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Hoogstraten CA, Schirris TJJ, Russel FGM. Unlocking mitochondrial drug targets: The importance of mitochondrial transport proteins. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14150. [PMID: 38666512 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
A disturbed mitochondrial function contributes to the pathology of many common diseases. These organelles are therefore important therapeutic targets. On the contrary, many adverse effects of drugs can be explained by a mitochondrial off-target effect, in particular, due to an interaction with carrier proteins in the inner membrane. Yet this class of transport proteins remains underappreciated and understudied. The aim of this review is to provide a deeper understanding of the role of mitochondrial carriers in health and disease and their significance as drug targets. We present literature-based evidence that mitochondrial carrier proteins are associated with prevalent diseases and emphasize their potential as drug (off-)target sites by summarizing known mitochondrial drug-transporter interactions. Studying these carriers will enhance our knowledge of mitochondrial drug on- and off-targets and provide opportunities to further improve the efficacy and safety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Hoogstraten
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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2
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Skinner WM, Petersen NT, Unger B, Tang S, Tabarsi E, Lamm J, Jalalian L, Smith J, Bertholet AM, Xu K, Kirichok Y, Lishko PV. Mitochondrial uncouplers impair human sperm motility without altering ATP content†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:192-203. [PMID: 37294625 PMCID: PMC10427809 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In human spermatozoa, the electrochemical potentials across the mitochondrial and plasma membranes are related to sperm functionality and fertility, but the exact role of each potential has yet to be clarified. Impairing sperm mitochondrial function has been considered as an approach to creating male or unisex contraceptives, but it has yet to be shown whether this approach would ultimately block the ability of sperm to reach or fertilize an egg. To investigate whether the mitochondrial and plasma membrane potentials are necessary for sperm fertility, human sperm were treated with two small-molecule mitochondrial uncouplers (niclosamide ethanolamine and BAM15) that depolarize membranes by inducing passive proton flow, and evaluated the effects on a variety of sperm physiological processes. BAM15 specifically uncoupled human sperm mitochondria while niclosamide ethanolamine induced proton current in the plasma membrane in addition to depolarizing the mitochondria. In addition, both compounds significantly decreased sperm progressive motility with niclosamide ethanolamine having a more robust effect. However, these uncouplers did not reduce sperm adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content or impair other physiological processes, suggesting that human sperm can rely on glycolysis for ATP production if mitochondria are impaired. Thus, systemically delivered contraceptives that target sperm mitochondria to reduce their ATP production would likely need to be paired with sperm-specific glycolysis inhibitors. However, since niclosamide ethanolamine impairs sperm motility through an ATP-independent mechanism, and niclosamide is FDA approved and not absorbed through mucosal membranes, it could be a useful ingredient in on-demand, vaginally applied contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will M Skinner
- Endocrinology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Natalie T Petersen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Bret Unger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Shaogeng Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emiliano Tabarsi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julianna Lamm
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Dewpoint Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liza Jalalian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco Center for Reproductive Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James Smith
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ambre M Bertholet
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuriy Kirichok
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Polina V Lishko
- Endocrinology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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3
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Hoogstraten CA, Jacobs MME, de Boer G, van de Wal MAE, Koopman WJH, Smeitink JAM, Russel FGM, Schirris TJJ. Metabolic impact of genetic and chemical ADP/ATP carrier inhibition in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1927-1941. [PMID: 37154957 PMCID: PMC10256673 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is pivotal in drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Transport proteins embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane form a significant class of potential drug off-targets. So far, most transporter-drug interactions have been reported for the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier (AAC). Since it remains unknown to what extent AAC contributes to drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in AKI, we here aimed to better understand the functional role of AAC in the energy metabolism of human renal proximal tubular cells. To this end, CRISPR/Cas9 technology was applied to generate AAC3-/- human conditionally immortalized renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. This AAC3-/- cell model was characterized with respect to mitochondrial function and morphology. To explore whether this model could provide first insights into (mitochondrial) adverse drug effects with suspicion towards AAC-mediated mechanisms, wild-type and knockout cells were exposed to established AAC inhibitors, after which cellular metabolic activity and mitochondrial respiratory capacity were measured. Two AAC3-/- clones showed a significant reduction in ADP import and ATP export rates and mitochondrial mass, without influencing overall morphology. AAC3-/- clones exhibited reduced ATP production, oxygen consumption rates and metabolic spare capacity was particularly affected, mainly in conditions with galactose as carbon source. Chemical AAC inhibition was stronger compared to genetic inhibition in AAC3-/-, suggesting functional compensation by remaining AAC isoforms in our knockout model. In conclusion, our results indicate that ciPTEC-OAT1 cells have a predominantly oxidative phenotype that was not additionally activated by switching energy source. Genetic inhibition of AAC3 particularly impacted mitochondrial spare capacity, without affecting mitochondrial morphology, suggesting an important role for AAC in maintaining the metabolic spare respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Hoogstraten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike M E Jacobs
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Guido de Boer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa A E van de Wal
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J H Koopman
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
- Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, 6525 EX, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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Comprehensive Analysis and Validation of Solute Carrier Family 25 (SLC25) and Its Correlation with Immune Infiltration in Pan-Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4009354. [PMID: 36254139 PMCID: PMC9569204 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4009354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As the largest gene family functioning in protein transport among human solute carriers, the SLC25 family (mitochondrial carrier family) can participate in development of cancer. However, a comprehensive exploration for the exactly roles of SLC family remains lacking. In the present study, a total of 15 functional SLC25 family genes were retrieved from all current publications. And multidimensional analyses were systematically performed based on the transcriptome and genome data of SLC25 family from a variety of online databases for their expression, immune cell infiltration, and cancer prognosis. Validation by qPCR and immunohistochemistry were further conducted for the expression of partial SLC25 family members in some tumor tissue. We found that the SLC25 family had strong correlation with immune cells, such as macrophages M2, CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell memory activated, and memory resting. Among them, SLC25A6 was most correlated with Macrophage M1 in uveal melanoma (r = −0.68, P = 1.9e − 0.5). Expression of mRNA level showed that SLC25A4 was downregulated in stomach adenocarcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma. SLC25A7 was highly expressed in stomach adenocarcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma. SLC25A23 was decreased in colon adenocarcinoma. qPCR and immunohistochemistry validation results were consistent with our bioinformatics prediction. SLC25A8 was associated with the prognosis of cancer. All these findings suggested that the SLC25 family might affects the immune microenvironment of the cancer and then had the potential to be predictive biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis as well as novel targets for individualized treatment of cancer.
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Heterologous (Over) Expression of Human SoLute Carrier (SLC) in Yeast: A Well-Recognized Tool for Human Transporter Function/Structure Studies. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081206. [PMID: 36013385 PMCID: PMC9410066 DOI: 10.3390/life12081206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For more than 20 years, yeast has been a widely used system for the expression of human membrane transporters. Among them, more than 400 are members of the largest transporter family, the SLC superfamily. SLCs play critical roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis by transporting nutrients, ions, and waste products. Based on their involvement in drug absorption and in several human diseases, they are considered emerging therapeutic targets. Despite their critical role in human health, a large part of SLCs' is 'orphans' for substrate specificity or function. Moreover, very few data are available concerning their 3D structure. On the basis of the human health benefits of filling these knowledge gaps, an understanding of protein expression in systems that allow functional production of these proteins is essential. Among the 500 known yeast species, S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris represent those most employed for this purpose. This review aims to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art on the attempts of human SLC expression performed by exploiting yeast. The collected data will hopefully be useful for guiding new attempts in SLCs expression with the aim to reveal new fundamental data that could lead to potential effects on human health.
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Frelet-Barrand A. Lactococcus lactis, an Attractive Cell Factory for the Expression of Functional Membrane Proteins. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020180. [PMID: 35204681 PMCID: PMC8961550 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins play key roles in most crucial cellular processes, ranging from cell-to-cell communication to signaling processes. Despite recent improvements, the expression of functionally folded membrane proteins in sufficient amounts for functional and structural characterization remains a challenge. Indeed, it is still difficult to predict whether a protein can be overproduced in a functional state in some expression system(s), though studies of high-throughput screens have been published in recent years. Prokaryotic expression systems present several advantages over eukaryotic ones. Among them, Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) has emerged in the last two decades as a good alternative expression system to E. coli. The purpose of this chapter is to describe L. lactis and its tightly inducible system, NICE, for the effective expression of membrane proteins from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Frelet-Barrand
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, CEDEX, 25030 Besançon, France
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Learning from Yeast about Mitochondrial Carriers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102044. [PMID: 34683364 PMCID: PMC8539049 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that play an important role in both energetic and synthetic metabolism of eukaryotic cells. The flow of metabolites between the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix is controlled by a set of highly selective carrier proteins localised in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As defects in the transport of these molecules may affect cell metabolism, mutations in genes encoding for mitochondrial carriers are involved in numerous human diseases. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a traditional model organism with unprecedented impact on our understanding of many fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. As such, the yeast is also exceptionally well suited for investigation of mitochondrial carriers. This article reviews the advantages of using yeast to study mitochondrial carriers with the focus on addressing the involvement of these carriers in human diseases.
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Jaiquel Baron S, King MS, Kunji ER, Schirris TJ. Characterization of drug-induced human mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier inhibition. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5077-5091. [PMID: 33859735 PMCID: PMC8039944 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of commonly prescribed drugs are known to interfere with mitochondrial function, causing cellular toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Although often not considered, mitochondrial transport proteins form a significant class of potential mitochondrial off-targets. So far, most drug interactions have been reported for the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier (AAC), which exchanges cytosolic ADP for mitochondrial ATP. Here, we show inhibition of cellular respiratory capacity by only a subset of the 18 published AAC inhibitors, which questions whether all compound do indeed inhibit such a central metabolic process. This could be explained by the lack of a simple, direct model system to evaluate and compare drug-induced AAC inhibition. Methods: For its development, we have expressed and purified human AAC1 (hAAC1) and applied two approaches. In the first, thermostability shift assays were carried out to investigate the binding of these compounds to human AAC1. In the second, the effect of these compounds on transport was assessed in proteoliposomes with reconstituted human AAC1, enabling characterization of their inhibition kinetics. Results: Of the proposed inhibitors, chebulinic acid, CD-437 and suramin are the most potent with IC50-values in the low micromolar range, whereas another six are effective at a concentration of 100 μM. Remarkably, half of all previously published AAC inhibitors do not show significant inhibition in our assays, indicating that they are false positives. Finally, we show that inhibitor strength correlates with a negatively charged surface area of the inhibitor, matching the positively charged surface of the substrate binding site. Conclusion: Consequently, we have provided a straightforward model system to investigate AAC inhibition and have gained new insights into the chemical compound features important for inhibition. Better evaluation methods of drug-induced inhibition of mitochondrial transport proteins will contribute to the development of drugs with an enhanced safety profile.
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Rochette L, Meloux A, Zeller M, Malka G, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Mitochondrial SLC25 Carriers: Novel Targets for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102417. [PMID: 32455902 PMCID: PMC7288124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The transfer of metabolites through the mitochondrial membranes is a vital process that is highly controlled and regulated by the inner membrane. A variety of metabolites, nucleotides, and cofactors are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) by a superfamily of membrane transporters which are known as the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) or the solute carrier family 25 (SLC25 protein family). In humans, the MCF has 53 members encoded by nuclear genes. Members of the SLC25 family of transporters, which is the largest group of solute carriers, are also known as mitochondrial carriers (MCs). Because MCs are nuclear-coded proteins, they must be imported into the IMM. When compared with normal cells, the mitochondria of cancer cells exhibit significantly increased transmembrane potentials and a number of their transporters are altered. SLC25 members were identified as potential biomarkers for various cancers. The objective of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the involvement of mitochondrial SLC25 carriers in associated diseases. This review suggests that the SLC25 family could be used for the development of novel points of attack for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460) Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-380-393-292
| | - Alexandre Meloux
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460) Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Marianne Zeller
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460) Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Centre Interface Applications Médicales (CIAM), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Ben-Guerir 43 150, Morocco;
| | - Yves Cottin
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460) Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.V.)
- Department of cardiology, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460) Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.V.)
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10
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Inhibitory Effects of Antiviral Drug Candidates on Canine Parvovirus in F81 cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080742. [PMID: 31412574 PMCID: PMC6724046 DOI: 10.3390/v11080742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a common etiological agent of acute enteritis, which occurs globally in domestic and wild carnivores. Despite the widespread use of inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, the emergence of antigenic variants and the influence of maternal antibodies have raised some concerns regarding the efficacy of commercial vaccines. While no specific antiviral therapy for CPV infection exists, the only treatment option for the infection is supportive therapy based on symptoms. Thus, there is an urgent medical need to develop antiviral therapeutic options to reduce the burden of CPV-related disease. In this study, a cytopathic effect (CPE)-based high-throughput screening assay was used to screen CPV inhibitors from a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library. After two rounds of screening, seven out of 1430 screened drugs were found to have >50% CPE inhibition. Three drugs—Nitazoxanide, Closantel Sodium, and Closantel—with higher anti-CPV effects were further evaluated in F81 cells by absolute PCR quantification and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The inhibitory effects of all three drugs were dose-dependent. Time of addition assay indicated that the drugs inhibited the early processes of the CPV replication cycle, and the inhibition effects were relatively high within 2 h postinfection. Western blot assay also showed that the three drugs had broad-spectrum antiviral activity against different subspecies of three CPV variants. In addition, antiapoptotic effects were observed within 12 h in Nitazoxanide-treated F81 cells regardless of CPV infection, while Closantel Sodium- or Closantel-treated cells had no pro- or antiapoptotic effects. In conclusion, Nitazoxanide, Closantel Sodium, and Closantel can effectively inhibit different subspecies of CPV. Since the safety profiles of FDA-approved drugs have already been extensively studied, these three drugs can potentially become specific and effective anti-CPV drugs.
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11
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Denny PW. Yeast: bridging the gap between phenotypic and biochemical assays for high-throughput screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:1153-1160. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1534826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Denny
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Disease, Durham University, Durham, UK
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12
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Pampaloni F, Mayer B, Kabat Vel-Job K, Ansari N, Hötte K, Kögel D, Stelzer EHK. A Novel Cellular Spheroid-Based Autophagy Screen Applying Live Fluorescence Microscopy Identifies Nonactin as a Strong Inducer of Autophagosomal Turnover. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:558-570. [PMID: 28297606 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217696798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the basal autophagic flux has been linked to several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, autophagy has profound effects on the response of tumor cells to therapy. Hence, the search for pharmacological modulators of autophagy is of great clinical relevance. We established a drug screening assay in which the autophagic flux is measured by recording the fluorescence emission of the tandem fusion protein mRFP-GFP-LC3 by dynamic live-cell imaging. We optimized the assay for the identification of autophagy modulators in three dimensions with U343 glioma cell spheroids, which represent a more realistic cancer model than conventional 2D cell cultures. We validated the assay by screening a library of known autophagy modulators. As the first application, a small library of 94 natural compounds was screened for its impact on autophagy. We discovered the cyclic ionophore nonactin as a new and potent autophagy inducer. This novel autophagy screening assay based on 3D tumor spheroids is robust, reproducible, and scalable. It provides a valuable tool for both basic research and drug screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pampaloni
- 1 Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- 1 Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Konstantin Kabat Vel-Job
- 1 Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nariman Ansari
- 1 Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Hötte
- 1 Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- 2 Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am MainFrankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- 1 Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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