performance in later parts of the test, and reduced response variability under the longest event rate particularly in the high symptoms group. No overall change in omissions and commissions, but the high symptoms group made fewer omissions during noise compared the low symptom group. Discussion The study indicates an arousal effect of noise but should be replicated with other noise variants and amplitudes to improve effect and compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Egeland
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olaf Lund
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Iwona Kowalik-Gran
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Göran B. W. Söderlund
- Faculty of Teacher Education Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hirata R, Yoshimura S, Kobayashi K, Aki M, Shibata M, Ueno T, Miyagi T, Oishi N, Murai T, Fujiwara H. Differences between subclinical attention-deficit/hyperactivity and autistic traits in default mode, salience, and frontoparietal network connectivities in young adult Japanese. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19724. [PMID: 37957246 PMCID: PMC10643712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are associated with attentional impairments, with both commonalities and differences in the nature of their attention deficits. This study aimed to investigate the neural correlates of ADHD and ASD traits in healthy individuals, focusing on the functional connectivity (FC) of attention-related large-scale brain networks (LSBNs). The participants were 61 healthy individuals (30 men; age, 21.9 ± 1.9 years). The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) were administered as indicators of ADHD and ASD traits, respectively. Performance in the continuous performance test (CPT) was used as a behavioural measure of sustained attentional function. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed during the resting state (Rest) and auditory oddball task (Odd). Considering the critical role in attention processing, we focused our analyses on the default mode (DMN), frontoparietal (FPN), and salience (SN) networks. Region of interest (ROI)-to-ROI analyses (false discovery rate < 0.05) were performed to determine relationships between psychological measures with within-network FC (DMN, FPN, and SN) as well as with between-network FC (DMN-FPN, DMN-SN, and FPN-SN). ASRS scores, but not AQ scores, were correlated with less frequent commission errors and shorter reaction times in the CPT. During Odd, significant positive correlations with ASRS were demonstrated in multiple FCs within DMN, while significant positive correlations with AQ were demonstrated in multiple FCs within FPN. AQs were negatively correlated with FPN-SN FCs. During Rest, AQs were negatively and positively correlated with one FC within the SN and multiple FCs between the DMN and SN, respectively. These findings of the ROI-to-ROI analysis were only partially replicated in a split-half replication analysis, a replication analysis with open-access data sets, and a replication analysis with a structure-based atlas. The better CPT performance by individuals with subclinical ADHD traits suggests positive effects of these traits on sustained attention. Differential associations between LSBN FCs and ASD/ADHD traits corroborate the notion of differences in sustained and selective attention between clinical ADHD and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Hirata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoinkawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068397, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yoshimura
- Faculty of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Organization for Promotion of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Key Kobayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Morio Aki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mami Shibata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- Integrated Clinical Education Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyagi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Oishi
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoinkawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068397, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fujiwara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoinkawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068397, Japan.
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.
- Artificial Intelligence Ethics and Society Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan.
- The General Research Division, Osaka University Research Center on Ethical, Legal and Social Issues, Kyoto, Japan.
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4
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Kurokami T, Kobayashi H, Nakajima M, Mikami M, Koeda T. Establishment of an objective index for the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder by the continuous performance test "MOGRAZ". Brain Dev 2022; 44:664-671. [PMID: 35879141 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) in Japan is mainly based on information obtained from caregivers. There is therefore a need to establish an objectivity index that can be easily used in clinical practice. The purpose of the study was to create a predictive model for the diagnosis of AD/HD using the MOGRAZ, a visual continuous performance test developed in Japan. METHODS We collected data from an AD/HD group and a non-AD/HD group. The AD/HD group included 75 children with predominantly inattentive type AD/HD and 48 with combined type AD/HD who were aged 6 to 12 years and diagnosed at our department. The non-AD/HD group included 153 Japanese children aged 6 to 11 years enrolled in regular classes at a public elementary school. In both groups, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using the results of MOGRAZ, age, and sex as parameters, and algorithms for a predictive diagnostic model of AD/HD were created. RESULTS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) between the predominantly inattentive type AD/HD subgroup and non-AD/HD group was 0.884 (95% confidence interval: 0.837-0.932), and the ROC-AUC between the combined type AD/HD subgroup and non-AD/HD group was 0.914 (95% CI: 0.869-0.959). CONCLUSION The prediction model using the MOGRAZ score allowed us to create an objectivity index to determine the diagnosis of AD/HD that can be easily used in clinical practice. We plan additional verification of this prediction model with additional participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehiko Kurokami
- Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Moe Nakajima
- Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mikami
- Biostatistics Unit, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Koeda
- Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Huang R, Potla S, Bhalla S, Al Qabandi Y, Nandula SA, Boddepalli CS, Gutlapalli SD, Lavu VK, Abdelwahab R, Hamid P. The Clinical Implications of the Academic Performance of the Siblings of Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cureus 2022; 14:e29116. [PMID: 36258957 PMCID: PMC9559693 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We all know that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can affect academic performance. Many children with autism face different challenges at school. However, less attention is paid to the siblings of autistic children, who are at a high risk of ASD or the broad autism phenotype (BAP). Recent data also shows that many siblings of ASD children suffer from neurodevelopmental disorders, mental health problems as well as poor academic performance. This review will look at the possible etiologies of the poor school performance of autistic children's siblings, with an emphasis on the challenges they face. We will also highlight the clinical implications of these findings, and the possible solutions that can help this vulnerable group.
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Stevanovic D, Wentz E, Nasic S, Knez R. ASD with ADHD vs. ASD and ADHD alone: a study of the QbTest performance and single-dose methylphenidate responding in children and adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:282. [PMID: 35448977 PMCID: PMC9022263 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continuous performance task (CPT) may help identify coexistent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The Quantified behavior Test (QbTest) combines a CPT and motion-tracking data to assess ADHD symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the QbTest performance of children and adolescents with ASD plus ADHD, including estimating the effects of single-dose methylphenidate (MPH). To achieve these aims, (1) the QbTest performances were evaluated in ASD alone, ASD plus ADHD, and ADHD alone, and (2) the effects on the QbTest performance of single-dose MPH before and after intake were estimated across the groups. It was assumed that the ASD plus ADHD performance, including the MPH response, would preferably resemble the performance in ADHD alone, rather than ASD alone. METHODS Retrospective data were analyzed for 482 children and adolescents: 69 with ASD alone, 142 with ASD plus ADHD (ASD/ADHD), and 271 with ADHD alone. For 343 subjects, the QbTest was performed before and up to four hours after a single-dose MPH intake. A summary index of the CPT and motion-capture data was provided for QbTest cardinal parameters. RESULTS Of 12 QbTest parameters assessed before given MPH, the ASD/ADHD group had scores in line with the ASD group regarding four parameters and the ADHD group regarding nine parameters. Significant differences between groups were seen with respect to QbInattention (p > 0.05); the lowest scores in ASD and the highest in ADHD. Those with ASD/ADHD and ADHD had similar QbActivity and QbImpulsivity scores, but significantly higher than those with ASD. After MPH intake, scores for QbActivity decreased similarly in ASD/ADHD and ADHD, as well as scores for QbImpulsivity. QbImpulsivity increased in ASD. QbInattention scores decreased similarly in all groups after MPH intake. CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents with ASD plus ADHD exhibited more atypical QbTest performances than those with ASD alone, while most of their performances were similar to those observed in ADHD alone. In addition, a single dose of MPH mitigated attention deficits and decreased hyperactivity while improved impulsivity in these children. Prospective studies should further clarify the role of the QbTest in the diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in ASD with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Stevanovic
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 430, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
- Psychiatry Department, Clinic for Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Dr Subotic 6a, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elisabet Wentz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 430, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Salmir Nasic
- Research & Development Centre, Skaraborgs Hospital, Lövängsvägen, 541 42, Skövde, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 430, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rajna Knez
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 430, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Department of Pediatrics, Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde, Sweden.
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Lin YJ, Chiu YN, Wu YY, Tsai WC, Gau SSF. Developmental Changes of Autistic Symptoms, ADHD Symptoms, and Attentional Performance in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2022:10.1007/s10803-022-05445-x. [PMID: 35420295 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study followed up ADHD/autistic symptoms and attentional performance in children/adolescents with ASD and typically developing ones (TD) over 5-7 years. The participants were stratified by age at baseline into child (< 12 years) and adolescent (12-19 years) groups. ADHD symptoms, especially hyperactivity, and attentional functions significantly improved during follow-up, more in children than in adolescents, in both ASD and TD. Significantly more omission errors and perseverations were noted in ASD than TD through the follow-up. Children with ASD had more improvement in reaction time while adolescents with ASD had less improvement in commission errors and detectability than TD. No correlation of attentional functions and ADHD symptoms in ASD implied different neural mechanisms of ADHD symptoms between ASD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Nan Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Wu
- YuNing Psychiatry Clinic, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Che Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychology, Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, and Preventive Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Rosello R, Martinez-Raga J, Mira A, Pastor JC, Solmi M, Cortese S. Cognitive, social, and behavioral manifestations of the co-occurrence of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 26:743-760. [PMID: 34961363 DOI: 10.1177/13623613211065545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT This work aimed to review recent research on the characteristics of individuals who have both autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder due to their high co-occurrence. Thirty-four studies were analyzed and main findings summarized in two content domains focusing on areas that could enhance our understanding of the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of individuals with autism spectrum disorder + attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ASD+). Most of the results suggested that ASD+ is a co-occurring condition associated with more severe impairments in cognitive functioning, adaptive behavior, and increased likelihood to present more emotional/behavioral problems. These results will be helpful to provide improved care plans for individuals with both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
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Burrows EL, May C, Hill T, Churliov L, Johnson KA, Hannan AJ. Mice with an autism-associated R451C mutation in neuroligin-3 show a cautious but accurate response style in touchscreen attention tasks. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 21:e12757. [PMID: 34085373 PMCID: PMC9744539 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest identifiable features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is altered attention. Mice expressing the ASD-associated R451C mutation in synaptic adhesion protein neuroligin-3 (NL3) exhibit impaired reciprocal social interactions and repetitive and restrictive behaviours. The role of this mutation in attentional abnormalities has not been established. We assessed attention in male NL3R451C mice using two well-established tasks in touchscreen chambers. In the 5-choice serial reaction task, rodents were trained to attend to light stimuli that appear in any one of five locations. While no differences between NL3R451C and WT mice were seen in accuracy or omissions, slower response times and quicker reward collection latencies were seen across all training and probe trials. In the rodent continuous-performance test, animals were required to discriminate, and identify a visual target pattern over multiple distractor stimuli. NL3R451C mice displayed enhanced ability to attend to stimuli when task-load was low during training and baseline but lost this advantage when difficulty was increased by altering task parameters in probe trials. NL3R451C mice made less responses to the distractor stimuli, exhibiting lower false alarm rates during all training stages and in probe trials. Slower response times and quicker reward latencies were consistently seen in NL3R451C mice in the rCPT. Slower response times are a major cognitive phenotype reported in ASD patients and are indicative of slower processing speed. Enhanced attention has been shown in a subset of ASD patients and we have demonstrated this phenotype also exists in the NL3R451C mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Burrows
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Carlos May
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Thomas Hill
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Leonid Churliov
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Katherine A. Johnson
- School of Psychological SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Anthony J. Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Watkins DJ, Meeker JD, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Sánchez BN, Schnaas L, Peterson KE, Téllez-Rojo MM. Gestational and peripubertal phthalate exposure in relation to attention performance in childhood and adolescence. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110911. [PMID: 33640497 PMCID: PMC8119354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been increasing. Research suggests that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates may play a role, but studies of in utero phthalate exposure and ADHD-related symptoms beyond early childhood are limited. We investigated associations between measures of in utero phthalate exposure and ADHD symptoms, such as inattention and impulsivity, in childhood (age 6-11 years, n = 221) and in adolescence (age 9-18 years, n = 200), as well as cross-sectional relationships between phthalate exposure and ADHD symptoms in adolescence (n = 491) among participants in the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort. Women provided urine samples up to three times during pregnancy and adolescents provided a urine sample at 9-18 years of age for phthalate metabolite measurement. We administered the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT) when children were age 6-11 years and again at 9-18 years of age. We used multivariable linear regression to examine associations between the geometric mean of phthalate metabolite levels across pregnancy and CPT scores in childhood or adolescence separately, adjusting for age, years schooling (at 9-18 only), maternal education, and specific gravity. Although average in utero phthalate concentrations were not associated with CPT scores in childhood, interquartile range (IQR) increases of in utero MBzP, MCPP, and MBP were associated with 4.2%, 4.7%, and 4.5% (p < 0.05) higher Omissions scores in adolescence, respectively, indicating higher inattention. In utero MiBP levels were also associated with higher Inter-Stimulus Interval (ISI) and Variability scores (5.4% and 5.5% per IQR, p < 0.05) in adolescence. In addition, urinary DEHP metabolite levels during adolescence were cross-sectionally associated with poorer scores on several CPT indices indicating greater inattention. These findings suggest that in utero phthalate exposure may have adverse effects on attention, but these effects may not appear until adolescence, a period of extensive neurodevelopment. Future research investigating the long-term effects of in utero phthalate exposure on attention and ADHD in adolescence, as well as identification of potential mechanisms involved, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz
- National Council of Science and Technology, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brisa N Sánchez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- National Institute of Perinatology, ABC Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martha María Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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11
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Ng R, Heinrich K, Hodges E. Associations Between ADHD Subtype Symptomatology and Social Functioning in Children With ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Comorbid Diagnosis: Utility of Diagnostic Tools in Treatment Considerations. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:820-828. [PMID: 31200611 DOI: 10.1177/1087054719855680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess associations between objective-/caregiver-report measures of attention functioning and social impairment among children with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and co-occurring ASD + ADHD. Method: Patients with ADHD (N = 27), ASD (N = 23), and ASD + ADHD (N = 44) completed measures of intellectual functioning (Wechsler tests) and attention functioning (Continuous Performance Test-Second Edition [CPT-II]) as part of a neurocognitive assessment. Caregivers completed the Conners Third Edition to assess day-to-day inattentiveness, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) to assess social functioning. Results: Among patients with ADHD, attention measures contributed to 48% of the variance in total SRS scores, with caregiver-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity as the strongest factor. In contrast, among those with ASD + ADHD, attention measures accounted for 40% of the variance, largely due to inattention problems. No associations between domains were observed among patients with ASD. Conclusion: Differential ADHD symptoms are associated with social impairment among children with ADHD versus ASD + ADHD; whereas, no associations were observed among those with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Ng
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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12
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Salunkhe G, Weissbrodt K, Feige B, Saville CWN, Berger A, Dundon NM, Bender S, Smyrnis N, Beauducel A, Biscaldi M, Klein C. Examining the Overlap Between ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Using Candidate Endophenotypes of ADHD. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:217-232. [PMID: 29896994 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718778114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Objective: Recent discussions of aetiological overlap between ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) require comparative studying of these disorders. METHOD We examined performance of ASD patients with (ASD+) and without (ASD-) comorbid ADHD, ADHD patients, and controls for selected putative endophenotypes of ADHD: Intrasubject Variability (ISV) of reaction times, working memory (WM), inhibition, and temporal processing. RESULTS We found that patients with ADHD or ASD+, but not ASD-, had elevated ISV across the entire task battery and temporal processing deficits, and that none of the groups were impaired in WM or inhibition. High levels of ISV and generally poor performance in ASD+ patients were only partially due to additive effects of the pure disorders. CONCLUSION Overall, we conclude that, within our limited but heterogeneous task battery, ISV and temporal processing deficits are most sensitive to ADHD symptomatology and that controlling for ADHD comorbidity is mandatory when assessing ISV in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Salunkhe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Weissbrodt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - A Berger
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - N M Dundon
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Bender
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - N Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Greece
| | - A Beauducel
- Department for Research Methods, Diagnostics and Evaluation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
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13
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Significance of Beta-Band Oscillations in Autism Spectrum Disorders During Motor Response Inhibition Tasks: A MEG Study. Brain Topogr 2020; 33:355-374. [PMID: 32303950 PMCID: PMC7182638 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), impaired response inhibition and lack of adaptation are hypothesized to underlie core ASD symptoms, such as social communication and repetitive, stereotyped behavior. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare neural correlates of inhibition, post-error adaptation, and reaction time variability in ASD and neuro-typical control (NTC) participants by investigating possible differences in error-related changes of oscillatory MEG activity. Twelve male NTC (mean age 20.3 ± 3.7) and fourteen male patients with ASD (mean age 17.8 ± 2.9) were included in the analysis. Subjects with ASD showed increased error-related reaction time variability. MEG analysis revealed decreased beta power in the ASD group in comparison to the NTC group over the centro-parietal channels in both, the pre-stimulus and post-response interval. In the ASD group, mean centro-parietal beta power negatively correlated with dimensional autism symptoms. In both groups, false alarms were followed by an early increase in temporo-frontal theta to alpha power; and by a later decrease in alpha to beta power at central and posterior sensors. Single trial correlations were additionally studied in the ASD group, who showed a positive correlation of pre-stimulus beta power with post-response theta, alpha, and beta power, particularly after hit trials. On a broader scale, the results deliver important insights into top-down control deficits that may relate to core symptoms observed in ASD.
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14
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Slobodin O. The Utility of the CPT in the Diagnosis of ADHD in Individuals with Substance Abuse: A Systematic Review. Eur Addict Res 2020; 26:283-294. [PMID: 32535592 DOI: 10.1159/000508041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) is important because ADHD has an adverse effect on the development and course of SUD. Given the limited validity of self-report measures of ADHD in individuals with SUD, it is important to investigate the utility of the continuous performance test (CPT) in classifying ADHD in adults with SUD. OBJECTIVE This review aims to examine the quantitative similarities and differences in CPT performance of adults with ADHD, SUD, and their comorbidity to determine if a distinct neurocognitive profile exists for each. METHOD A systematic review of CPT studies that included patients with the comorbidity of ADHD and SUD and a comparison group of one of the disorders alone was conducted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. RESULTS Eight studies were identified with sample sizes ranging from n = 17 to n = 386. The comorbidity of ADHD and SUD was, mostly, not associated with higher rates of commission and omission errors than either disorder alone. However, the comorbidity of ADHD and SUD was more likely to be associated with increased deficits in response time variability compared with individuals with ADHD alone. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the shortage of large-scale CPT research involving patients with ADHD and SUD. The CPT might be sensitive to attentional deficits, but it lacks specificity for the classification of adult ADHD, SUD, or their comorbidity, and the CPT is thus not useful in discriminating comorbid ADHD and SUD from either disorder alone. Future CPT research should explore whether specific attentional deficits account for the development and persistence of SUD. Such research should also reach beyond traditional CPT measures and include other cognitive and behavioral deficits that were associated with ADHD, such as distractibility and hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Slobodin
- Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel,
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15
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Kljajić M, Maltese G, Tarnow P, Sand P, Kölby L. Sustained attention and vigilance of children treated for sagittal and metopic craniosynostosis. Child Neuropsychol 2019; 26:475-488. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2019.1682130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marizela Kljajić
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska, Academy, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Maltese
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska, Academy, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Tarnow
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska, Academy, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sand
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lars Kölby
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska, Academy, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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16
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Saito Y, Kaga Y, Nakagawa E, Okubo M, Kohashi K, Omori M, Fukuda A, Inagaki M. Association of inattention with slow-spindle density in sleep EEG of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Brain Dev 2019; 41:751-759. [PMID: 31204192 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the power of slow sleep spindles during sleep stage 2 to clarify their relationship with executive function, especially with attention, in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Subjects were 21 children with ADHD and 18 aged-matched, typically developing children (TDC). ADHD subjects were divided into groups of only ADHD and ADHD + autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We employed the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) to measure attention. We focused on sleep spindle frequencies (12-14 Hz) in sleep stage 2 and performed a power spectral analysis using fast Fourier transform techniques and compared sleep spindles with the variability of reaction time in CPT. RESULTS In the CPT, reaction variabilities in ADHD and ADHD + ASD significantly differed from those in TDC. Twelve-hertz spindles were mainly distributed in the frontal pole and frontal area and 14-Hz spindles in the central area. The ratio of 12-Hz frontal spindle power was higher in ADHD than in TDC, especially in ADHD + ASD. Significant correlation between the ratio of 12-Hz spindles and reaction time variability was observed. CONCLUSIONS Twelve-hertz frontal spindle EEG activity may have positive associations with sustained attention function. Slow frontal spindles may be useful as a biomarker of inattention in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Saito
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kaga
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan.
| | - Eiji Nakagawa
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
| | - Mariko Okubo
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kohashi
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Mikimasa Omori
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
| | - Ayako Fukuda
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
| | - Masumi Inagaki
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
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17
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Shephard E, Tye C, Ashwood KL, Azadi B, Johnson MH, Charman T, Asherson P, McLoughlin G, Bolton PF. Oscillatory neural networks underlying resting-state, attentional control and social cognition task conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD. Cortex 2019; 117:96-110. [PMID: 30954695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common and impairing neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur. The neurobiological mechanisms involved in ASD and ADHD are not fully understood. However, alterations in large-scale neural networks have been proposed as core deficits in both ASD and ADHD and may help to disentangle the neurobiological basis of these disorders and their co-occurrence. In this study, we examined similarities and differences in large-scale oscillatory neural networks between boys aged 8-13 years with ASD (n = 19), ADHD (n = 18), ASD + ADHD (n = 29) and typical development (Controls, n = 26). Oscillatory neural networks were computed using graph-theoretical methods from electroencephalographic (EEG) data collected during an eyes-open resting-state and attentional control and social cognition tasks in which we previously reported disorder-specific atypicalities in oscillatory power and event-related potentials (ERPs). We found that children with ASD showed significant hypoconnectivity in large-scale networks during all three task conditions compared to children without ASD. In contrast, children with ADHD showed significant hyperconnectivity in large-scale networks during the attentional control and social cognition tasks, but not during the resting-state, compared to children without ADHD. Children with co-occurring ASD + ADHD did not differ from children with ASD when paired with this group and vice versa when paired with the ADHD group, indicating that these children showed both ASD-like hypoconnectivity and ADHD-like hyperconnectivity. Our findings suggest that ASD and ADHD are associated with distinct alterations in large-scale oscillatory networks, and these atypicalities present together in children with both disorders. These alterations appear to be task-independent in ASD but task-related in ADHD, and may underlie other neurocognitive atypicalities in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Shephard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - Charlotte Tye
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Karen L Ashwood
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Bahar Azadi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, School of Psychology, Birkbeck, University of London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Asherson
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grainne McLoughlin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick F Bolton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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18
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Qin L, Liu H, Zhang H, Fu Y, Li D. Evaluation of the diagnostic implications of Das-Naglieri cognitive assessment system in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:386. [PMID: 30541503 PMCID: PMC6292108 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, emotional impulses and difficulty with cognitive functions. The Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (DN: CAS), as a theory-driven assessment kit, was explored based on Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive Theory (PASS). Recent researches have tried to explore the sensitivity and specificity of DN: CAS in diagnosing ADHD; nevertheless, these studies were performed in a small study population. The following study explores the cognitive functions in ADHD by the DN: CAS and to evaluate the DN: CAS's diagnostic value in ADHD. METHODS A total of 135 children with ADHD and 140 healthy controls were enrolled to evaluate cognitive function by the DN: CAS. ROC curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were applied to evaluate the diagnostic value of DN: CAS on ADHD. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, children with ADHD had significantly lower scores in Planning, Simultaneous (Verbal-Spatial Relations), Attention in the four Subtests of DN: CAS, as well as the total scores. ROC analysis indicated that Planning and Attention of DN: CAS had good classification accuracy in diagnosing ADHD with AUCs of 0.808 and 0.730, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The planning and attention assessment of DN: CAS revealed high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing ADHD, thus suggesting that DN: CAS might be an effective tool in diagnosing ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- grid.410652.4From the center of Cognitive and Sleeping, The people’s hospital of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
| | - Hairun Liu
- From the center of Cognitive and Sleeping, The people's hospital of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- grid.410652.4From the center of Cognitive and Sleeping, The people’s hospital of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
| | - Yanhong Fu
- grid.410652.4From the center of Cognitive and Sleeping, The people’s hospital of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
| | - Dandan Li
- grid.410652.4From the center of Cognitive and Sleeping, The people’s hospital of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
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19
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Berenguer C, Roselló B, Colomer C, Baixauli I, Miranda A. Children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Relationships between symptoms and executive function, theory of mind, and behavioral problems. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 83:260-269. [PMID: 30368089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanisms of comorbidity between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are still unknown. Executive function (EF) deficits and theory of mind (ToM) have been the most investigated cognitive processes. AIMS This study proposed to analyze EF, ToM and behavioral problems in children with ASD + ADHD, ADHD, ASD and typical development (TD). The relationship between ADHD and ASD symptoms with EF, ToM and behavioral problems in children with ASD + ADHD was also explored. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Participants were 124 children between 7 and 11 years old (22 ASD + ADHD, 35 ADHD, 30 ASD, and 37 TD), matched on age and IQ. Teachers evaluated EF, and parents assessed ToM skills and behavioral problems through Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Children with ASD + ADHD and ADHD showed impairments in EF whereas the difficulties in ToM skills of ASD + ADHD group were similar to ASD group. Inattention symptoms were significantly associated with EF metacognitive deficits and ToM difficulties in ASD + ADHD, while ASD symptoms were associated with total score in behavioral problems. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings show the complex difficulties of children with both ASD and ADHD and support the need to take these difficulties into account when designing the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berenguer
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology - University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Belén Roselló
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology - University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carla Colomer
- Department of Education, Didactics and School Organization, University Jaume I, Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Baixauli
- Department of Occupational Sciences, Speech Therapy, Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Teaching and Education Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", C/Guillem de Castro, 175, 46008, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Miranda
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology - University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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20
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Hwang-Gu SL, Lin HY, Chen YC, Tseng YH, Hsu WY, Chou MC, Chou WJ, Wu YY, Gau SSF. Symptoms of ADHD Affect Intrasubject Variability in Youths with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Ex-Gaussian Analysis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 48:455-468. [PMID: 29847154 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1452151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased intrasubject variability in reaction times (RT-ISV) is frequently found in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, how dimensional attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms impact RT-ISV in individuals with ASD remains elusive. We assessed 97 high-functioning youths with co-occurring ASD and ADHD (ASD+ADHD), 124 high-functioning youths with ASD only, 98 youths with ADHD only, and 249 typically developing youths, 8-18 years of age, using the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CCPT). We compared the conventional CCPT parameters (omission errors, commission errors, mean RT and RT standard error (RTSE) as well as the ex-Gaussian parameters of RT (mu, sigma, and tau) across the four groups. We also conducted regression analyses to assess the relationships between RT indices and symptoms of ADHD and ASD in the ASD group (i.e., the ASD+ADHD and ASD-only groups). The ASD+ADHD and ADHD-only groups had higher RT-ISV than the other two groups. RT-ISV, specifically RTSE and tau, was significantly associated with ADHD symptoms rather than autistic traits in the ASD group. Regression models also revealed that sex partly accounted for RT-ISV variance in the ASD group. A post hoc analysis showed girls with ASD had higher tau and RTSE values than their male counterparts. Our results suggest that RT-ISV is primarily associated with co-occurring ADHD symptoms/diagnosis in children and adolescents with ASD. These results do not support the hypothesis of response variability as a transdiagnostic phenotype for ASD and ADHD and warrant further validation at a neural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoou-Lian Hwang-Gu
- a Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Tao-Yuan.,b Department of Child Psychiatry , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- c Department of Psychiatry , National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- d Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine , Chang Gung University
| | | | - Wen-Yau Hsu
- f Department of Psychology and Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning , National Chengchi University
| | - Miao-Chun Chou
- g Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center , Chang Guang University, College of Medicine
| | - Wen-Jun Chou
- g Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center , Chang Guang University, College of Medicine
| | - Yu-Yu Wu
- b Department of Child Psychiatry , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- b Department of Child Psychiatry , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch.,c Department of Psychiatry , National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine
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21
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Feczko E, Balba NM, Miranda-Dominguez O, Cordova M, Karalunas SL, Irwin L, Demeter DV, Hill AP, Langhorst BH, Grieser Painter J, Van Santen J, Fombonne EJ, Nigg JT, Fair DA. Subtyping cognitive profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder using a Functional Random Forest algorithm. Neuroimage 2017; 172:674-688. [PMID: 29274502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) comprises a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction and repetitive behaviors or restricted interests, and may both affect and be affected by multiple cognitive mechanisms. This study attempts to identify and characterize cognitive subtypes within the ASD population using our Functional Random Forest (FRF) machine learning classification model. This model trained a traditional random forest model on measures from seven tasks that reflect multiple levels of information processing. 47 ASD diagnosed and 58 typically developing (TD) children between the ages of 9 and 13 participated in this study. Our RF model was 72.7% accurate, with 80.7% specificity and 63.1% sensitivity. Using the random forest model, the FRF then measures the proximity of each subject to every other subject, generating a distance matrix between participants. This matrix is then used in a community detection algorithm to identify subgroups within the ASD and TD groups, and revealed 3 ASD and 4 TD putative subgroups with unique behavioral profiles. We then examined differences in functional brain systems between diagnostic groups and putative subgroups using resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rsfcMRI). Chi-square tests revealed a significantly greater number of between group differences (p < .05) within the cingulo-opercular, visual, and default systems as well as differences in inter-system connections in the somato-motor, dorsal attention, and subcortical systems. Many of these differences were primarily driven by specific subgroups suggesting that our method could potentially parse the variation in brain mechanisms affected by ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Feczko
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, 97239, USA.
| | - N M Balba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - O Miranda-Dominguez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - M Cordova
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - S L Karalunas
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - L Irwin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - D V Demeter
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - A P Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - B H Langhorst
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - J Grieser Painter
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - J Van Santen
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - E J Fombonne
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - J T Nigg
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - D A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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22
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McLoughlin G, Palmer J, Makeig S, Bigdely-Shamlo N, Banaschewski T, Laucht M, Brandeis D. EEG Source Imaging Indices of Cognitive Control Show Associations with Dopamine System Genes. Brain Topogr 2017; 31:392-406. [PMID: 29222686 PMCID: PMC5889775 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive or executive control is a critical mental ability, an important marker of mental illness, and among the most heritable of neurocognitive traits. Two candidate genes, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and DRD4, which both have a roles in the regulation of cortical dopamine, have been consistently associated with cognitive control. Here, we predicted that individuals with the COMT Met/Met allele would show improved response execution and inhibition as indexed by event-related potentials in a Go/NoGo task, while individuals with the DRD4 7-repeat allele would show impaired brain activity. We used independent component analysis (ICA) to separate brain source processes contributing to high-density EEG scalp signals recorded during the task. As expected, individuals with the DRD4 7-repeat polymorphism had reduced parietal P3 source and scalp responses to response (Go) compared to those without the 7-repeat. Contrary to our expectation, the COMT homozygous Met allele was associated with a smaller frontal P3 source and scalp response to response-inhibition (NoGo) stimuli, suggesting that while more dopamine in frontal cortical areas has advantages in some tasks, it may also compromise response inhibition function. An interaction effect emerged for P3 source responses to Go stimuli. These were reduced in those with both the 7-repeat DRD4 allele and either the COMT Val/Val or the Met/Met homozygous polymorphisms but not in those with the heterozygous Val/Met polymorphism. This epistatic interaction between DRD4 and COMT replicates findings that too little or too much dopamine impairs cognitive control. The anatomic and functional separated maximally independent cortical EEG sources proved more informative than scalp channel measures for genetic studies of brain function and thus better elucidate the complex mechanisms in psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- G McLoughlin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO80, London, UK.
| | - J Palmer
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Makeig
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - N Bigdely-Shamlo
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - D Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Høyland AL, Nærland T, Engstrøm M, Lydersen S, Andreassen OA. The relation between face-emotion recognition and social function in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A case control study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186124. [PMID: 29020059 PMCID: PMC5636137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An altered processing of emotions may contribute to a reduced ability for social interaction and communication in autism spectrum disorder, ASD. We investigated how face-emotion recognition in ASD is different from typically developing across adolescent age groups. Fifty adolescents diagnosed with ASD and 49 typically developing (age 12–21 years) were included. The ASD diagnosis was underpinned by parent-rated Social Communication Questionnaire. We used a cued GO/ NOGO task with pictures of facial expressions and recorded reaction time, intra-individual variability of reaction time and omissions/commissions. The Social Responsiveness Scale was used as a measure of social function. Analyses were conducted for the whole group and for young (< 16 years) and old (≥ 16 years) age groups. We found no significant differences in any task measures between the whole group of typically developing and ASD and no significant correlations with the Social Responsiveness Scale. However, there was a non-significant tendency for longer reaction time in the young group with ASD (p = 0.099). The Social Responsiveness Scale correlated positively with reaction time (r = 0.30, p = 0.032) and intra-individual variability in reaction time (r = 0.29, p = 0.037) in the young group and in contrast, negatively in the old group (r = -0.23, p = 0.13; r = -0.38, p = 0.011, respectively) giving significant age group interactions for both reaction time (p = 0.008) and intra-individual variability in reaction time (p = 0.001). Our findings suggest an age-dependent association between emotion recognition and severity of social problems indicating a delayed development of emotional understanding in ASD. It also points towards alterations in top-down attention control in the ASD group. This suggests novel disease-related features that should be investigated in more details in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lise Høyland
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Terje Nærland
- NevSom, Department of Rare Disorders and Disabilities, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Engstrøm
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Andreas Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Chien YL, Chou MC, Chiu YN, Chou WJ, Wu YY, Tsai WC, Gau SSF. ADHD-related symptoms and attention profiles in the unaffected siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorder: focus on the subtypes of autism and Asperger's disorder. Mol Autism 2017; 8:37. [PMID: 28770037 PMCID: PMC5526322 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) symptoms and impaired attention performance are commonly noted in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about attention performance in their unaffected siblings. This study aimed to investigate the ADHD-related traits and attention performance in unaffected siblings of probands with autism and Asperger syndrome (AS), as well as the clinical correlates of ADHD-related traits. METHODS We assessed the intention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and oppositional symptoms, and attention profiles of 199 probands with a diagnosis of ASD (122 autism, 77 AS), their unaffected siblings, and 196 typically developing controls (TD) by their parents' reports on the ADHD-related symptoms and the Connors' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT), respectively. RESULTS Compared to TD, unaffected siblings of ASD probands were more hyperactive/impulsive and oppositional, particularly unaffected siblings of AS probands. In CCPT, unaffected siblings of AS have intermediate levels of performance between probands with AS and TD on focused attention and sustained attention but were not statistically different from AS probands or TD in these attention profiles. In contrast, unaffected siblings of autism probands have significantly better CCPT performance when compared to autism probands but not to TD. In addition, stereotyped behaviors predicted ADHD-related traits in both sibling groups, but distinctive patterns of other correlates for ADHD-related traits were found between the two sibling groups. CONCLUSIONS This work suggested that unaffected siblings of AS, but not autism, have more hyperactive/impulsive traits and a trend of pervasive attention deficits assessed by CCPT which might serve as potential endophenotypes for genetic studies in AS. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01582256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Chun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Nan Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital- Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Che Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002 Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lyall K, Schweitzer JB, Schmidt RJ, Hertz-Picciotto I, Solomon M. Inattention and hyperactivity in association with autism spectrum disorders in the CHARGE study. RESEARCH IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 2017; 35:1-12. [PMID: 29276530 PMCID: PMC5738931 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficits in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are not well understood. This study sought to determine: 1) the prevalence of ADHD symptoms in young children with ASD, typical development (TD), and developmental delay (DD) and 2) the association between ADHD symptoms and cognitive and behavioral functioning in children with ASD. METHOD ADHD symptoms, defined according to Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) hyperactivity subscale scores, were compared across children aged 2-5 from a large case-control study with ASD (n=548), TD (n=423), and DD (n=180). Inattention and hyperactivity items within this subscale were also explored. Within the ASD group, linear and logistic regression were used to examine how ADHD symptoms were associated with cognition as assessed by the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and adaptive functioning as assessed by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. RESULTS Mean hyperactivity subscale scores were lowest in children with TD (mean=3.19), higher in children with DD (12.3), and highest in children with ASD (18.2; between-group p<0.001). Among children with ASD, significant associations were observed with higher ADHD symptoms and poorer adaptive and cognitive functioning (adjusted beta for hyperactivity score in association with: Vineland composite = -5.63, p=0.0005; Mullen visual reception scale = -2.94, p=0.02; for the highest vs. lowest quartile of hyperactivity score, odds of lowest quintile of these scores was approximately doubled). Exploratory analyses highlighted associations with inattention-related items specifically. CONCLUSION These results suggest ADHD symptoms may play a key role in the functioning of young children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Lyall
- Univeristy of California, Department of Public Health Sciences, Davis CA 95616
| | | | - Rebecca J. Schmidt
- Univeristy of California, Department of Public Health Sciences, Davis CA 95616
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Univeristy of California, Department of Public Health Sciences, Davis CA 95616
- University of California, Davis, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- University of California, Davis, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA 95817
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26
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Solomon M, McCauley JB, Iosif AM, Carter CS, Ragland JD. Cognitive control and episodic memory in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:31-41. [PMID: 27184119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To further investigate manifestations of episodic memory impairments in adolescents, we examined the role of encoding on recognition of stimuli in conditions designed to emphasize their item-specific versus relational characteristics in a group of 12-18 year olds with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We also examined how strategic learning and memory processes, verbal abilities, attention, and age were associated with recognition in this group. MATERIALS AND METHOD Twenty two high functioning adolescents with ASD (mean age=15 years; SD=1.8; range=12.2-17.9), and 26 age, gender, and IQ-matched adolescents with typical development (TYP) (mean age=14.7 years; SD=1.9; range=12.3-17.8) completed the Relational and Item-Specific Encoding task (RiSE), the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C), the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence, and the Connors' Parent Rating Scale-Revised. Univariate statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS The ASD group showed poorer performance on strategic memory assessed by the CVLT-C. Surprisingly, on the RiSE, ASD showed poorer discriminability for objects encoded in item-specific versus relational encoding conditions and were more impaired in familiarity (after relational encoding) than in recollection. ASD also did not show the hypothesized association between item and associative recognition and CVLT-C performance found in TYP. Instead, in the ASD group recognition was associated with increased age. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the RiSE task demonstrated that adolescents with ASD do not always exhibit impaired memory for relational information as commonly believed. Instead, memory was worse when cognitive control demands were high, when encoding focused on specific item features, and when familiarity was used to retrieve relational information. Recognition also was better in older participants. This suggests that learning and memory deficits in adolescents with ASD, may not be due primarily to failed relational binding processes in the hippocampus but, rather to disrupted strategic memory and familiarity processes associated with the prefrontal and perirhinal cortices. These findings demonstrate the importance and utility of using well-validated cognitive neuroscience tasks and of considering the ages of participants when comparing the neural underpinnings of different memory processes in both typical and atypical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; Imaging Research Center, University of California-Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; MIND Institute, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
| | - James B McCauley
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; MIND Institute, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; Department of Human Ecology, University of California-Davis, 131 Hunt Hall, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95618, United States.
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California-Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; Imaging Research Center, University of California-Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of California-Davis, 1544 Newton Ct, Davis, CA 95618, United States.
| | - J Daniel Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; Imaging Research Center, University of California-Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
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27
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Fujioka T, Takiguchi S, Yatsuga C, Hiratani M, Hong KEM, Shin MS, Cho S, Kosaka H, Tomoda A. Advanced Test of Attention in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Japan for Evaluation of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine Effects. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 14:79-87. [PMID: 26792044 PMCID: PMC4730930 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to validate the Advanced Test of Attention (ATA) of the visual attention version of Japanese children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to evaluate the efficacy of methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) and atomoxetine medications. Methods To assess pharmacotherapy efficacy, the visual version of ATA was administered to 42 children with ADHD. Results were assessed using discriminant analysis, ANOVA for indices of ATA before and after medication treatment, and correlation analysis between the improvement of indices of ATA and clinical symptoms during medication treatment. Results Discriminant analysis showed that 69.0% of ADHD children were assigned correctly. The T score of commission errors increased as the trial progressed on the medication-off condition. T scores of commission errors and standard deviation of response times on medication-on condition were low compared to the medication-off condition. A few significant correlations were found between the improvements of indices of ATA and ADHD-Rating Scale (RS) during treatment. Conclusion The performance of the visual version of ATA on medication-off condition reflected the features of ADHD. Furthermore, the medication treatment effects were confirmed sufficiently. In addition, results suggest that indices of ATA reflected aspects of ADHD symptoms that are difficult to elucidate for ADHD-RS. For assessing symptoms and effects of medical treatment in children with ADHD, ATA might be a useful assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Fujioka
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takiguchi
- Advanced Biomedical Sciences Course, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Chiho Yatsuga
- National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Michio Hiratani
- Hiratani Clinic for Developmental Disorders of Children, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kang-E M Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sup Shin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungzoon Cho
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hirotaka Kosaka
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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28
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Rossi ASU, de Moura LM, de Mello CB, de Souza AAL, Muszkat M, Bueno OFA. Attentional Profiles and White Matter Correlates in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Type. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:122. [PMID: 26441684 PMCID: PMC4569813 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a widely studied neurodevelopmental disorder. It is a highly heterogeneous condition, encompassing different types of expression. The predominantly inattentive type is the most prevalent and the most stable over the lifetime, yet it is the least-studied presentation. To increase understanding of its cognitive profile, 29 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder of predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) and 29 matched controls, aged 7-15 years, had their attentional abilities assessed through the Conners' continuous performance test. Diffusion tensor imaging data were collected for all of the participants using a 3.0-T MRI system. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were obtained for 20 fiber tracts, and brain-behavior correlations were calculated for 42 of the children. The ADHD-I children differed significantly from the typically developing (TD) children with respect to attentional measures, such as the ability to maintain response-time consistency throughout the task (Hit RT SE and Variability), vigilance (Hit RT ISI and Hit RT ISI SE), processing speed (Hit RT), selective attention (Omissions), sustained attention (Hit RT Block Change), error profile (Response Style), and inhibitory control (Perseverations). Evidence of significant differences between the ADHD-I and the TD participants was not found with respect to the mean FA values in the fiber tracts analyzed. Moderate and strong correlations between performance on the attention indicators and the tract-average FA values were found for the ADHD-I group. Our results contribute to a better characterization of the attentional profile of ADHD-I individuals and suggest that in children and adolescents with ADHD-I, attentional performance is mainly associated with the white matter structure of the long associative fibers that connect anterior-posterior brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mauro Muszkat
- Psychobiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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29
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Yasuda Y, Hashimoto R, Ohi K, Yamamori H, Fujimoto M, Umeda-Yano S, Fujino H, Takeda M. Cognitive inflexibility in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders. World J Psychiatry 2014; 4:42-48. [PMID: 25019056 PMCID: PMC4087155 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v4.i2.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate executive function in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) compared to Japanese controls.
METHODS: Thirty-three individuals with ASD and 33 controls participated. The ASD and control groups’ demographic variables were matched for gender (male/female: 20/13 vs 20/13), age (26.1 ± 11.5 vs 26.8 ± 9.6), years of education (13.2 ± 2.9 vs 14.2 ± 1.9), full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) (103.0 ± 16.7 vs 103.7 ± 14.7), performance IQ (96.2 ± 16.1 vs 97.8 ± 15.0), and verbal IQ (107.9 ± 16.3 vs 107.7 ± 14.4). Participants performed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which assesses the executive processes involved in problem solving and cognitive flexibility, and the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), which assesses attention and impulsivity. Symptoms were assessed by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese version (AQ-J). First, we compared the scores of the WCST between the groups using a Mann-Whitney U-test and conducted an analysis of covariance for the variables with the scores of category archives and CPT scores as covariates. Second, we analyzed the correlation between the scores of the WCST and the AQ-J in the ASD group using Pearson’s r.
RESULTS: The total errors (TE) and the percentages of perseverative errors of the Milner type (%PEM) and Nelson type (%PEN) among the TE in the ASD group were significantly worse compared with the control group (ASD vs Control, respectively: TE: 16.0 ± 6.2 vs 12.6 ± 3.5, P = 0.012; %PEM: 11.7 ± 10.7 vs 6.6 ± 8.9, P = 0.037; %PEN: 20.1 ± 14.5 vs 8.7 ± 10.4, P = 0.0011). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the scores of categories achieved on the WCST or the CPT. An analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the groups in the %PEN scores (P = 0.0062) but not in the TE or the %PEM scores. These results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD have cognitive inflexibility. Furthermore, our results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD may have difficulties using negative feedback because perseverative errors of the Nelson type indicate persistence in choosing the incorrect reaction. By contrast, there was no significant correlation between the WCST and AQ-J scores.
CONCLUSION: We confirmed the presence of cognitive inflexibility in Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD. Our results also indicated that subjects with ASD may not use negative feedback effectively.
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Karalunas SL, Geurts HM, Konrad K, Bender S, Nigg JT. Annual research review: Reaction time variability in ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: measurement and mechanisms of a proposed trans-diagnostic phenotype. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:685-710. [PMID: 24628425 PMCID: PMC4267725 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraindividual variability in reaction time (RT) has received extensive discussion as an indicator of cognitive performance, a putative intermediate phenotype of many clinical disorders, and a possible trans-diagnostic phenotype that may elucidate shared risk factors for mechanisms of psychiatric illnesses. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY Using the examples of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), we discuss RT variability. We first present a new meta-analysis of RT variability in ASD with and without comorbid ADHD. We then discuss potential mechanisms that may account for RT variability and statistical models that disentangle the cognitive processes affecting RTs. We then report a second meta-analysis comparing ADHD and non-ADHD children on diffusion model parameters. We consider how findings inform the search for neural correlates of RT variability. FINDINGS Results suggest that RT variability is increased in ASD only when children with comorbid ADHD are included in the sample. Furthermore, RT variability in ADHD is explained by moderate to large increases (d = 0.63-0.99) in the ex-Gaussian parameter τ and the diffusion parameter drift rate, as well as by smaller differences (d = 0.32) in the diffusion parameter of nondecision time. The former may suggest problems in state regulation or arousal and difficulty detecting signal from noise, whereas the latter may reflect contributions from deficits in motor organization or output. The neuroimaging literature converges with this multicomponent interpretation and also highlights the role of top-down control circuits. CONCLUSION We underscore the importance of considering the interactions between top-down control, state regulation (e.g., arousal), and motor preparation when interpreting RT variability and conclude that decomposition of the RT signal provides superior interpretive power and suggests mechanisms convergent with those implicated using other cognitive paradigms. We conclude with specific recommendations for the field for next steps in the study of RT variability in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Karalunas
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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