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Sarker B, Cardona SM, Church KA, Vanegas D, Velazquez P, Rorex C, Rodriguez D, Mendiola AS, Kern TS, Domingo ND, Stephens R, Muzzio IA, Cardona AE. Defibrinogenation Ameliorates Retinal Microgliosis and Inflammation in A CX3CR1-Independent Manner. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221131446. [PMID: 36221892 PMCID: PMC9557863 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221131446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT Diabetic human and murine retinas revealed pronounced microglial morphological activation and vascular abnormalities associated with inflammation. Pharmacological fibrinogen depletion using ancrod dampened microglial morphology alterations, resolved fibrinogen accumulation, rescued axonal integrity, and reduced inflammation in the diabetic murine retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Sarker
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Sandra M. Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Kaira A. Church
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Priscila Velazquez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Colin Rorex
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Derek Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | | | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye
Institute, University of California-Irvine,
Irvine, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach,
CA, USA
| | - Nadia D. Domingo
- Rutgers Center of Immunity and Inflammation,
Rutgers New
Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ,
USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Rutgers Center of Immunity and Inflammation,
Rutgers New
Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ,
USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers
Center of Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical
School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Isabel A. Muzzio
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of
Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Astrid E. Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
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2
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Martinez L, Li X, Ramos-Echazabal G, Faridi H, Zigmond ZM, Santos Falcon N, Hernandez DR, Shehadeh SA, Velazquez OC, Gupta V, Vazquez-Padron RI. A Genetic Model of Constitutively Active Integrin CD11b/CD18. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2545-2553. [PMID: 32938725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of integrin CD11b/CD18 (αMβ2, Mac-1, and CR3) shows anti-inflammatory benefits in a variety of animal models of human disease, and it is a novel therapeutic strategy. Reasoning that genetic models can provide an orthogonal and direct system for the mechanistic study of CD11b agonism, we present in this study, to our knowledge, a novel knock-in model of constitutive active CD11b in mice. We genetically targeted the Itgam gene (which codes for CD11b) to introduce a point mutation that results in the I332G substitution in the protein. The I332G mutation in CD11b promotes an active, higher-affinity conformation of the ligand-binding I/A-domain (CD11b αA-domain). In vitro, this mutation increased adhesion of knock-in neutrophils to fibrinogen and decreased neutrophil chemotaxis to a formyl-Met-Leu-Phe gradient. In vivo, CD11bI332G animals showed a reduction in recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages in a model of sterile peritonitis. This genetic activation of CD11b also protected against development of atherosclerosis in the setting of hyperlipidemia via reduction of macrophage recruitment into atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, our animal model of constitutive genetic activation of CD11b can be a useful tool for the study of integrin activation and its potential contribution to modulating leukocyte recruitment and alleviating different inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Gioser Ramos-Echazabal
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Hafeez Faridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Zachary M Zigmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Nieves Santos Falcon
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Diana R Hernandez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Serene A Shehadeh
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Omaida C Velazquez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612;
| | - Roberto I Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136;
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Pentosan Polysulfate Demonstrates Anti-human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Activities In Vitro and In Vivo. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00413-19. [PMID: 31167921 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00413-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes T-cell leukemia and inflammatory diseases, most notably including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The underlying mechanism for the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP remains unclear. According to a recent clinical trial, a humanized antibody that targets CCR4+ cells ameliorates inflammation by reducing the number of infected cells in the central nervous system; this result suggests that the transmigration of HTLV-1-infected cells plays a crucial role in HAM/TSP. Partly due to the blood-brain barrier, current treatments for HAM/TSP are mostly palliative. Pentosan polysulfate (PPS), a semisynthetic glycosaminoglycan, has recently been used to treat HAM/TSP and was found to alleviate the symptoms. In this study, we investigated the effect of PPS on HTLV-1-infected cells and provide evidence for its efficacy in HAM/TSP. PPS was cytotoxic to certain HTLV-1-infected cells and significantly suppressed HTLV-1 virion production. PPS also efficiently inhibited HTLV-1 cell-cell transmission in T cells. In addition, PPS blocked HTLV-1 infection of primary endothelial cells (human umbilical vascular endothelial cells) and suppressed the subsequent induction of proinflammatory cytokine expression. Furthermore, PPS was found to inhibit the adhesion and transmigration of HTLV-1-infected cells. We also confirmed the anti-HTLV-1 effect of PPS in vivo using two mouse models. PPS blocked HTLV-1 infection in a mouse model with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-humanized NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull (huPBMC NSG) mice. PPS was also found to suppress the development of dermatitis and lung damage in HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ)-transgenic (HBZ-Tg) mice, an HTLV-1 transgenic mouse model in which the mice develop systemic inflammation.IMPORTANCE HTLV-1 is the first human retrovirus to have been identified and is endemic in certain areas worldwide. HTLV-1 infection leads to the development of an inflammatory disease called HAM/TSP, a myelopathy characterized by slowly progressive spastic paraparesis. There have been no effective therapeutics available for HAM/TSP, but recently, a semisynthetic glycosaminoglycan, named pentosan polysulfate (PPS), has been found to alleviate the symptoms of HAM/TSP. Here we conducted a comprehensive study on the effect of PPS both in vitro and in vivo PPS demonstrated anti-HTLV-1 potential in infected cell lines, as shown by its suppressive effects on HTLV-1 replication and transmission and on the transmigration of infected T cells. Moreover, results obtained from two HTLV-1 mouse models demonstrate that PPS inhibits HTLV-1 infection and inflammation development in vivo Our work offers insights into the treatment of HAM/TSP by PPS and also suggests its possible use for treating other HTLV-1-induced inflammatory diseases.
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4
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Tolomelli A, Galletti P, Baiula M, Giacomini D. Can Integrin Agonists Have Cards to Play against Cancer? A Literature Survey of Small Molecules Integrin Activators. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9070078. [PMID: 28678151 PMCID: PMC5532614 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9070078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of integrins to activate and integrate intracellular communication illustrates the potential of these receptors to serve as functional distribution hubs in a bi-directional signal transfer outside-in and inside-out of the cells. Tight regulation of the integrin signaling is paramount for normal physiological functions such as migration, proliferation, and differentiation, and misregulated integrin activity could be associated with several pathological conditions. Because of the important roles of integrins and their ligands in biological development, immune responses, leukocyte traffic, haemostasis, and cancer, their potential as therapeutic tools is now widely recognized. Nowadays extensive efforts have been made to discover and develop small molecule ligands as integrin antagonists, whereas less attention has been payed to agonists. In recent years, it has been recognized that integrin agonists could open up novel opportunities for therapeutics, which gain benefits to increase rather than decrease integrin-dependent adhesion and transductional events. For instance, a significant factor in chemo-resistance in melanoma is a loss of integrin-mediated adhesion; in this case, stimulation of integrin signaling by agonists significantly improved the response to chemotherapy. In this review, we overview results about small molecules which revealed an activating action on some integrins, especially those involved in cancer, and examine from a medicinal chemistry point of view, their structure and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tolomelli
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paola Galletti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Monica Baiula
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daria Giacomini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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5
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A Review of Cell Adhesion Studies for Biomedical and Biological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:18149-84. [PMID: 26251901 PMCID: PMC4581240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160818149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion is essential in cell communication and regulation, and is of fundamental importance in the development and maintenance of tissues. The mechanical interactions between a cell and its extracellular matrix (ECM) can influence and control cell behavior and function. The essential function of cell adhesion has created tremendous interests in developing methods for measuring and studying cell adhesion properties. The study of cell adhesion could be categorized into cell adhesion attachment and detachment events. The study of cell adhesion has been widely explored via both events for many important purposes in cellular biology, biomedical, and engineering fields. Cell adhesion attachment and detachment events could be further grouped into the cell population and single cell approach. Various techniques to measure cell adhesion have been applied to many fields of study in order to gain understanding of cell signaling pathways, biomaterial studies for implantable sensors, artificial bone and tooth replacement, the development of tissue-on-a-chip and organ-on-a-chip in tissue engineering, the effects of biochemical treatments and environmental stimuli to the cell adhesion, the potential of drug treatments, cancer metastasis study, and the determination of the adhesion properties of normal and cancerous cells. This review discussed the overview of the available methods to study cell adhesion through attachment and detachment events.
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6
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Podolnikova NP, Podolnikov AV, Haas TA, Lishko VK, Ugarova TP. Ligand recognition specificity of leukocyte integrin αMβ2 (Mac-1, CD11b/CD18) and its functional consequences. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1408-20. [PMID: 25613106 DOI: 10.1021/bi5013782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The broad recognition specificity exhibited by integrin α(M)β2 (Mac-1, CD11b/CD18) has allowed this adhesion receptor to play innumerable roles in leukocyte biology, yet we know little about how and why α(M)β2 binds its multiple ligands. Within α(M)β2, the α(M)I-domain is responsible for integrin's multiligand binding properties. To identify its recognition motif, we screened peptide libraries spanning sequences of many known protein ligands for α(M)I-domain binding and also selected the α(M)I-domain recognition sequences by phage display. Analyses of >1400 binding and nonbinding peptides derived from peptide libraries showed that a key feature of the α(M)I-domain recognition motif is a small core consisting of basic amino acids flanked by hydrophobic residues. Furthermore, the peptides selected by phage display conformed to a similar pattern. Identification of the recognition motif allowed the construction of an algorithm that reliably predicts the α(M)I-domain binding sites in the α(M)β2 ligands. The recognition specificity of the α(M)I-domain resembles that of some chaperones, which allows it to bind segments exposed in unfolded proteins. The disclosure of the α(M)β2 binding preferences allowed the prediction that cationic host defense peptides, which are strikingly enriched in the α(M)I-domain recognition motifs, represent a new class of α(M)β2 ligands. This prediction has been tested by examining the interaction of α(M)β2 with the human cathelicidin peptide LL-37. LL-37 induced a potent α(M)β2-dependent cell migratory response and caused activation of α(M)β2 on neutrophils. The newly revealed recognition specificity of α(M)β2 toward unfolded protein segments and cationic proteins and peptides suggests that α(M)β2 may serve as a previously proposed "alarmin" receptor with important roles in innate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly P Podolnikova
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Celik E, Faridi MH, Kumar V, Deep S, Moy VT, Gupta V. Agonist leukadherin-1 increases CD11b/CD18-dependent adhesion via membrane tethers. Biophys J 2014; 105:2517-27. [PMID: 24314082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin CD11b/CD18 is a key adhesion receptor that mediates leukocyte migration and immune functions. Leukadherin-1 (LA1) is a small molecule agonist that enhances CD11b/CD18-dependent cell adhesion to its ligand ICAM-1. Here, we used single-molecule force spectroscopy to investigate the biophysical mechanism by which LA1-activated CD11b/CD18 mediates leukocyte adhesion. Between the two distinct populations of CD11b/CD18:ICAM-1 complex that participate in cell adhesion, the cytoskeleton(CSK)-anchored elastic elements and the membrane tethers, we found that LA1 enhanced binding of CD11b/CD18 on K562 cells to ICAM-1 via the formation of long membrane tethers, whereas Mn(2+) additionally increased ICAM-1 binding via CSK-anchored bonds. LA1 activated wild-type and LFA1(-/-) neutrophils also showed longer detachment distances and time from ICAM-1-coated atomic force microscopy tips, but significantly lower detachment force, as compared to the Mn(2+)-activated cells, confirming that LA1 primarily increased membrane-tether bonds to enhance CD11b/CD18:ICAM-1 binding, whereas Mn(2+) induced additional CSK-anchored bond formation. The results suggest that the two types of agonists differentially activate integrins and couple them to the cellular machinery, providing what we feel are new insights into signal mechanotransduction by such agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Celik
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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8
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Röttgermann PJF, Alberola AP, Rädler JO. Cellular self-organization on micro-structured surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2397-2404. [PMID: 24623049 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52419a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Micro-patterned surfaces are frequently used in high-throughput single-cell studies, as they allow one to image isolated cells in defined geometries. Commonly, cells are seeded in excess onto the entire chip, and non-adherent cells are removed from the unpatterned sectors by rinsing. Here, we report on the phenomenon of cellular self-organization, which allows for autonomous positioning of cells on micro-patterned surfaces over time. We prepared substrates with a regular lattice of protein-coated adhesion sites surrounded by PLL-g-PEG passivated areas, and studied the time course of cell ordering. After seeding, cells randomly migrate over the passivated surface until they find and permanently attach to adhesion sites. Efficient cellular self-organization was observed for three commonly used cell lines (HuH7, A549, and MDA-MB-436), with occupancy levels typically reaching 40-60% after 3-5 h. The time required for sorting was found to increase with increasing distance between adhesion sites, and is well described by the time-to-capture in a random-search model. Our approach thus paves the way for automated filling of cell arrays, enabling high-throughput single-cell analysis of cell samples without losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J F Röttgermann
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Genetic variation is the major determinant of individual differences in leukocyte endothelial adhesion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87883. [PMID: 24520339 PMCID: PMC3919726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the genetic contribution to leukocyte endothelial adhesion. Methods Leukocyte endothelial adhesion was assessed through a novel cell-based assay using human lymphoblastoid cell lines. A high-throughput screening method was developed to evaluate the inter-individual variability in leukocyte endothelial adhesion using lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from different donors. To assess heritability, ninety-two lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from twenty-three monozygotic twin pairs and twenty-three sibling pairs were compared. These lymphoblastoid cell lines were plated with the endothelial cell line EA.hy926 and labeled with Calcein AM dye. Fluorescence was assessed to determine endothelial cell adhesion to each lymphoblastoid cell line. Intra-pair similarity was determined for monozygotic twins and siblings using Pearson pairwise correlation coefficients. Results A leukocyte endothelial adhesion assay for lymphoblastoid cell lines was developed and optimized (CV = 8.68, Z′-factor = 0.67, SNR = 18.41). A higher adhesion correlation was found between the twins than that between the siblings. Intra-pair similarity for leukocyte endothelial adhesion in monozygotic twins was 0.60 compared to 0.25 in the siblings. The extent to which these differences are attributable to underlying genetic factors was quantified and the heritability of leukocyte endothelial adhesion was calculated to be 69.66% (p-value<0.0001). Conclusions There is a heritable component to leukocyte endothelial adhesion. Underlying genetic predisposition plays a significant role in inter-individual variability of leukocyte endothelial adhesion.
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Abstract
In the cell membrane complement receptor 3 (CR3) consists of one alpha chain (CD11b) and one beta chain (CD18). CR3 participates in many immunological processes, especially those involving cell migration, adhesion, and phagocytosis of complement-opsonized microbes. Recent findings of soluble CR3 in body fluids and in culture supernatant from experiments in vitro point to the involvement of ecto domain shedding as a part of the CR3 biology. To monitor such shedding on a quantitative basis, we have developed time-resolved immunofluorometric assays (TRIFMA) to detect soluble CD11b and CD18 in plasma or serum of either human or murine origin. Compared with most enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays methodologies, TRIFMA possesses prominent advantages, including better dynamic range and reproducibility. These assays may contribute to the understanding of the role of shedding of CR3 and other cell adhesion molecules in human disease and animal models involving inflammation.
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Vanderslice P, Biediger RJ, Woodside DG, Brown WS, Khounlo S, Warier ND, Gundlach CW, Caivano AR, Bornmann WG, Maxwell DS, McIntyre BW, Willerson JT, Dixon RAF. Small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) integrin induces progenitor cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19414-28. [PMID: 23703610 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.479634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors on progenitor cells may be a viable approach to enhance the effects of stem cell-based therapies by improving cell retention and engraftment. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of the first small molecule agonist identified for the integrin α4β1 (also known as very late antigen-4 or VLA-4). The agonist, THI0019, was generated via two structural modifications to a previously identified α4β1 antagonist. THI0019 greatly enhanced the adhesion of cultured cell lines and primary progenitor cells to α4β1 ligands VCAM-1 and CS1 under both static and flow conditions. Furthermore, THI0019 facilitated the rolling and spreading of cells on VCAM-1 and the migration of cells toward SDF-1α. Molecular modeling predicted that the compound binds at the α/β subunit interface overlapping the ligand-binding site thus indicating that the compound must be displaced upon ligand binding. In support of this model, an analog of THI0019 modified to contain a photoreactive group was used to demonstrate that when cross-linked to the integrin, the compound behaves as an antagonist instead of an agonist. In addition, THI0019 showed cross-reactivity with the related integrin α4β7 as well as α5β1 and αLβ2. When cross-linked to αLβ2, the photoreactive analog of THI0019 remained an agonist, consistent with it binding at the α/β subunit interface and not at the ligand-binding site in the inserted ("I") domain of the αL subunit. Co-administering progenitor cells with a compound such as THI0019 may provide a mechanism for enhancing stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vanderslice
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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12
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Niles AL, Moravec RA, Riss TL. Update on in vitro cytotoxicity assays for drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:655-69. [PMID: 23506147 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.6.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND in vitro cytotoxicity testing provides a crucial means of ranking compounds for consideration in drug discovery. The choice of using a particular viability or cytotoxicity assay technology may be influenced by specific research goals. OBJECTIVE Although the high-throughput screening (HTS) utility is typically dependent upon sensitivity and scalability, it is also impacted by signal robustness and resiliency to assay interferences. Further consideration should be given to data quality, ease-of-use, reagent stability, and matters of cost-effectiveness. METHODS Here we focus on three main classes of assays that are at present the most popular, useful, and practical for HTS drug discovery efforts. These methods measure: i) viability by metabolism reductase activities; ii) viability by bioluminescent ATP assays; or iii) cytotoxicity by enzymes 'released' into culture medium. Multi-parametric technologies are also briefly discussed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Each of these methods has its relative merits and detractions; however multi-parametric methods using both viability and cytotoxicity markers may mitigate the inherent shortcomings of single parameter measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Niles
- Senior Research Scientist Promega Corporation, Research and Development, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711, USA +1 608 247 4330, ext. 1447 ; +1 608 298 4818 ;
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Faridi MH, Altintas MM, Gomez C, Duque JC, Vazquez-Padron RI, Gupta V. Small molecule agonists of integrin CD11b/CD18 do not induce global conformational changes and are significantly better than activating antibodies in reducing vascular injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3696-710. [PMID: 23454649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD11b/CD18 is a key adhesion receptor that mediates leukocyte adhesion, migration and immune functions. We recently identified novel compounds, leukadherins, that allosterically enhance CD11b/CD18-dependent cell adhesion and reduce inflammation in vivo, suggesting integrin activation to be a novel mechanism of action for the development of anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Since a number of well-characterized anti-CD11b/CD18 activating antibodies are currently available, we wondered if such biological agonists could also become therapeutic leads following this mechanism of action. METHODS We compared the two types of agonists using in vitro cell adhesion and wound-healing assays and using animal model systems. We also studied effects of the two types of agonists on outside-in signaling in treated cells. RESULTS Both types of agonists similarly enhanced integrin-mediated cell adhesion and decreased cell migration. However, unlike leukadherins, the activating antibodies produced significant CD11b/CD18 macro clustering and induced phosphorylation of key proteins involved in outside-in signaling. Studies using conformation reporter antibodies showed that leukadherins did not induce global conformational changes in CD11b/CD18 explaining the reason behind their lack of ligand-mimetic outside-in signaling. In vivo, leukadherins reduced vascular injury in a dose-dependent fashion, but, surprisingly, the anti-CD11b activating antibody ED7 was ineffective. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that small molecule allosteric agonists of CD11b/CD18 have clear advantages over the biologic activating antibodies and provide a mechanistic basis for the difference. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE CD11b/CD18 activation represents a novel strategy for reducing inflammatory injury. Our study establishes small molecule leukadherins as preferred agonists over activating antibodies for future development as novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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15
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Wiemer AJ, Wernimont S, Huttenlocher A. Live imaging of LFA-1-dependent T-cell motility and stop signals. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 757:191-204. [PMID: 21909914 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-166-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
T-cell motility is critical for leukocyte trafficking both in normal host defense and in pathologic conditions including chronic inflammatory disease. Despite progress in understanding the mechanisms of T-cell polarity and motility, we have limited understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to antigen-induced T cell arrest. Here, we describe methods to analyze leukocyte function antigen-1-mediated T-cell motility and T-cell receptor-induced stop signals using in vitro assays on two-dimensional surfaces. Specifically, methods for live time-lapse imaging of T cell random migration and arrest on ICAM-1-coated surfaces are described. Additionally, we detail methods for live imaging of T-cell motility within 3D substrates to analyze T cell-antigen-presenting cell (APC) interactions and APC-mediated stop signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Maiguel D, Faridi MH, Wei C, Kuwano Y, Balla KM, Hernandez D, Barth CJ, Lugo G, Donnelly M, Nayer A, Moita LF, Schürer S, Traver D, Ruiz P, Vazquez-Padron RI, Ley K, Reiser J, Gupta V. Small molecule-mediated activation of the integrin CD11b/CD18 reduces inflammatory disease. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra57. [PMID: 21900205 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The integrin CD11b/CD18 (also known as Mac-1), which is a heterodimer of the α(M) (CD11b) and β(2) (CD18) subunits, is critical for leukocyte adhesion and migration and for immune functions. Blocking integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion, although beneficial in experimental models, has had limited success in treating inflammatory diseases in humans. Here, we used an alternative strategy of inhibiting leukocyte recruitment by activating CD11b/CD18 with small-molecule agonists, which we term leukadherins. These compounds increased the extent of CD11b/CD18-dependent cell adhesion of transfected cells and of primary human and mouse neutrophils, which resulted in decreased chemotaxis and transendothelial migration. Leukadherins also decreased leukocyte recruitment and reduced arterial narrowing after injury in rats. Moreover, compared to a known integrin antagonist, leukadherins better preserved kidney function in a mouse model of experimental nephritis. Leukadherins inhibited leukocyte recruitment by increasing leukocyte adhesion to the inflamed endothelium, which was reversed with a blocking antibody. Thus, we propose that pharmacological activation of CD11b/CD18 offers an alternative therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dony Maiguel
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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17
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Faridi MH, Maiguel D, Brown BT, Suyama E, Barth CJ, Hedrick M, Vasile S, Sergienko E, Schürer S, Gupta V. High-throughput screening based identification of small molecule antagonists of integrin CD11b/CD18 ligand binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:194-9. [PMID: 20188705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Binding of leukocyte specific integrin CD11b/CD18 to its physiologic ligands is important for the development of normal immune response in vivo. Integrin CD11b/CD18 is also a key cellular effector of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, small molecules selectively inhibiting the function of integrin CD11b/CD18 are currently lacking. We used a newly described cell-based high-throughput screening assay to identify a number of highly potent antagonists of integrin CD11b/CD18 from chemical libraries containing >100,000 unique compounds. Computational analyses suggest that the identified compounds cluster into several different chemical classes. A number of the newly identified compounds blocked adhesion of wild-type mouse neutrophils to CD11b/CD18 ligand fibrinogen. Mapping the most active compounds against chemical fingerprints of known antagonists of related integrin CD11a/CD18 shows little structural similarity, suggesting that the newly identified compounds are novel and unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafeez Faridi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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18
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Faridi MH, Maiguel D, Barth CJ, Stoub D, Day R, Schürer S, Gupta V. Identification of novel agonists of the integrin CD11b/CD18. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6902-6. [PMID: 19879752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of novel small molecule agonists of integrin CD11b/CD18, which increased, in a dose-dependent manner, the adhesion of the integrin CD11b/CD18 expressing cells to two physiologically relevant ligands: Fibrinogen and iC3b. Compound 6 showed an ex vivo EC(50) of 10.5 microM and in vitro selectivity for binding to the recombinant alphaA-domain of CD11b/CD18. In silico docking experiments suggest that the compounds recognized a hydrophobic cleft in the ligand-binding alphaA-domain, implying an allosteric mechanism of modulation of integrin affinity by this novel compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafeez Faridi
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and University of Miami, Miami, FL 33176, USA
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Banerjee A, Sergienko E, Vasile S, Gupta V, Vuori K, Wipf P. Triple hybrids of steroids, spiroketals, and oligopeptides as new biomolecular chimeras. Org Lett 2009; 11:65-8. [PMID: 19067551 PMCID: PMC4257705 DOI: 10.1021/ol802247m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An oxidative enol ether rearrangement was the key methodology in the construction of steroid-spiroketal-RGD peptides. Biological studies demonstrated potent integrin CD11b/CD18 antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodologies & Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Eduard Sergienko
- Burnham Center for Chemical Genomics, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Stefan Vasile
- Burnham Center for Chemical Genomics, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Burnham Center for Chemical Genomics, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodologies & Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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