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Yazawa S, Yamazaki E, Saga Y, Itamochi M, Inasaki N, Shimada T, Oishi K, Tani H. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 isolation in cell culture from nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva specimens of patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8893. [PMID: 37264051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35915-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been revealed that SARS-CoV-2 can be efficiently isolated from clinical specimens such as nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva in cultured cells. In this study, we examined the efficiency of viral isolation including SARS-CoV-2 mutant strains between nasal/nasopharyngeal swab or saliva specimens. Furthermore, we also examined the comparison of viral isolation rates by sample species using simulated specimens for COVID-19. As a result, it was found that the isolation efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva specimens was significantly lower than that in the nasal/nasopharyngeal swab specimens. In order to determine which component of saliva is responsible for the lower isolation rate of saliva specimens, we tested the abilities of lactoferrin, amylase, cathelicidin, and mucin, which are considered to be abundant in saliva, to inhibit the infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped viruses (SARS-CoV-2pv). Lactoferrin and amylase were found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2pv infection. In conclusion, even if the same number of viral genome copies was detected by the real-time RT-PCR test, infection of SARS-CoV-2 present in saliva is thought to be inhibited by inhibitory factors such as lactoferrin and amylase, compared to nasal/nasopharyngeal swab specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yazawa
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Emiko Yamazaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Masae Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Noriko Inasaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Takahisa Shimada
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan.
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Phuoc Nguyen CT, Nguyen QAN. Is nature relatedness associated with better mental health? An exploratory study on Vietnamese university students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35737974 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2089847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the relationship between nature relatedness (NR) on subjective positive well-being (life satisfaction) and mental disorders (depression, stress, and anxiety) in Vietnamese university students. PARTICIPANTS 340 Hue University students voluntarily took part in the survey. METHODS The Nature Relatedness Scale, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale were used. Bivariate correlation, single regression, and moderation analysis were conducted to investigate the relationship between NR and the mental health of university students and the moderating role of NR. RESULTS Higher levels of NR significantly predicted higher levels of life satisfaction but did not significantly predict fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. NR significantly moderated the link between life satisfaction and depression, anxiety, and stress. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study imply that efforts to enhance students' mental health should include efforts to promote their NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cat Tuong Phuoc Nguyen
- Department of Psychology and Education, University of Education, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Quynh-Anh Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Psychology and Education, University of Education, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
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Choi H, Jeon YH, Han JW, Moon J, Kim SY, Woo JM. The Effects of a Forest Therapy on Work-Related Stress for Employees in the Manufacturing Industry: Randomized Control Study. Glob Adv Health Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/2164957x221100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of a forest therapy in a natural environment noted that the forest therapy induced a state of relaxation among workers, thereby decreasing cortisol levels and work-related stress. Objective The primary objective of this study is to determine the effects of the forest therapy for employees in the manufacturing industry on psychological stress responds, stress hormone and heart rate variability (HRV). The secondary objective is to determine the effects of the forest therapy for employees in the manufacturing industry on cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells, health-related quality of life and mood states compare to urban untreated and remained in urban environment. Methods Forty-two employees were recruited from a single workplace located in Incheon city, Republic of Korea. Participants were allocated to either an experimental group (n= 21), wherein they participated in the forest therapy and or a control group (n= 21), wherein they were given no treatment. Participants were assigned to these groups on a randomized, open-label basis. Pre and post-test measures of natural killer (NK) cell activity, salivary cortisol, heart rate variability (HRV), health-related quality of life, stress response, and mood states were taken for both groups. Results The results showed that participants who took part in the forest therapy showed greater physiological improvement when compared to those in the control group, as indicated by a significant increase in some HRV measures. The forest therapy also contributed to a significantly greater decrease in work-related stress symptoms and a significantly greater improvement in health-related quality of life and mood states compared to participants in the control group. Conclusions These results may suggest that the forest therapy could be an effective means of relaxation technique, reducing stress and leads to an increase in positive mood for employees in the manufacturing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Choi
- Graduate School of Art Therapy, Cha University, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Cha University, South Korea
| | - Yo-Han Jeon
- Department of Child Psychology and Education, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Han
- Jeollabuk-do Mental Health Welfare Center, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Joo Moon
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Cha University, South Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Cha University, South Korea
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Grzesiak-Gasek I, Kaczmarek U. Influence of Swimming Training Session on Selected Saliva Components in Youth Swimmers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:869903. [PMID: 35492619 PMCID: PMC9047765 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.869903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise may induce many changes in biochemical parameters of the saliva. Thanks to non-invasive access, saliva can be used as a diagnostic material in physical activity monitoring. The aim of the study was comparison of selected salivary components in swimmers before and after training session. 40 male subjects aged 12–15, out of whom 30 were competitive swimmers and 10 control were involved in the study. Salivary samples were collected from all subjects in the morning, and in the afternoon; from the swimmers, they were also collected before and after the workout. Salivary flow rate-V, pH, total protein-P, alpha-amylase-Amy, salivary peroxidase-SPO, cortisol-C, total antioxidant status-TAS, sialic acid (free-FSA, bound-GSA, total-TSA), calcium-Ca, magnesium-Mg were measured. The swimmers assessed the workout intensity of training session using the RPE Foster’s scale. The circadian rhythm pattern of some salivary components and differences after training were found. In swimmers after the morning exercise significant increase of P (0.83 ± 0.27 vs. 1.10 ± 0.58 g/L), Amy (64.91 ± 70.86 vs. 87.07 ± 92.46IU/L), Ca (3.83 ± 1.33 vs. 4.99 ± 2.24 mg/L), Mg (0.52 ± 0.32 vs. 0.73 ± 0.34 mg/L), TAS (0.64 ± 0.27 vs. 0.72 ± 0.26 mmol/L) and decrease V (0.47 ± 0.37 vs. 0.36 ± 0.22 mg/min), C (5.86 ± 5.00 vs. 3.54 ± 5.07 μg/ml) were found. After the afternoon training significant increase of pH (7.13 ± 0.33 vs. 7.27 ± 0.24), Amy (111.53 ± 120.13 vs. 130.91 ± 161.14IU/L), Ca (3.72 ± 1.34 vs. 4.61 ± 1.58 mg/L), Mg (0.48 ± 0.28 vs. 0.60 ± 0.39 mg/L), TSA (5.64 ± 3.78 vs. 6.10 ± 3.08 mg/L), GSA (3.00 ± 3.06 vs. 3.38 ± 2.26 mg/L), and decrease of V (0.63 ± 0.63 vs. 0.49 ± 0.39 ml/min) were noticed. Before training in the morning in the swimmers significantly higher of V (0.47 ± 0.37 vs. 0.26 ± 0.15 mg/min), TAS (0.64 ± 0.27 vs. 0.40 ± 0.16 mmol/L), and lower pH (7.01 ± 0.46 vs. 7.53 ± 0.33), P (0.83 ± 0.27 vs. 1.86 ± 1.28 g/L), Amy (64.91 ± 70.86 vs. 146.56 ± 114.45IU/L) compared to the control were found. In the afternoon in swimmers before training session significantly lower pH (7.13 ± 0.33 vs. 7.53 ± 0.49) and Amy (111.53 ± 120.13 vs. 170.98 ± 107.72IU/L) in comparison to the control were noticed. The RPE scores were negatively correlated with V (rho = −0.500, p = 0.05 and pH (rho = −0.382, p = 0.03) measured after the morning session and after the afternoon training with V (rho = −0.570, p = 0.01) and Ca (rho = −0.401, p = 0.08). The levels of salivary flow rate, alpha amylase, cortisol, calcium, magnesium were associated with swimming training session, and showed circadian variation without a significant effect on their responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Grzesiak-Gasek
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Iwona Grzesiak-Gasek, , orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-8828
| | - Urszula Kaczmarek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Exploring the Physiological and Psychological Effects of Digital Shinrin-Yoku and Its Characteristics as a Restorative Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031202. [PMID: 35162221 PMCID: PMC8834905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological and psychological therapeutic effects of a digital Shinrin-yoku environment constructed indoors in an urban facility as well as the characteristics of the environment that contribute to restorativeness (restorative traits). We measured the fluctuations in the physical and mental states of 25 subjects by obtaining both before–after measurements and continuous measurements while exposed to a digital Shinrin-yoku environment that reproduced visual, auditory, and olfactory elements. The results demonstrated that the parasympathetic nerve activity was significantly increased and that the heart rate was significantly decreased during the exposure compared with that during the resting state. As for mood, five of the six Profile of Mood States (POMS) scales (“Tension–Anxiety,” “Depression,” “Anger–Hostility,” “Fatigue,” and “Confusion”) were significantly decreased after the experience. In addition, psychological restorative effects were also confirmed, with a significant decrease in “negative affect” (measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)) and a significant increase in the sense of restorativeness (Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS)) after the experience. In contrast, comparing the digital Shinrin-yoku environment with the actual forest environment and the urban environment using POMS, PANAS, ROS, and Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), the psychological effects and environmental traits of the digital Shinrin-yoku were found to be considerably similar to those of the actual forest environment.
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Sharma M, Pondicherry KS, Duizer L. Understanding relations between rheology, tribology, and sensory perception of modified texture foods. J Texture Stud 2021; 53:327-344. [PMID: 34921392 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to examine relations between instrumental and sensory parameters in a texture modified food matrix, with and without saliva. Nine pureed carrot samples (eight thickened and a control) were developed with starch (0.4 and 0.8% wt/wt), xanthan (0.2 and 0.4% wt/wt) or starch-xanthan blends that met International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) Level 4 guidelines using fork and spoon tests. Rheological and tribological tests were conducted on the food and simulated bolus prepared by adding fresh stimulated saliva to the food (1:5, saliva:food) to mimic oral processing. Perceived sensory properties were identified using a temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) test (n = 16) where panelists were given a list of nine attributes. The area under the curve was extracted from TDS curves for each attribute/sample and this was correlated with rheological (viscosity at 10 s-1 , G', G″, and tan δ at 1 Hz) and tribological (friction coefficient in three regimes) data. The viscosity of the control sample decreased after adding hydrocolloids (except Starch_0.8%) and with saliva incorporation. G' and G″ either increased or were similar for xanthan and blends and decreased for starch-thickened samples. Hydrocolloid addition increased friction for all samples and was higher with saliva addition. Sensory results showed that samples with starch were perceived as thick and grainy while xanthan was perceived as smooth and slippery. A greater number of sensory attributes correlated with viscoelastic parameters compared to friction coefficients. Correlations were highest with the saliva added samples, further highlighting the importance of including saliva during instrumental testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sharma
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lisa Duizer
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Yao W, Chen F, Wang S, Zhang X. Impact of Exposure to Natural and Built Environments on Positive and Negative Affect: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2021; 9:758457. [PMID: 34900906 PMCID: PMC8655776 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.758457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the natural environment provides substantial benefits to human emotional well-being. The current study synthesized this body of research using the meta-analysis and assessed the positive and negative effects of exposure to both the natural and built environments. We searched four databases and 20 studies were included in the review. The meta-analysis results showed the most convincing evidence that exposure to the natural environment could increase positive affect (standardized mean difference, SMD = 0.61, 95% CI 0.41, 0.81) and decreased negative affect (SMD = -0.47, 95% CI -0.71, -0.24). However, there was extreme heterogeneity between the studies, and the risk of bias was high. According to the subgroup analysis, study region, study design, mean age of the sample, sample size, and type of natural and built environment were found to be important factors during exposure to the natural environment. The implications of these findings for the existing theory and research are discussed. These findings will help convince the health professionals and policymakers to encourage the residents to increase their time spent in the natural environment. These findings of this systematic review also suggested that the creation, maintenance, and enhancement of accessible greenspaces or existing natural environments may form part of a multidimensional approach to increasing emotional well-being of the local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Yao
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Institute for Sustainable Maritime Architecture Research and Technology (iSMART), Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Institute for Sustainable Maritime Architecture Research and Technology (iSMART), Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - San Wang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
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Richesin MT, Baldwin DR, Wicks LA. Art making and virtual reality: A comparison study of physiological and psychological outcomes. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2021.101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McSweeney J, Johnson S, Sherry S, Singleton J, Rainham D. Indoor nature exposure and influence on physiological stress markers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:636-650. [PMID: 31625764 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1679357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spending time in nature is beneficial for stress reduction and recovery. Using the properties of biophilic design, this study examined the influence of a nature-based indoor environment on physiological stress systems. An experimental study was designed to assess the influence of indoor natural elements on autonomic activity (heart rate variability or HRV), self-reported environmental assessments. No differences in heart rate variability were found between participants assigned to either condition. The room with natural elements was rated more positively than the room without natural elements. Participant preference had more impact on changes in HRV for participants without exposure to natural elements. The results suggest that natural elements in indoor environments may influence the regulation of stress response via environmental preference.Abbreviations: ANCOVA: Analysis of Covariance; ANS: Autonomic Nervous System; AVNN: Average of NN; DST: Digit Span Test; EAS: Environmental Assessment Scale; ECG: Electrocardiograph; fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging; HF: High Frequency; HRV: Heart Rate Variability; INE: Indoor Nature Exposure; NR: Nature-Relatedness Scale; PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; SAM: Search and Memory Test; SLSI: Student Life Stress Inventory; SMT: Sentence Making Test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill McSweeney
- Centre for Learning and Teaching, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Shannon Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Simon Sherry
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Jerome Singleton
- Recreation and Leisure Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Daniel Rainham
- Institute of Population Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Rawn KP, Keller PS, Bi S, Schoenberg N. Salivary Markers of Stress in Grandparents Rearing Grandchildren in Rural Appalachia: The Role of Mental Health, Religiosity, and Social Support. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2021; 21:19-39. [PMID: 36861060 PMCID: PMC9970288 DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2021.1921653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examines changes in salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase among grandparents rearing grandchildren in rural Appalachia. Grandparent-caregivers experience greater stress than non-grandparent-caregivers. Participants included 20 grandparent-caregivers and a child for which they cared, who completed questionnaires assessing family functioning and mental health via interview. Grandparent-caregivers provided morning saliva samples once a year for two years. For grandparent-caregivers low in social support and religiosity, grandparent-caregiver depressive symptoms, child depressive symptoms, and child stress were associated with increased grandparent-caregiver salivary alpha-amylase. For grandparent-caregivers high in social support and religiosity, child depressive symptoms, child stress, and child aggression were associated with increased grandparent-caregiver cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P. Rawn
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky
| | | | - Shuang Bi
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky
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The calming effect of roasted coffee aroma in patients undergoing dental procedures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1384. [PMID: 33446795 PMCID: PMC7809118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee beverage consumption is well-known to exert various health benefits; however, the effects of coffee aroma are rarely explored. This study aimed to investigate the calming effect of inhaling coffee aroma while the patients underwent dental procedures (probing and scaling). Salivary α-amylase (sAA) and cortisol (sCort) levels were measured as proxies of sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis responses to stress respectively. Blood pressures and pulse rates were recorded. The results showed that undergoing dental procedures could increase sAA and sCort levels of the patients inhaling sham aroma while those inhaling coffee aroma had significantly decreased sAA and sCort levels (40% and 25% differences, respectively). The pulse rates of those inhaling coffee aroma were also lower. Subjective assessment using visual analog scale was in line with objective measures as well. The preference for coffee aroma or the frequency of coffee drinking had no effect on the sAA and sCort responses. This is the first study to provide evidence on the effect of coffee aroma on sAA and sCort levels in patients undergoing dental procedures.
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Possibilities for Harmonisation between Recreation Services and Their Production within the Forest Sector—A Case Study of Municipal Forest Enterprise Hradec Králové (CZ). FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f12010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the possibility of harmonising the needs of society and the possibilities of the forest property manager. The Municipal forest enterprise of the city of Hradec Králové (MLHK) in the Czech Republic (CZ) is an example of this principle, which proves that the intensive development of a recreational service is possible without limiting this principle. The forest enterprise manages 3707 ha of forest in the immediate vicinity of the city with 92,000 inhabitants. The forest enterprise pays the city rent and makes a profit. The data were obtained by analysing the economic data of the surveyed company, the annual observation of the forest attendance, the surveys of the characteristics of the forest visitors and the surveys of selected 16 companies (from seven countries) managing the forests of some European cities. The main results concerning MLHK are as follows: the share of recreational service costs in the total costs of the forestry activities is 19.7%. The recreational services of the forest are financed from 71.5% from revenues from the sale of raw wood, 17.5% from revenues from the sale of sand from its own quarry, 3.9% from revenues from the recreational services and 7.1% from subsidies. The operation of the gravel quarry contributes to the economic result of the forest enterprise roughly by an amount corresponding to the costs of the recreational services. An average annual forest attendance is 243 people/ha. The inhabitants of the city account for 61.5% of the visitors, 20.4% of the visitors live within a distance of up to 30 km, and 18.1% of the visitors live at a distance of more than 30 km. The main results of the survey among the forest enterprises managing the forests of the selected European cities are as follows: the share of costs for the recreational services in the total costs of the forestry activities is 21–72% for cities with a population of over 100,000, and 3–14% for cities with less than 100,000 inhabitants. As a source of financing recreational services, the forest enterprises from mentioned cities with over 100,000 inhabitants, the money especially came from the city budget (70–100%). Forest enterprises from cities under 100,000 inhabitants stated that they fund a recreational service with 95–100% of the revenues from the sale of raw wood. Data on the MLHK show that it is possible to finance a recreational forest service from its own resources if this is the owner’s priority. However, this only applies under certain conditions, such as that, in addition to the income from forest management, there are other sources of income (in this case, sand mining or subsidies from public programmes). If the forest owner did not have these resources, they would have to pay for the recreational service from their own other resources (e.g., from the city budget).
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The dynamics of starch hydrolysis and thickness perception during oral processing. Food Res Int 2020; 134:109275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Urban Trees and Human Health: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124371. [PMID: 32570770 PMCID: PMC7345658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The urban forest is a green infrastructure system that delivers multiple environmental, economic, social and health services, and functions in cities. Environmental benefits of urban trees are well understood, but no review to date has examined how urban trees affect human health. This review provides a comprehensive summary of existing literature on the health impacts of urban trees that can inform future research, policy, and nature-based public health interventions. A systematic search used keywords representing human health, environmental health, and urban forestry. Following screening and appraisal of several thousand articles, 201 studies were conceptually sorted into a three-part framework. Reducing Harm, representing 41% of studies, includes topics such as air pollution, ultraviolet radiation, heat exposure, and pollen. Restoring Capacities, at 31%, includes attention restoration, mental health, stress reduction, and clinical outcomes. Building Capacities, at 28%, includes topics such as birth outcomes, active living, and weight status. The studies that were reviewed show substantial heterogeneity in purpose and method yet indicate important health outcomes associated with people’s exposure to trees. This review will help inform future research and practice, and demonstrates why urban forest planning and management should strategically promote trees as a social determinant of public health.
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Scarinci F, Patacchioli FR, Palmery M, Pasquali V, Costanzo E, Ghiciuc CM, Parravano M. Diurnal trajectories of salivary cortisol and α-amylase and psychological profiles in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:510-519. [PMID: 31842621 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1702553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the occurrence of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) might be associated with stress. Therefore, our purpose was to investigate the diurnal trajectories of salivary cortisol and α-amylase (α-Amy) - markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system activity, respectively - and psychological profiles in idiopathic acute CSC. This cross-sectional observational case-control study, which included self-reported psychometric questionnaires, was formally approved by the Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Home diurnal saliva collection was scheduled at several timepoints: at awakening, 30 and 60 min later, and at approximately 13:00 h and 20:00 h. Twenty consecutive male subjects with first-episode CSC attending the outpatient clinic of the Retina Medical Service at the Bietti Foundation were enrolled in the study. Twenty age-matched subjects were recruited as controls. After their initial enrollment, 3 subjects per group were excluded. The production of cortisol and α-Amy and the scores on the negative subscale of the Positive/Negative Affect Schedule, the Daily Hassles and Stress Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory were higher in the CSC group than in the control group. To estimate the diurnal trends in the production of salivary cortisol and α-Amy, an equation was derived for each group of the study population. The equations describing the interpolated regression lines gave salivary cortisol and salivary α-Amy slopes that were determined to be significantly different by Student's t-test (cortisol: t = 3.533, p < .001; α-Amy: t = 2.382, p = .018). Furthermore, the area under the curve with respect to the ground (AUCG) was calculated to summarize repeated salivary biomarker measurements from 07:00 h to 08:00 h for assessment of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and the α-Amy awakening response (AR). The diurnal cortisol AUCG and diurnal α-Amy AUCG were calculated from 07:00 h to 20:00 h. The CAR AUCG values of the CSC patients were significantly higher than those of the controls. No differences between the two groups were detected for the α-Amy AR AUCG. The present study adds novel information to the growing body of data suggesting that abnormal diurnal activity of the HPA axis and the SAM system is associated with CSC in susceptible individuals, providing ophthalmologists with a new chronobiological approach for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maura Palmery
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", Iasi, Romania
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Oh YA, Lee AY, An KJ, Park SA. Horticultural therapy program for improving emotional well-being of elementary school students: an observational study. Integr Med Res 2020; 9:37-41. [PMID: 32071866 PMCID: PMC7013189 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The horticultural therapy program significantly improved emotional intelligence of the elementary students. The horticultural therapy program significantly improved resilience of the elementary students. The horticultural therapy program significantly improved self-efficacy of the elementary students. Horticultural therapy program was effective in improving children’s psycho-emotional health.
Background Children in modern society are exposed to high levels of stress. Various previous studies have reported that horticultural activities help children’s emotional stability. The objective of this study is to develop and implement a horticultural therapy program to improve the emotional intelligence, resilience, and self-efficacy of elementary school students. Methods A total of 582 Korean students (11–13 years old) from 28 schools participated in this study. The horticultural therapy program consisted of seven sessions and was conducted once a week for 60 min per session, during regular or after-school classes. Before and after the horticultural therapy program, emotional intelligence, resilience, and self-efficacy of the elementary school students were assessed using questionnaires. At the end of the program, students evaluated their satisfaction with the program. Results The horticultural therapy program significantly improved emotional intelligence (p = 0.000), resilience (p = 0.001), and self-efficacy (p = 0.003) of the elementary students participating in this study. After the program, emotional intelligence improved both male and female students. In resilience and self-efficacy, male students improved after the program, but female students did not. Conclusions This study may show a potential of horticultural therapy for psycho-emotional health of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ah Oh
- Department of Horticultural Therapy, Graduate School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - A-Young Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Sanghuh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Kyung Jin An
- Department of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Sanghuh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea.,Department of Bio & Healing Convergence, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Sin-Ae Park
- Department of Horticultural Therapy, Graduate School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea.,Department of Environmental Health Science, Sanghuh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea.,Department of Bio & Healing Convergence, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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How Should Forests Be Characterized in Regard to Human Health? Evidence from Existing Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031027. [PMID: 32041261 PMCID: PMC7038061 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential of forests as a source of health has been addressed by the scientific community and is now being considered in national forest strategies, management plans and policies. Studies identifying the mechanisms by which forest characteristics may induce these effects on human health are nevertheless scarce. This systematic review of literature on forests and human health with real-life human exposure was conducted to assess the extent to which forests have been studied and described in detail and the extent to which relationships between forest variables and health effects have been reported. The analysis underlines the lack of forest descriptions in 19.35% of the 62 studies selected for review as well as the high heterogeneity of forest variables’ description. Patterns among the articles could not be identified correlating the broader forest variable (forest type) and the most studied health variables identified (blood pressure, pulse rate or/and cortisol levels). These findings, together with previous ex situ researches, suggest the need to ameliorate and incorporate more accurate descriptions of forest variables within human health studies to provide data for forest management and the potential use of these habitats for preventive medicine and clinical practice guidelines.
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Lyu B, Zeng C, Xie S, Li D, Lin W, Li N, Jiang M, Liu S, Chen Q. Benefits of A Three-Day Bamboo Forest Therapy Session on the Psychophysiology and Immune System Responses of Male College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16244991. [PMID: 31817971 PMCID: PMC6950568 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Forest therapy is a fast-growing treatment approach, as it has the potential to alleviate stressful life events and to improve psychological well-being and physical health. Bamboo forests are widespread in southwestern China. Nevertheless, a knowledge gap on the specific health benefits of bamboo forest (BF) therapy still exists. To explore the psycho-physiologic responses of participants to the effects of BF therapy, 60 male adults aged between 19 and 24, with similar healthy conditions, were selected to participate in this study. A one-group pretest–posttest design was used for the BF sites and the city site (CS) to compare the difference in the psycho-physiologic responses of participants before and after the test. Participants at the BF sites participated in a three-day bamboo forest therapy session, and those at the CS participated in a three-day urban program. Blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral oxygen saturation were measured as the physical signs, and the profile of mood state (POMS) questionnaire was completed by the participants for the psychological evaluation. Blood was sampled, and natural killer (NK) activity, the number of NK cells, and the levels of corticosterone, granulysin, perforin, and granzyme A/B in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were measured. All the measurements mentioned above were performed at 08:00 on the first and fourth days within the test. Results indicated that the three-day BF therapy was capable of enhancing positive mood states and also reducing negative mood states in the male participants. The blood pressure and heart rates of the male participants decreased, while the peripheral oxygen saturation increased after the three-day BF therapy session. Furthermore, BF therapy significantly increased NK activity and the number of NK cells and perforin-, granulysin-, and granzyme A/B-expressing cells and significantly decreased the corticosterone level in PBLs in the male participants. The three-day BF therapy session improved the psychological and physiological well-being and enhanced the immune functions of the male college students.
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Ribeiro AI, Tavares C, Guttentag A, Barros H. Association between neighbourhood green space and biological markers in school-aged children. Findings from the Generation XXI birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105070. [PMID: 31387021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is considerable literature on the psychological and behavioural benefits of green space. However, less is known about its health-promoting effects, as expressed on biological markers. Additionally, incorporating biomarkers into pediatric research may help elucidate the links between exposures to environmental stressors and lifelong health. OBJECTIVE To measure the association between geographical accessibility to green spaces and allostatic load (AL), a measure of biological multi-system dysregulation. METHODS We used data from 3108 7-year old children enrolled in Generation XXI, a population-based birth cohort from the Porto Metropolitan Area (Portugal). We computed an AL index based on seven biomarkers representing four regulatory systems: immune/inflammatory system (high sensitivity C-reactive protein); metabolic system (high density lipoprotein; total cholesterol; glycated hemoglobin; waist-hip ratio) and cardiovascular system (systolic and diastolic blood pressure). Accessibility to green spaces was calculated using a Geographic Information System and crude and adjusted associations were estimated using mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS Among the 3108 children (51.7% male; mean age 87.3 months), the mean AL index was 0.00 (standard deviation 2.94). Adjusted models showed that having a green space within 400 m and 800 m from the child's school was inversely associated with AL (400 m: beta -0.29 95% CI -0.54 to -0.02; 800 m: -0.29 95% CI -0.51 to -0.07). Also, there was a 12% (0%; 23%) increase in the AL index for every 1 km increase in distance to the nearest green space. No significant associations with AL were observed with residential accessibility to green space or with the presence of a garden at home. CONCLUSION We found a cross-sectional negative association between accessibility to green space near schools and AL in children, suggesting that the provision of green space may contribute to improvements in population health beginning early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Ribeiro
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences and Medical Education University of Porto Medical School, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Tavares
- Unidade de Saúde Pública do ACeS Entre Douro e Vouga I - Feira/Arouca, 4520-244 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Guttentag
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10012, United States of America
| | - Henrique Barros
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences and Medical Education University of Porto Medical School, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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20
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Meyer-Schulz K, Bürger-Arndt R. [Reviewing the psychological and physical health effects of forests]. SANTE PUBLIQUE 2019; S1:115-134. [PMID: 31210472 DOI: 10.3917/spub.190.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Civilization illnesses today impact, and will impact in the future, everyday life of people, particularly in high-income countries. Consequences are loss in life expectancy, reduction of quality of life as well as rising economic loads. The positive effects of stays and visits in natural environments on human well-being are known for a long time. Particularly, there are many indications that forest stays have health-promoting effects. This narrative review of the literature presents the current state of the research on health-promoting effects of forest exposure. Forest exposure has positive health effects on the cardiovascular system, the immune system and on mood. Especially in the context of stress reduction, forest exposure seems to have positive influences. However, little can be concluded about the extent of these positive effects, as most studies work without control environment or control groups. Moreover forest exposure is often associated with physical activity which is also known to have health benefits. Against the background of the positive health promoting trend further research should be carried out.
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Glover N, Polley S. GOING GREEN: The Effectiveness of a 40-Day Green Exercise Intervention for Insufficiently Active Adults. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7060142. [PMID: 31200463 PMCID: PMC6628432 DOI: 10.3390/sports7060142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior is an economic and health priority. This Green Exercise (GEx) study reports on a 40-day physical activity intervention to increase physical activity that primarily used outdoor recreation activities. Adherence, compliance, blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol, anthropometry, strength, dynamic stability, and cardiovascular fitness were assessed 1 week prior and immediately following the 40-day intervention. The results then were compared with a larger study that used the same methodologies but for the exception of primarily indoor physical activities. Results from this study showed similar improvements in health measures to the comparative indoor-based physical activity program with increased adherence and compliance. Improvements in wellbeing were also noted. This GEx study suggests that exercise programs that seek to increase physical activity levels of insufficiently active adults may benefit from including outdoor recreation activities within the program and may also increase participant mental health and general well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Glover
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Scott Polley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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22
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Mygind L, Kjeldsted E, Hartmeyer RD, Mygind E, Bølling M, Bentsen P. Immersive Nature-Experiences as Health Promotion Interventions for Healthy, Vulnerable, and Sick Populations? A Systematic Review and Appraisal of Controlled Studies. Front Psychol 2019; 10:943. [PMID: 31130890 PMCID: PMC6509207 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this systematic review, we summarized and evaluated the evidence for effects of, and associations between, immersive nature-experience on mental, physical, and social health promotion outcomes. Immersive nature-experience was operationalized as non-competitive activities, both sedentary and active, occurring in natural environments removed from everyday environments. We defined health according to the World Health Organization's holistic and positive definition of health and included steady-state, intermediate, and health promotion outcomes. An electronic search was performed for Danish, English, German, Norwegian, and Swedish articles published between January 2004 and May 2017. Manual approaches, e.g., bibliographies from experts, supplemented the literature search. Data were extracted from 461 publications that met the inclusion criteria. To assess the status and quality of the evidence for health promotion effects of immersive nature-experience, we focused on the subset of studies based on controlled designs (n = 133). Outcome level quality of the evidence was assessed narratively. Interventions most often involved adventure-based activities, short-termed walking, and seated relaxation in natural environments. We found positive effects on a range of health promotion outcomes grouped under psychological wellbeing (n = 97; ≈55% positive; ≈13% mixed; ≈29% non-significant; 2% negative); psychosocial function (n = 67; ≈61% positive; ≈9% mixed; ≈30% non-significant); psychophysiological stress response (n = 50; ≈58% positive; ≈18% mixed; ≈24% non-significant), and cognitive performance (n = 36; ≈58% positive; ≈6% mixed; ≈33% non-significant; 3% negative); and social skills and relationships (n = 34; ≈70% positive; ≈7% mixed; ≈22% non-significant). Findings related to outcomes categorized under physical health, e.g., risk of cardiovascular disease, were less consistent (n = 51; ≈37% positive; ≈28% mixed; ≈35% non-significant). Across the types of interventions and outcomes, the quality of the evidence was deemed low and occasionally moderate. In the review, we identify, discuss, and present possible solutions to four core methodological challenges associated with investigating immersive nature-experience and health outcomes: (1) intervention and program complexity; (2) feasibility and desirability of randomization; (3) blinding of participants and researchers; and (4) transferability and generalizability. The results of the review have been published as a popular-scientific report and a scientific research overview, both in Danish language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lærke Mygind
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | | | - Erik Mygind
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Bølling
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Peter Bentsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yamaya K, Hosoi Y, Takei R, Washio H, Nishizu T. Quantitative Evaluation of Kuchidoke from Rice Crackers. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.66.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukari Hosoi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University
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24
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The Effects of Forest Bathing on Stress Recovery: Evidence from Middle-Aged Females of Taiwan. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9070403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Does spending time outdoors reduce stress? A review of real-time stress response to outdoor environments. Health Place 2018; 51:136-150. [PMID: 29604546 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Everyday environmental conditions impact human health. One mechanism underlying this relationship is the experience of stress. Through systematic review of published literature, we explore how stress has been measured in real-time non-laboratory studies of stress responses to deliberate exposure to outdoor environments. The types of exposures evaluated in this review include: nature viewing, outdoor walks, outdoor exercise and gardening. We characterize study design, modalities of stress measurements, and statistical estimates of effect and significance. Heart rate, blood pressure, and self-report measures provide the most convincing evidence that spending time in outdoor environments, particularly those with green space, may reduce the experience of stress, and ultimately improve health. More work is needed to understand effects of in situ modifications to outdoor environments on residents' stress response.
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26
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Tsao TM, Tsai MJ, Hwang JS, Cheng WF, Wu CF, Chou CCK, Su TC. Health effects of a forest environment on natural killer cells in humans: an observational pilot study. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16501-16511. [PMID: 29662662 PMCID: PMC5893257 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Health effect assessments based on natural killer (NK) cells are an important emerging area of human health. We recruited 90 forest staff members in Xitou, Taiwan and 110 urban staff members in Taipei to investigate the health effects of forest environment exposure on NK cells (CD3−/CD56+) and activating NK cells (CD3−/CD56+/CD69+) in humans. We also invited 11 middle-aged volunteers in a pilot study to participate in a five-day/four-night forest trip to Xitou forest to investigate the health effects of a forest trip on NK cells and activating NK cells. Results showed that NK cells were higher in the forest group (19.5 ± 9.1%) than in the urban group (16.4 ± 8.4%). In particular, the percentage of NK cells was significantly higher in the forest group than in the urban group among the subgroups of male, a higher body mass index (≥ 25 kg/m2), without hypertension, lower high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hyperglycemia, without smoking habit, and with tea drinking habit. After the five-day trip in Xitou forest, the percentage of activating NK cells of the invited participants from Taipei increased significantly after the trip to Xitou forest (0.83 ± 0.39% vs. 1.72 ± 0.1%). The percentage of activating NK cells was 1.13 ± 0.43%, which was higher than the baseline value of 0.77 ± 0.38% before the forest trip among the seven subjects who participated in the follow-up study four days after returning to Taipei. This study suggests that exposure to forest environments might enhance the immune response of NK cells and activating NK cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ming Tsao
- The Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- The Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University, Nantou, Taiwan.,School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Fang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fu Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles-C K Chou
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Effects of Walking in Bamboo Forest and City Environments on Brainwave Activity in Young Adults. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:9653857. [PMID: 29785198 PMCID: PMC5896408 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9653857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background. In Japan, “Shinrin-yoku” or forest bathing (spending time in forests) is a major practice used for relaxation. However, its effects on promoting human mental health are still under consideration. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological and psychological relaxation effects of forest walking on adults. Sixty participants (50% males; 50% females) were trained to walk 15-minute predetermined courses in a bamboo forest and a city area (control). The length of the courses was the same to allow comparison of the effects of both environments. Blood pressure and EEG results were measured to assess the physiological responses and the semantic differential method (SDM) and STAI were used to study the psychological responses. Blood pressure was significantly decreased and variation in brain activity was observed in both environments. The results of the two questionnaires indicated that walking in the bamboo forest improves mood and reduces anxiety. Moreover, the mean meditation and attention scores were significantly increased after walking in a bamboo forest. The results of the physiological and psychological measurements indicate the relaxing effects of walking in a bamboo forest on adults.
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28
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Yu CP, Lin CM, Tsai MJ, Tsai YC, Chen CY. Effects of Short Forest Bathing Program on Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Mood States in Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14080897. [PMID: 28792445 PMCID: PMC5579495 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated changes in autonomic nervous system activity and emotions after a short (2 h) forest bathing program in the Xitou Nature Education Area (XNEA), Taiwan. One hundred and twenty-eight (60.0 ± 7.44 years) middle-aged and elderly participants were recruited. Physiological responses, pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate variability (HRV), and psychological indices were measured before and after the program. We observed that pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower after the program, which indicated physiological benefits from stress recovery. The Profile of Mood States negative mood subscale scores of "tension-anxiety", "anger-hostility", "fatigue-inertia", "depression-dejection", and "confusion-bewilderment" were significantly lower, whereas the positive mood subscale score of "vigor-activity" was higher. Furthermore, participants exhibited significantly lower anxiety levels according to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. However, changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity were nonsignificant. Our study determined that the short forest bathing program is a promising therapeutic method for enhancing heart rate and blood pressure functions as well as an effective psychological relaxation strategy for middle-aged and elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Pin Yu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Min Lin
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chieh Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Tourism and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan.
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29
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Triguero-Mas M, Gidlow CJ, Martínez D, de Bont J, Carrasco-Turigas G, Martínez-Íñiguez T, Hurst G, Masterson D, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Seto E, Jones MV, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. The effect of randomised exposure to different types of natural outdoor environments compared to exposure to an urban environment on people with indications of psychological distress in Catalonia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172200. [PMID: 28248974 PMCID: PMC5331968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Experimental studies have reported associations between short-term exposure to natural outdoor environments (NOE) and health benefits. However, they lack insight into mechanisms, often have low external and ecological validity, and have rarely focused on people with some psycho-physiological affection. The aim of this study was to use a randomized, case-crossover design to investigate: (i) the effects of unconstrained exposure to real natural and urban environments on psycho-physiological indicators of people with indications of psychological distress, (ii) the possible differential effects of 30 and 30+180 minutes exposures, and (iii) the possible mechanisms explaining these effects. Material and methods People (n = 26) with indications of psychological distress were exposed to green (Collserola Natural Park), blue (Castelldefels beach) and urban (Eixample neighbourhood) environments in Catalonia. They were exposed to all environments in groups for a period of 30+180 minutes between October 2013 and January 2014. During the exposure period, participants were instructed to do what they would usually do in that environment. Before, during (at 30 and 30+180 minutes) and after each exposure, several psycho-physiological measures were taken: mood (measured as Total Mood Disturbance, TMD), attention capacity (measured as backwards digit-span task), stress levels (measures as salivary cortisol), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, autonomous nervous system (assessed as heart rate variability and the indicators: low frequency power (LF), high frequency power (HF), ratio between LF and HF (LF:HF), and coefficients of component variance of LF, HF, and LF:HF). We also measured several potential mediators: air pollution, noise, physical activity, social interactions, and self-perceived restoration experience. Results When compared with responses to urban environment, we found statistically significantly lower TMD [-4.78 (-7.77, -1.79) points difference], and salivary cortisol [-0.21 (-0.34, -0.08) log nmol/L] in the green exposure environment, and statistically significantly lower TMD [-4.53 (-7.57, -1.49) points difference], and statistically significant favourable changes in heart rate variability indicators (specifically LF:HF and CCV-LF:HF with around -0.20 points of difference of the indicators) in the blue exposure environment. Physical activity and self-perceived restoration experience partially mediated the associations between NOE and TMD. Physical activity and air pollution partially mediated the associations between NOE and heart rate variability. Discussion and conclusions This study extends the existing evidence on the benefits of NOE for people's health. It also suggests NOE potential as a preventive medicine, specifically focusing on people with indications of psychological distress. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02624921
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Triguero-Mas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher J. Gidlow
- Centre for Sport Health and Exercise Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - David Martínez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeroen de Bont
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glòria Carrasco-Turigas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Martínez-Íñiguez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Hurst
- Centre for Sport Health and Exercise Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Masterson
- Centre for Sport Health and Exercise Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Physical Activity and Sports Sciences Department, Fundació Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Marc V. Jones
- Centre for Sport Health and Exercise Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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Bang KS, Lee IS, Kim SJ, Song MK, Park SE. [The Effects of Urban Forest-walking Program on Health Promotion Behavior, Physical Health, Depression, and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Office-workers]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2017; 46:140-8. [PMID: 26963423 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was performed to determine the physical and psychological effects of an urban forest-walking program for office workers. For many workers, sedentary lifestyles can lead to low levels of physical activity causing various health problems despite an increased interest in health promotion. METHODS Fifty four office workers participated in this study. They were assigned to two groups (experimental group and control group) in random order and the experimental group performed 5 weeks of walking exercise based on Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills Model. The data were collected from October to November 2014. SPSS 21.0 was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS The results showed that the urban forest walking program had positive effects on the physical activity level (U=65.00, p<.001), health promotion behavior (t=-2.20, p=.033), and quality of life (t=-2.42, p=.020). However, there were no statistical differences in depression, waist size, body mass index, blood pressure, or bone density between the groups. CONCLUSION The current findings of the study suggest the forest-walking program may have positive effects on improving physical activity, health promotion behavior, and quality of life. The program can be used as an effective and efficient strategy for physical and psychological health promotion for office workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sook Bang
- College of Nursing·The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Sook Lee
- College of Nursing·The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- College of Nursing·The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Song
- College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Se Eun Park
- College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Kiba T, Kanbara K, Ban I, Kato F, Kawashima S, Saka Y, Yamamoto K, Nishiyama J, Mizuno Y, Abe T, Fukunaga M. Saliva amylase as a measure of sympathetic change elicited by autogenic training in patients with functional somatic syndromes. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2016. [PMID: 26219656 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-015-9303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to discuss the effect of autogenic training (AT) on patients with functional somatic syndrome (FSS) using salivary amylase, the skin temperature of the finger, subjective severity of symptoms, and psychological characteristics as measures. We assessed 20 patients with FSS and 23 healthy controls before and after AT. Baseline levels of salivary amylase prior to an AT session were significantly higher in the FSS group than in the control group. However, this difference was not significant after AT. The skin temperature of the finger increased after AT in both the FSS and control groups. AT contributed to the improvement of somatic symptoms in patients with FSS. Our results regarding psychological characteristics suggest that mood disturbances are deeply involved in the pathology of FSS. Individuals with FSS exhibited elevated levels of sympathetic activity compared with healthy controls. Our data indicates that AT eased dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system in patients with FSS. Thus, salivary amylase may be a useful index of change induced by AT in patients with FSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kiba
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kanbara
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikumi Ban
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumie Kato
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sadanobu Kawashima
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukie Saka
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yamamoto
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Nishi Kyoto Hospital, 24 Goryo Mizoura-cho, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Nishiyama
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Mizuno
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Abe
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Fukunaga
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
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Insook Lee, 송민경, 최희승, 이부현, Kyungsook Bang, Sungjae Kim. Effect of Forest Program on Atopic Dermatitis in Children - A Systematic Review -. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.34272/forest.2016.20.2.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Marchand A, Juster RP, Lupien SJ, Durand P. Psychosocial determinants of diurnal alpha-amylase among healthy Quebec workers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 66:65-74. [PMID: 26799849 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is a stress-sensitive biomarker the shows promise as an indirect proxy of sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis activities that are otherwise difficult to discern non-invasively. This comprehensive study investigated diurnal sAA in association with numerous psychosocial characteristics related to mental health, work stress, and non-work stress. Participants included 395 workers (56.1% women, age: M=41.3, SD=10.81) from across 34 distinct workplaces. Diurnal sAA was sampled over two non-consecutive work days at awakening, 30 min after awakening, 14h00, 16h00, and bedtime. Well-validated psychometrics and survey items were used to measure mental health (psychological distress, depression, burnout, work characteristics) (task design, demands, social relations, gratifications), and non-work characteristics (marital/parental status, economic statuses, marital and parental stress, work-family conflicts). Preliminary results revealed that men showed occasionally higher sAA concentrations than women. Multilevel regressions were used to analyze sAA concentrations nested according to levels (i) for each time-point, (ii) between workers, and (iii) across workplaces while covarying for time of awakening, sex, age, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, psychotropic drug use, and body mass index. Main results revealed that psychological demands, support from colleagues, interpersonal conflicts, job recognition and job insecurity appear to be associated with diurnal sAA, while non-work factors did not. Our findings showing a distinct diurnal profile for sAA replicate and expand those of Nater et al. (2007, Psychoneuroendocrinology 32, 392-401), providing further evidence that sAA is associated to subjective psychosocial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Marchand
- School of Industrial Relations, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonia J Lupien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Durand
- School of Industrial Relations, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Dronina Y, Yoon YM, Sakamaki H, Nam EW. Health System Development and Performance in Korea and Japan: A Comparative Study of 2000-2013. J Lifestyle Med 2016; 6:16-26. [PMID: 27358836 PMCID: PMC4915763 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2016.6.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Japanese and Korean healthcare systems are very similar and thus, they have the same problems and weaknesses. This study discusses the problems and proposes complementary solutions based on the results of a comparative analysis of conditions in the healthcare systems of the two countries. METHODS This article presents a comparative analysis of the healthcare status of the two countries based on certain health criteria used worldwide, a literature review, and data from the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). RESULTS The scores of the healthcare systems were calculated for quantitative comparison. The performance of the Japanese health system was the best, followed by the Korean health system. Both countries observed an increased life expectancy and decreased infant and under-five mortality rates during the last 14 years. However, lower fertility rates were found, which could lead to a decreased working population and a subsequent increase in the economic burden of governments and households. A higher alcohol consumption rate was found in Korea, which was related to the establishment of interpersonal relationships. CONCLUSION The reform of the healthcare systems in Korea and Japan led to an increased life expectancy; concurrently, reduced fertility rates led to an increasing aging population. As a result, increasing health costs require additional measures to improve health equity and strengthen health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Dronina
- Yonsei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea; Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea; Institute for Poverty and Alleviation and International Development (IPAID), Wonju, Korea
| | - Young Min Yoon
- Yonsei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea; Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | | | - Eun Woo Nam
- Yonsei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea; Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea; Institute for Poverty and Alleviation and International Development (IPAID), Wonju, Korea
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Unno K, Noda S, Kawasaki Y, Iguchi K, Yamada H. Possible Gender Difference in Anti-stress Effect of β-Cryptoxanthin. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 136:1255-62. [PMID: 27592828 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Unno
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Shigenori Noda
- Division of Drug Evaluation & Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Division of Drug Evaluation & Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kazuaki Iguchi
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Division of Drug Evaluation & Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Horiuchi M, Endo J, Akatsuka S, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto E, Uno T, Kikuchi S. An effective strategy to reduce blood pressure after forest walking in middle-aged and aged people. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3711-6. [PMID: 26834337 PMCID: PMC4713776 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Forest walking may be effective for human health, but little information is
available about effects of energy expenditure on blood pressure responses after forest
walking. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the activity
energy expenditure and changes in blood pressure in individuals after forest walking.
[Subjects] The subjects were 54 middle-aged and elderly people. [Methods] All subjects
walked in the forest for approximately 90 min. Blood pressure, salivary amylase, and the
Profile of Mood States were evaluated before and after forest walking, and activity energy
expenditure was monitored throughout forest walking. Subjects were divided into two groups
according to mean arterial pressure changes: a responder group (>5% decreases) and a
nonresponder group (<5%). [Results] Forest walking significantly reduced the mean
arterial pressure and improved the Profile of Mood States in both groups. Activity energy
expenditure was related to changes in mean arterial pressure in the responder group, while
this relation was not observed in the nonresponder group. Differential activity energy
expenditure did not strongly affect improvement of the Profile of Mood States.
[Conclusion] Greater walking-related greater activity energy expenditure might be required
to accentuate physiological beneficial effects on in middle-aged and aged people.
Furthermore, the forest environment per se can attenuate psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Horiuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Japan
| | - Junko Endo
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Japan
| | - Shin Akatsuka
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hasegawa
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Japan
| | - Eriko Yamamoto
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uno
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kikuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Japan
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Forest adjuvant anti-cancer therapy to enhance natural cytotoxicity in urban women with breast cancer: A preliminary prospective interventional study. Eur J Integr Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ochiai H, Ikei H, Song C, Kobayashi M, Takamatsu A, Miura T, Kagawa T, Li Q, Kumeda S, Imai M, Miyazaki Y. Physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2532-42. [PMID: 25809507 PMCID: PMC4377916 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120302532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Time spent walking and relaxing in a forest environment ("forest bathing" or "forest therapy") has well demonstrated anti-stress effects in healthy adults, but benefits for ill or at-risk populations have not been reported. The present study assessed the physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy (relaxation and stress management activity in the forest) on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure. Blood pressure and several physiological and psychological indices of stress were measured the day before and approximately 2 h following forest therapy. Both pre- and post-treatment measures were conducted at the same time of day to avoid circadian influences. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), urinary adrenaline, and serum cortisol were all significantly lower than baseline following forest therapy (p<0.05). Subjects reported feeling significantly more "relaxed" and "natural" according to the Semantic Differential (SD) method. Profile of Mood State (POMS) negative mood subscale scores for "tension-anxiety," "confusion," and "anger-hostility," as well as the Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score were significantly lower following forest therapy. These results highlight that forest is a promising treatment strategy to reduce blood pressure into the optimal range and possibly prevent progression to clinical hypertension in middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ochiai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National hospital organization Tokyo Medical Center, Higashigaoka 2-5-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan.
| | - Harumi Ikei
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Kashiwa-no-ha 6-2-1, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Chorong Song
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Kashiwa-no-ha 6-2-1, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Maiko Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1-1-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Ako Takamatsu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Okura 2-10-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Takashi Miura
- Agematsu Town Office Industry & Tourism Department, Agematsu 159-3, Kiso, Nagano 399-5601, Japan.
| | - Takahide Kagawa
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1-1-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Shigeyoshi Kumeda
- Nagano Prefectural Kiso Hospital, Kisomachi-fukushima 6613-4, Nagano 397-8555, Japan.
| | - Michiko Imai
- Le Verseau Inc., 3-19-4 Miyasaka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0051, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Miyazaki
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Kashiwa-no-ha 6-2-1, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
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Horiuchi M, Endo J, Takayama N, Murase K, Nishiyama N, Saito H, Fujiwara A. Impact of viewing vs. not viewing a real forest on physiological and psychological responses in the same setting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:10883-901. [PMID: 25333924 PMCID: PMC4211012 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111010883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of viewing versus not viewing a real forest on human subjects’ physiological and psychological responses in the same setting. Fifteen healthy volunteers (11 males, four females, mean age 36 years) participated. Each participant was asked to view a forest while seated in a comfortable chair for 15 min (Forest condition) vs. sitting the same length of time with a curtain obscuring the forest view (Enclosed condition). Both conditions significantly decreased blood pressure (BP) variables, i.e., systolic BP, diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure between pre and post experimental stimuli, but these reductions showed no difference between conditions. Interestingly, the Forest viewing reduced cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and improved the subjects’ Profile of Mood States (POMS) scores, whereas the Enclosed condition increased the HbO2 and did not affect the POMS scores. There were no significant differences in saliva amylase or heart rate variability (HRV) between the two conditions. Collectively, these results suggest that viewing a real forest may have a positive effect on cerebral activity and psychological responses. However, both viewing and not viewing the forest had similar effects on cardiovascular responses such as BP variables and HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Horiuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, 5597-1, Kami-Yoshida, Fuji-Yoshida City, Yamanashi 4030005, Japan.
| | - Junko Endo
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, 5597-1, Kami-Yoshida, Fuji-Yoshida City, Yamanashi 4030005, Japan.
| | - Norimasa Takayama
- Department of Forest Management, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsuno-sato, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Kazutaka Murase
- Fuji Iyashinomoroi Woodland Study Center, The University of Tokyo, Yamanaka 341-2, Yamanakako Village, Minami-tsuru, Yamanashi 4010501, Japan.
| | - Norio Nishiyama
- Fuji Iyashinomoroi Woodland Study Center, The University of Tokyo, Yamanaka 341-2, Yamanakako Village, Minami-tsuru, Yamanashi 4010501, Japan.
| | - Haruo Saito
- Fuji Iyashinomoroi Woodland Study Center, The University of Tokyo, Yamanaka 341-2, Yamanakako Village, Minami-tsuru, Yamanashi 4010501, Japan.
| | - Akio Fujiwara
- Fuji Iyashinomoroi Woodland Study Center, The University of Tokyo, Yamanaka 341-2, Yamanakako Village, Minami-tsuru, Yamanashi 4010501, Japan.
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Calogiuri G, Chroni S. The impact of the natural environment on the promotion of active living: an integrative systematic review. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:873. [PMID: 25150711 PMCID: PMC4246567 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An understanding of how the living environment influences physical activity (PA) is of great importance for health promotion. Researchers have reported increased PA when there is a greater availability of nature within people’s living environment. However, little has been said about underlying motivational processes. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature on the relationship between the natural environment (NE) and PA, integrating it into a conceptual model that depicts the motivational process underlying this relationship. Methods Through a systematic literature search in line with PRISMA guidelines, peer-reviewed articles were sought using PubMed (search updated to October 2013) and scrutiny of reference lists. In addition, we contacted experts within our network. We reviewed papers in which the research question(s) concerned: 1) Effects of PA in NE on individuals’ feelings and beliefs; 2) Relationships between PA and availability of NEs; and 3) Motivational processes underlying visits to NEs in association with PA. Analysis and integration of the 90 selected studies were performed using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Results People’s experiences in using the NE can enhance attitudes toward PA and perceived behavioural control via positive psychological states and stress-relieving effects, which lead to firmer intentions to engage in PA. Individual and environmental barriers, as expressions of social support and actual behavioural control, impact the process via subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Instrumental beliefs such as a desire to enjoy nature and the expected health benefits also influence the process via attitudes. Different patterns have been identified for neighbourhood-based PA and outdoor recreations that take place in a NE. Conclusions The availability of a NE and attractive views of nature within an individual’s living environment are important contributors to PA, yet attention should focus on personal characteristics and environmental barriers. Policy and infrastructural interventions should aim to guarantee access and maintenance of the NE, as well as information and programming of social activities. Social campaigns via media and health institutions should highlight how nature can be a source of motivation for maintaining a PA routine, reducing stress and achieving aesthetic and health goals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-873) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Calogiuri
- Department of Dental Care and Public Health, Hedmark University College, Elverum, Norway.
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Park BJ, Tsunetsugu Y, Morikawa T, Kagawa T, Lee J, Ikei H, Song C, Miyazaki Y. Physiological and psychological effects of walking in stay-in forest therapy. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 69:98-103. [PMID: 24858504 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.69.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide scientific evidence of the physiological and psychological effects of forest and urban environments on 47 young male adults undergoing stay-in forest therapy. METHODS Field experiments were conducted at four sites in Japan. At each site, 12 subjects participated in the experiment. The experiments were conducted in forest and urban environments, and the subjects' physiological and psychological responses to these environments were compared. On the first day, six subjects were sent to a forest area, and the other six were sent to an urban area as controls. The groups were switched the next day. Heart rate variability and heart rate were measured to assess physiological responses. The semantic differential method for assessing emotions, the reports of "refreshed" feeling, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) were used to assess psychological responses. The physiological and psychological responses of each subject were recorded during and after walking, and the differences in indices were compared between the two environments. RESULTS The forest environment was associated with a higher parasympathetic nervous activity, a lower sympathetic nervous activity, and a lower heart rate than the urban environment. The subjective evaluation scores were generally in accordance with the physiological reactions and were significantly higher in the forest environment than in the urban environment. POMS measurements showed that the forest environment was psychologically relaxing and enhanced psychological vigor. CONCLUSIONS This study provided clear scientific evidence of the physiological effects of forest therapy. The results will contribute to the development of forest therapy research and support the inclusion of forest therapy in preventive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Jin Park
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University
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Haluza D, Schönbauer R, Cervinka R. Green perspectives for public health: a narrative review on the physiological effects of experiencing outdoor nature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:5445-61. [PMID: 24852391 PMCID: PMC4053896 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110505445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural environments offer a high potential for human well-being, restoration and stress recovery in terms of allostatic load. A growing body of literature is investigating psychological and physiological health benefits of contact with Nature. So far, a synthesis of physiological health outcomes of direct outdoor nature experiences and its potential for improving Public Health is missing. We were interested in summarizing the outcomes of studies that investigated physiological outcomes of experiencing Nature measuring at least one physiological parameter during the last two decades. Studies on effects of indoor or simulated Nature exposure via videos or photos, animal contact, and wood as building material were excluded from further analysis. As an online literature research delivered heterogeneous data inappropriate for quantitative synthesis approaches, we descriptively summarized and narratively synthesized studies. The procedure started with 1,187 titles. Research articles in English language published in international peer-reviewed journals that investigated the effects of natural outdoor environments on humans by were included. We identified 17 relevant articles reporting on effects of Nature by measuring 20 different physiological parameters. We assigned these parameters to one of the four body systems brain activity, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and immune function. These studies reported mainly direct and positive effects, however, our analyses revealed heterogeneous outcomes regarding significance of results. Most of the studies were conducted in Japan, based on quite small samples, predominantly with male students as participants in a cross-sectional design. In general, our narrative review provided an ambiguous illustration of the effects outdoor nature exerted on physiological parameters. However, the majority of studies reported significant positive effects. A harmonizing effect of Nature, especially on physiological stress reactions, was found across all body systems. From a Public Health perspective, interdisciplinary work on utilizing benefits of Nature regarding health promotion, disease prevention, and nature-based therapy should be optimized in order to eventually diminish given methodological limitations from mono-disciplinary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Haluza
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Regina Schönbauer
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Renate Cervinka
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Koibuchi E, Suzuki Y. Exercise upregulates salivary amylase in humans (Review). Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:773-777. [PMID: 24669232 PMCID: PMC3961115 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretion of salivary α-amylase is influenced by adrenergic regulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; thus, exercise affects the levels of salivary α-amylase. Granger et al published a review in 2007 that focused attention on salivary α-amylase. In addition, a portable system for monitoring salivary α-amylase activity was launched in Japan at the end of 2005. The correlation between exercise and salivary α-amylase has since been extensively investigated. The present review summarizes relevant studies published in the English and Japanese literature after 2006. A search of the PubMed and CiNii databases identified 54 articles, from which 15 original articles were selected. The findings described in these publications indicate that exercise consistently increases mean salivary α-amylase activities and concentrations, particularly at an intensity of >70% VO2max in healthy young individuals. Thus, these studies have confirmed that salivary α-amylase levels markedly increase in response to physical stress. Salivary α-amylase levels may therefore serve as an effective indicator in the non-invasive assessment of physical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Koibuchi
- Laboratory of Sports Nutrition and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Laboratory of Sports Nutrition and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
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Ryotokuji K, Ishimaru K, Kihara K, Namiki Y, Hozumi N. Effect of pinpoint plantar long-wavelength infrared light irradiation on subcutaneous temperature and stress markers. Laser Ther 2013. [PMID: 24155554 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.13-or-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The current investigation was aimed at the development of a novel non-invasive treatment system, "pinpoint plantar long-wavelength infrared light irradiation (PP-LILI)", which may be able to relieve mental stress and reduce stress-related hormones. Materials (Subjects) and methods: We compared the subcutaneous temperature, blood pressure, the degree of secretion of stress hormones before and after pinpoint irradiations (wavelength: 8-11 μm; output: 30mW). The study enrolled 15 subjects (Japanese healthy adults; 8 males, 7 females; average age 47.8 ± 14.6 years). Two parts of the planter region were irradiated for 15 min respectively. The stress markers such as ACTH, salivary amylase and cortisol were measured. As well, core body temperature and blood pressure were analyzed before and after the irradiation. RESULTS A series of experiments revealed increased body temperature, decreased levels of blood pressure and stress markers described above after the irradiation. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly suggest that the PP-LILI system will be quite useful for relieving stress and improvement of homeostatic functions in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ryotokuji
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ryotokuji University, Urayasu, Japan
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45
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Tsujiura Y, Toyoda K. [Physical and mental reactions to forest relaxation video--studies on gender differences]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2013; 68:175-88. [PMID: 24077490 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.68.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore gender differences in physical and mental relaxation in subjects who watched a forest relaxation video. METHODS The subjects were 12 males and 12 females in their 20's, with an average age of 21.67 ± 1.00 and 21.42 ± 1.56, respectively. They rested for 5 minutes, and then watched either a forest relaxation video or control video (grey screen, no sound). After the video session, they rested again for 5 minutes. Thus, the total experimental duration was 20 minutes. Before and after the video session, subjects completed visual analog scales (VAS) on mood and Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaires. Subjects also pointed out the most comfortable scenes on the video. In addition, we measured their heart rates. Analyses were based on the semantic differential (SD) technique. RESULTS The heart rate of male subjects decreased just after watching the relaxation video (p<0.05-0.01), and the LnHF increased (p<0.05-0.01), indicating significant activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Regarding VAS scales, the "refreshment" score increased in male subjects (p<0.01). In females, all three scores for "pleasantness", "calmness", and "refreshment" increased after watching the relaxation video (p<0.05-0.001). In addition, the "tension-anxiety" score of the POMS decreased after watching the video (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both male and female subjects felt relaxed after the forest relaxation video. Especially, heart rate changes suggested that male subjects experienced relaxation after the video, whereas female subjects experienced mental relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Tsujiura
- Fukui Prefectural University Faculty of Nursing and Social Welfare Sciences
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Anti-stress effect of theanine on students during pharmacy practice: positive correlation among salivary α-amylase activity, trait anxiety and subjective stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 111:128-35. [PMID: 24051231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Theanine, an amino acid in tea, has significant anti-stress effect on experimental animals under psychosocial stress. Anti-stress effect of theanine on humans was evaluated in 5th-year university students during pharmacy practice. METHOD The study design was a single-blind group comparison and participants (n=20) were randomly assigned to theanine or placebo groups. Theanine or placebo (lactose) tablets (200 mg, twice a day, after breakfast and lunch) were taken from 1 week prior to the pharmacy practice and continued for 10 days in the practice period. To assess the anxiety of the participants, the state-trait anxiety inventory test was carried out before the pharmacy practice. Salivary α-amylase activity (sAA) was measured as a marker of sympathetic nervous system activity. RESULTS In the placebo-group, sAA in the morning (pre-practice sAA) was higher than in theanine-group during the pharmacy practice (p=0.032). Subjective stress was significantly lower in the theanine-group than in the placebo-group (p=0.020). These results suggest that theanine intake had anti-stress effect on students. Furthermore, students with higher pre-practice sAA showed significantly higher trait anxiety in both groups (p=0.015). Similarly, higher pre-practice sAA was correlated to shorter sleeping time in both groups (p=0.41×10(-3)). CONCLUSION Stressful condition increased the level of sAA that was essentially affected by individual trait anxiety. The low levels of pre-practice sAA and subjective stress in the theanine-group suggest that theanine intake suppressed initial stress response of students assigned for a long-term commitment of pharmacy practice.
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Ryotokuji K, Ishimaru K, Kihara K, Namiki Y, Hozumi N. Effect of pinpoint plantar long-wavelength infrared light irradiation on subcutaneous temperature and stress markers. Laser Ther 2013; 22:93-102. [PMID: 24155554 DOI: 10.3136/islsm.22.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The current investigation was aimed at the development of a novel non-invasive treatment system, "pinpoint plantar long-wavelength infrared light irradiation (PP-LILI)", which may be able to relieve mental stress and reduce stress-related hormones. Materials (Subjects) and methods: We compared the subcutaneous temperature, blood pressure, the degree of secretion of stress hormones before and after pinpoint irradiations (wavelength: 8-11 μm; output: 30mW). The study enrolled 15 subjects (Japanese healthy adults; 8 males, 7 females; average age 47.8 ± 14.6 years). Two parts of the planter region were irradiated for 15 min respectively. The stress markers such as ACTH, salivary amylase and cortisol were measured. As well, core body temperature and blood pressure were analyzed before and after the irradiation. RESULTS A series of experiments revealed increased body temperature, decreased levels of blood pressure and stress markers described above after the irradiation. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly suggest that the PP-LILI system will be quite useful for relieving stress and improvement of homeostatic functions in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ryotokuji
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ryotokuji University, Urayasu, Japan
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Beil K, Hanes D. The influence of urban natural and built environments on physiological and psychological measures of stress--a pilot study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:1250-67. [PMID: 23531491 PMCID: PMC3709315 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10041250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environments shape health and well-being, yet little research has investigated how different real-world environmental settings influence the well-known determinant of health known as stress. Using a cross-over experimental design; this pilot study investigated the effect of four urban environments on physiological and psychological stress measures. Participants (N = 15) were exposed on separate days to one of the four settings for 20 min. These settings were designated as Very Natural; Mostly Natural; Mostly Built and Very Built. Visitation order to the four settings was individually randomized. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase; as well as self-report measures of stress; were collected before and after exposure to each setting. Gender was included as a variable in analysis; and additional data about environmental self-identity, pre-existing stress, and perceived restorativeness of settings were collected as measures of covariance. Differences between environmental settings showed greater benefit from exposure to natural settings relative to built settings; as measured by pre-to-post changes in salivary amylase and self-reported stress; differences were more significant for females than for males. Inclusion of covariates in a regression analysis demonstrated significant predictive value of perceived restorativeness on these stress measures, suggesting some potential level of mediation. These data suggest that exposure to natural environments may warrant further investigation as a health promotion method for reducing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Beil
- Helfgott Research Institute, National College of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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What are the benefits of interacting with nature? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:913-35. [PMID: 23466828 PMCID: PMC3709294 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10030913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting empirical evidence that interacting with nature delivers measurable benefits to people. Reviews of this topic have generally focused on a specific type of benefit, been limited to a single discipline, or covered the benefits delivered from a particular type of interaction. Here we construct novel typologies of the settings, interactions and potential benefits of people-nature experiences, and use these to organise an assessment of the benefits of interacting with nature. We discover that evidence for the benefits of interacting with nature is geographically biased towards high latitudes and Western societies, potentially contributing to a focus on certain types of settings and benefits. Social scientists have been the most active researchers in this field. Contributions from ecologists are few in number, perhaps hindering the identification of key ecological features of the natural environment that deliver human benefits. Although many types of benefits have been studied, benefits to physical health, cognitive performance and psychological well-being have received much more attention than the social or spiritual benefits of interacting with nature, despite the potential for important consequences arising from the latter. The evidence for most benefits is correlational, and although there are several experimental studies, little as yet is known about the mechanisms that are important for delivering these benefits. For example, we do not know which characteristics of natural settings (e.g., biodiversity, level of disturbance, proximity, accessibility) are most important for triggering a beneficial interaction, and how these characteristics vary in importance among cultures, geographic regions and socio-economic groups. These are key directions for future research if we are to design landscapes that promote high quality interactions between people and nature in a rapidly urbanising world.
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Understanding urban green space as a health resource: a qualitative comparison of visit motivation and derived effects among park users in Sheffield, UK. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:417-42. [PMID: 23340602 PMCID: PMC3564151 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
With increasing interest in the use of urban green space to promote human health, there is a need to understand the extent to which park users conceptualize these places as a resource for health and well-being. This study sought to examine park users’ own reasons for and benefits from green space usage and compare these with concepts and constructs in existing person-environment-health theories and models of health. Conducted in 13 public green spaces in Sheffield, UK, we undertook a qualitative content analysis of 312 park users’ responses to open-ended interview questions and identified a breadth, depth and salience of visit motivators and derived effects. Findings highlight a discrepancy between reasons for visiting and derived effects from the use of urban green space. Motivations emphasized walking, green space qualities, and children. Derived effects highlighted relaxation, positive emotions within the self and towards the place, and spiritual well-being. We generate a taxonomy of motivations and derived effects that could facilitate operationalization within empirical research and articulate a conceptual framework linking motivators to outcomes for investigating green space as a resource for human health and well-being.
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