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Clark HM, Grogan-Kaylor AC, Galano MM, Stein SF, Graham-Bermann SA. Preschoolers' Intimate Partner Violence Exposure and Their Speeded Control Abilities Eight Years Later: A Longitudinal Mediation Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP18496-NP18523. [PMID: 34351251 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211035883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Executive functioning (EF), or a set of related cognitive skills that facilitate goal-oriented behavior, is a critical aspect of adaptive development. Mounting research indicates that exposure to environmental threats during the preschool years jeopardizes EF; however, the extent and mechanisms through which early exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) influences children's EF are unknown. Using data from an eight-year longitudinal investigation of mothers who had experienced IPV and their preschool-aged children (N = 120), this study examined the relative influence of recent and remote IPV exposure on speeded control-a component of EF influenced by processing speed-in late childhood. Results indicated that preschoolers' IPV exposure had a significant negative impact on their speeded control eight years later, and this relation was mediated by the remote effects of IPV on their mothers. Specifically, IPV was positively associated with maternal depression, which in turn contributed to greater use of negative parenting strategies when children were of preschool age. Children's IPV exposure during late childhood was not predictive of their concurrent speeded control. These findings lend further evidence to the notion that the preschool years are a sensitive period for the mastery of EF skills and that IPV exposure is a distinct risk factor that can have protracted effects on children's cognitive development. Further, this study points to modifiable environmental risk factors, which, through targeted prevention and intervention efforts, could promote EF across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara F Stein
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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2
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Ludyga S, Ishihara T. Brain structural changes and the development of interference control in children with ADHD: The predictive value of physical activity and body mass index. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2022; 35:103141. [PMID: 36002962 PMCID: PMC9421503 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with ADHD show deficits in interference control during preadolescence. Abnormalities in gray-white matter ratio contributed contribute to these deficits. Higher physical activity and lower body mass index predict higher interference control. Gray-white matter ratio underlies the predictive value of body mass index. Brain structure does not explain the predictive value of physical activity.
Background Children with ADHD face deficits in interference control due to abnormalities in brain structure. A low body mass index and high physical activity are factors promoting brain health and may have the potential to reduce ADHD-related cognitive deficits. We aimed to investigate the predictive values of ADHD, body mass index and physical activity for interference control and the potential mediation of these associations by brain structure. Method At 9 and 11 years, 4576 children with ADHD and neurotypical peers from the ABCD-cohort completed a Flanker task, anthropometric assessments and reported physical activity. Additionally, T1- and T2-weighted magnet resonance images were collected at both measurement time points. Results ADHD, lower physical activity and higher body mass index at baseline predicted lower interference control. Gray matter volume, surface area and gray-white matter ratio contributed to interference control. The longitudinal association between body mass index and interference control was mediated by gray-white-matter ratio. This mediating effect was stronger for children with ADHD than neurotypical peers and mainly restricted to regions associated with cognitive control. Conclusion The maintenance of a lower body mass index contributes to interference control by a tendency to normalize regional alterations in grey-white-matter ratio. Being compliant with physical activity also promises higher interference control, but brain structure does not seem to underlie this association.
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Diefenbach C, Schmidt MF, Huss M, König J, Urschitz MS. Age at school entry and reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity in first graders: results of the prospective cohort study ikidS. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1753-1764. [PMID: 34089381 PMCID: PMC9666310 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Young age at school entry (ASE) is related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in higher grades. The reason for this association is unclear, but medical oversupply and stress-related factors are discussed. We aimed to investigate whether ASE is associated with reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADH) already in first grade. Data of a population-based prospective cohort study (N = 2003; Mainz-Bingen region; Rhineland-Palatinate; Germany) with baseline assessments prior to school entry and two follow-ups during first grade were analysed. ADH symptoms were assessed by parent and teacher versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Associations between ASE and scores of the hyperactivity/inattention subscale (range 0-10) were investigated by regression analysis and adjusted for potential confounders and baseline symptoms prior to school entry. In total, 1633 children (52% boys, mean ASE 6.5 years) were included. There were no relationships between ASE and parent-reported scores of the hyperactivity/inattention subscale prior to school entry and 3 months thereafter. However, at the end of first grade, ASE was negatively associated with the hyperactivity/inattention subscale in parent (- 0.7 subscale points per year ASE, standard error = 0.16, p < 0.0001) and teacher reports (- 1.2 subscale points per year ASE, standard error = 0.25, p < 0.0001). This ASE effect appeared more pronounced in girls than in boys. Young ASE is related to more reported symptoms of ADH at the end of first grade, but not before. The evolvement of this effect during first grade may be a clue to ASE-related stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Diefenbach
- Division of Paediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 69, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Martina F Schmidt
- Division of Paediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 69, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Huss
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochem König
- Division of Paediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 69, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael S Urschitz
- Division of Paediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 69, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Puhr A, Ruud E, Anderson V, Due-Tønnessen BJ, Skarbø AB, Finset A, Andersson S. Executive Function and Psychosocial Adjustment in Adolescent Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumor. Dev Neuropsychol 2021; 46:149-168. [PMID: 33783291 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2021.1900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent survivors of pediatric brain tumor (PBT) are a sparsely studied subset of childhood cancer survivors. Sustaining a PBT may complicate the development of executive functions (EFs), which play a vital role in long-term psychosocial adjustment. In this study, 48 adolescent survivors and their parents completed questionnaires assessing EF, psychological symptoms, fatigue, and adaptive functioning, and 26 survivors underwent neuropsychological assessment. Survivors reported significantly more problems with adaptive functioning than a healthy control group, and this was most strongly associated to executive dysfunction, compared to psychological symptoms and fatigue. The findings have important implications for long-term follow-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Puhr
- Dept. of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital & Dept. Of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - E Ruud
- Dept. of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital & Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - V Anderson
- Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne & Depts of Psychology & Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia
| | | | - A B Skarbø
- Dept. of Pediatric Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Finset
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo Norway
| | - S Andersson
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Boswinkel N, van Horn JE. The Forensic Symptoms Inventory-Youth Version-Revised: Development and Age Invariance Testing of a Broad-Spectrum Questionnaire for Forensic Assessment. Psychol Rep 2020; 124:1956-1987. [PMID: 32854593 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120953559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering both individual and neuropsychological factors, the Forensic Symptom Inventory-Youth Version-Revised (FSI-YV-R) is the first broad spectrum questionnaire for adolescents in forensic care, measuring several deficits, such as executive dysfunctions, anger, and inadequate coping to enhance treatment goals and evaluate interventions. In this study, both the factor structure and the measurement and structural invariance of the FSI-YV-R were investigated. The sample consisted of 159 forensic juvenile outpatients (79.9% males and 20.1% females) aged 12 to 19 with a mean age of 16.07 (SD = 1.57). Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analyses identified a second-order model (measuring executive functioning) and proved measurement and structural invariant across age groups (younger adolescents, 12-15 years and older adolescents, 16-18 years). Contrary to the expectations none of the FSI-YV-R subscales differentiated between younger adolescents (N = 74) and older adolescents (N = 85). These results and implications for both theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Boswinkel
- de Waag, Centre for Outpatient Forensic Mental Health, the Netherlands
| | - Joan E van Horn
- de Waag, Centre for Outpatient Forensic Mental Health, the Netherlands
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Athanasiadou A, Buitelaar JK, Brovedani P, Chorna O, Fulceri F, Guzzetta A, Scattoni ML. Early motor signs of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:903-916. [PMID: 30798414 PMCID: PMC7321902 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with onset of symptoms typically in early childhood. First signs of the disorder, including language delay, motor delay and temperament characteristics, may be evident as early as infancy. The present review describes published evidence about early motor signs of either children with later symptoms of ADHD or a later diagnosis of the disorder. Nine published cohort studies were included after a systematic search of related terms in PubMed and PsycInfo databases. Study eligibility criteria included: (1) report on early motor function or any motor-related signs; (2) the presence of a participants' assessment by/at 12 months of age; (3) report of a later presence of ADHD symptoms. The limited number of reports included suggests an association between mild early neurological markers and later developmental coordination disorder and motor overflow movements. Unfortunately, due to their small sample sizes and focus on group reports rather than individuals, they have limited power to find strong associations. Early motor indicators of ADHD, if present, appear to be non-specific, and therefore not yet useful in clinical screening. Spontaneous motility seems to be a promising measure for early ADHD detection, although further studies with large cohorts are recommended to determine its clinical role in children at risk for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Athanasiadou
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - J. K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. Brovedani
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa Italy
| | - O. Chorna
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa Italy
| | - F. Fulceri
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - A. Guzzetta
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Lundervold AJ, Halleland HB, Brevik EJ, Haavik J, Sørensen L. Verbal Memory Function in Intellectually Well-Functioning Adults With ADHD: Relations to Working Memory and Response Inhibition. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:1188-1198. [PMID: 25903587 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715580842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate verbal memory function with relation to working memory (WM) and response inhibition (RI) in adults with ADHD. Method: Verbal memory function was assessed by the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II), WM by the Paced Serial Addition Test, and RI by the Color-Word Interference Test from Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System in a sample of adults with normal to high intellectual function (IQ). Results: The ADHD group (n = 74) obtained lower scores than controls on measures of learning, recall, and immediate memory (CVLT-II). WM and RI explained a substantial part of verbal memory performance in both groups. A group to executive function (EF) interaction effect was identified for the total number of intrusions and false positive responses on the CVLT-II recognition trial. Conclusion: Verbal memory performance only partially overlaps with EF in intellectually well-functioning adults with ADHD. Both EF and verbal memory function should be assessed as part of a neuropsychological evaluation of adults with ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. XXXX; XX(X) XX-XX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri J Lundervold
- 1 Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway.,2 K. G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Helene Barone Halleland
- 1 Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway.,2 K. G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Norway.,3 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Jan Haavik
- 4 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,5 Department of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lin Sørensen
- 1 Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
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O’Toole SE, Tsermentseli S, Humayun S, Monks CP. Cool and hot executive functions at 5 years old as predictors of physical and relational aggression between 5 and 6 years old. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025418798498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of executive function (EF) in the early development of aggression, the role of cool and hot EF skills at 5 years old, in the development of physical and relational aggression between 5 and 6 years old, was explored. Typically developing children ( N = 80) completed tasks assessing their cool (inhibition, working memory, planning) and hot EF (affective decision making, delay of gratification) skills at 5 years old. Longitudinal data were collected from teachers that rated children’s aggression when they were 5, 5.5, and 6 years old. Inhibition at 5 years old predicted changes in physical and relational aggression between 5 and 6 years old. Early cool EF, but not hot EF, may therefore be associated with aggression and inhibitory control specifically with changes in aggression during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. O’Toole
- Centre for Transport Studies, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Tsermentseli
- Psychology, Social Work & Counselling, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sajid Humayun
- Psychology, Social Work & Counselling, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
| | - Claire P. Monks
- Psychology, Social Work & Counselling, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
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9
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Nigg JT, Gustafsson HC, Karalunas SL, Ryabinin P, McWeeney SK, Faraone SV, Mooney MA, Fair DA, Wilmot B. Working Memory and Vigilance as Multivariate Endophenotypes Related to Common Genetic Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:175-182. [PMID: 29496126 PMCID: PMC6547382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the role of endophenotypes is essential for process models of psychopathology. This study examined which candidate cognitive endophenotypes statistically mediate common variant genetic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD A case-control design using community-recruited volunteer children 7 to 11 years of age (n = 656, n = 435 ADHD), of whom 514 were of homogenous European ancestry for the primary models (n = 337 ADHD, 177 non-ADHD). Children were assessed with a multi-informant, best-estimate diagnostic procedure and laboratory measures of working memory, response inhibition, executive functioning, arousal/attention, temporal information processing, and processing speed. Latent variables were created for the candidate cognitive measures and for parent- and teacher-rated ADHD dimensions. Polygenic risk scores (PGS) were computed using a discovery sample of 20,183 individuals with ADHD and 35,191 controls from the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium. Cognitive measures that survived multiple testing correction for association with the PGS were evaluated for mediation with ADHD using structural equation models. RESULTS Results were essentially identical in the homogeneous European ancestry subgroup (n = 514) and in the full sample (N = 656). For the European population, the PGS was associated with ADHD diagnosis (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.045; β = 0.233, SE = 0.053, p = .000011) and multi-indicator dimensional ADHD latent variables by parent report (β = 0.185, SE = 0.043) and teacher report (β = 0.165, SE = 0.042). The PGS effect was statistically mediated by working memory (indirect effect, β = 0.101, SE = 0.029, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.16, p = .00049, 43% of genetic effect accounted for) and arousal/alertness (indirect effect β = 0.115, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.20, SE = 0.041, p = .005, 49% of genetic effect accounted for). CONCLUSION This is the first clear demonstration from molecular genetic data that working memory and arousal regulation are promising cognitive endophenotypes for ADHD with regard to mediating genetic risk from common genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beth Wilmot
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
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Urbain-Gauthier N, Wendland J. Mother-child interactions in young children with excessive physical aggression and in typically developing young children. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 22:467-482. [PMID: 28395529 DOI: 10.1177/1359104517698009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the multiple risk factors, the emergence of conduct problems in young children may be linked to harsh parenting and child's temperamental difficulties, leading to a reciprocal early discordant relationship. Little is known about the characteristics of early parent-child interactions in young children with physical aggression. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the characteristics of mother-child interactions in dyads referred for excessive physical aggression in young children under 5 years of age compared to mother-child interactions in typically developing young children. METHOD Mother-child interactions were assessed during a free-play session in both a clinical sample ( N = 70, child mean age = 3.5 years) and a nonclinical sample ( N = 80, child mean age = 3.5 years) by using the Rating Scale of Interaction Style (Clark and Seifer, adapted by Molitor and Mayes). RESULTS Significant differences were found between several interactive features in clinical and nonclinical dyads. In clinical dyads, mothers' behaviors were often characterized by intrusiveness and criticism toward children, and poor facilitative positioning. Children with excessive aggressive behavior often displayed poor communication, initiation of bids, and poor responsiveness toward the mother. They displayed fewer sustained bouts of play than typically developing children did. In clinical dyads, strong positive correlations were found between child responsiveness and maternal interest in engagement ( r = .41, p < .001), while the child displaying sustained bouts of play was negatively correlated with the mother's attempts to intrude on the child's activity ( r = .64, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS These data show that children with excessive aggressive behavior develop disrupted mother-infant interactions from a very young age. Several negative interactive features and correlations between child behavior and maternal behavior were found in clinical samples. The effects of these features add up and probably strengthen each other, thus leading to interactive difficulties from a very young age. More attention should be paid to early parent-child interactions in case of child behavioral problems. The recognition of these interactive dysfunctions is discussed in terms of clinical implications for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Urbain-Gauthier
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Institut de Psychologie, Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Jaqueline Wendland
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Institut de Psychologie, Paris Descartes University, France
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11
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Forslund T, Brocki KC, Bohlin G, Granqvist P, Eninger L. The heterogeneity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and conduct problems: Cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 34:371-87. [DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Long EC, Hill J, Luna B, Verhulst B, Clark DB. Disruptive behavior disorders and indicators of disinhibition in adolescents: The BRIEF-SR, anti-saccade task, and D-KEFS color-word interference test. J Adolesc 2015; 44:182-90. [PMID: 26277405 PMCID: PMC4632655 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Disinhibition contributes to the development of disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) in adolescents. Self-reports and behavioral tasks are commonly used to assess disinhibition, each with their unique strengths and limitations. Accordingly, it is important to identify which measure, or combination thereof, is the most effective in predicting DBD symptoms. This study assessed the relationship between DBD (symptoms of ADHD/ODD/CD) and two behavioral disinhibition tasks: the anti-saccade task and the D-KEFS color-word interference test, as well as a self-report measure (the BRIEF-SR). The results indicated that the BRIEF-Inhibit scale accounted for the majority of the variance in the DBD sum score. The anti-saccade task and color-word interference test were also significantly associated with an increase in the number of DBD symptoms endorsed. These behavioral tasks accounted for 9% additional variance than the self-report alone. Therefore, combining self-report measures with behavioral disinhibition tasks may provide the most thorough assessment of adolescent DBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Long
- Behavioral Sciences Department, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM, USA; Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - J Hill
- Behavioral Sciences Department, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM, USA.
| | - B Luna
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - B Verhulst
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - D B Clark
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Tillman C, Granvald V. The role of parental education in the relation between ADHD symptoms and executive functions in children. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:542-8. [PMID: 24406812 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713517543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a population-based sample of 9-year-old children, this study examined whether the relation between symptoms of ADHD and executive functions (EFs) depended on socioeconomic status (SES; indexed by parental education). METHOD Parents and teachers rated the children's ADHD symptoms, and parents also indicated their educational level in a questionnaire. The children performed a comprehensive set of EF tasks. RESULTS Whereas working memory was similarly related to ADHD symptoms in the lower and higher parental education group, the relations of inhibition and mental set-shifting with ADHD symptoms were generally stronger in the higher educational group, a pattern that was supported by several significant group differences in correlations. CONCLUSION This suggests that the EF pathway in contemporary multiple pathway models of ADHD etiology may be particularly relevant in higher SES parts of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Tillman
- Uppsala Child and Baby Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Viktor Granvald
- Uppsala Child and Baby Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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