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Liu ZH, Huang YC, Kuo CY, Kuo CY, Chin CY, Yip PK, Chen JP. Docosahexaenoic Acid-Loaded Polylactic Acid Core-Shell Nanofiber Membranes for Regenerative Medicine after Spinal Cord Injury: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197031. [PMID: 32987768 PMCID: PMC7583922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with disability and a drastic decrease in quality of life for affected individuals. Previous studies support the idea that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-based pharmacological approach is a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of acute SCI. We postulated that a nanostructured material for controlled delivery of DHA at the lesion site may be well suited for this purpose. Toward this end, we prepare drug-loaded fibrous mats made of core-shell nanofibers by electrospinning, which contained a polylactic acid (PLA) shell for encapsulation of DHA within the core, for delivery of DHA in situ. In vitro study confirmed sustained DHA release from PLA/DHA core-shell nanofiber membrane (CSNM) for up to 36 days, which could significantly increase neurite outgrowth from primary cortical neurons in 3 days. This is supported by the upregulation of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) neural marker genes from qRT-PCR analysis. Most importantly, the sustained release of DHA could significantly increase the neurite outgrowth length from cortical neuron cells in 7 days when co-cultured with PLA/DHA CSNM, compared with cells cultured with 3 μM DHA. From in vivo study with a SCI model created in rats, implantation of PLA/DHA CSNM could significantly improve neurological functions revealed by behavior assessment in comparison with the control (no treatment) and the PLA CSNM groups. According to histological analysis, PLA/DHA CSNM also effectively reduced neuron loss and increased serotonergic nerve sprouting. Taken together, the PLA/DHA CSNM may provide a nanostructured drug delivery system for DHA and contribute to neuroprotection and promoting neuroplasticity change following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Z.-H.L.); (Y.-C.H.); (C.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Z.-H.L.); (Y.-C.H.); (C.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chang-Yi Kuo
- Department of Chemical and Materials and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Ying Kuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Z.-H.L.); (Y.-C.H.); (C.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chieh-Yu Chin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Z.-H.L.); (Y.-C.H.); (C.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Ping K. Yip
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3211-8800 (ext. 5298)
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Hassanzadeh S, Jameie SB, Mehdizadeh M, Soleimani M, Namjoo Z, Soleimani M. FNDC5 expression in Purkinje neurons of adult male rats with acute spinal cord injury following treatment with methylprednisolone. Neuropeptides 2018; 70:16-25. [PMID: 29907375 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and complex medical condition that can happen to anyone. At present, therapy mainly focuses on rehabilitation and pharmacological treatment, such as methylprednisolone (MP). Supra-spinal changes in certain structures, such as the cerebellum, that receive many afferents from the spinal cord might be one reason for unsuccessful therapeutic outcomes. Recently, the expression of FNDC5 was reported in cerebellar Purkinje cells as a possible neuroprotective agent. In the present study, we considered the expression of FNDC5 in Purkinje cells following SCI with and without MP administration in adult rats with SCI. Thirty-five adult male rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly allocated into five groups, including SCI, spinal cord injury with methylprednisolone treatment (SCI + MP), operation sham, control, and operation sham with MP. Induction of SCI was achieved by using special clips to compress the spinal cord at a determined level. After a certain interval time, the animals underwent study for FNDC5 expression, apoptosis by using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and TUNEL and Nissl staining. Our results showed a significant decrease in the number of Purkinje cells following SCI. Therapy with MP inhibits apoptosis in irFNDC5 Purkinje cells and restores them. Expression of FNDC5 significantly increased in SCI and decreased following MP therapy. We also showed other cerebellar cells with FNDC5 immunoreactivity in the two other cerebellar layers that were firstly reported. Since irisin is known as a plasma product of FNDC5, we think it might be a plasma marker following therapeutic efforts for SCI; however, it needs further research. In addition, it is possible that changes in FNDC5 expression in Purkinje cells might be related to neurogenesis in the cerebellum with unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Behnamedin Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Soleimani
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, University of social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cai W, Yang T, Liu H, Han L, Zhang K, Hu X, Zhang X, Yin KJ, Gao Y, Bennett MVL, Leak RK, Chen J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ): A master gatekeeper in CNS injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:27-58. [PMID: 29032144 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a widely expressed ligand-modulated transcription factor that governs the expression of genes involved in inflammation, redox equilibrium, trophic factor production, insulin sensitivity, and the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Synthetic PPARγ agonists (e.g. thiazolidinediones) are used to treat Type II diabetes and have the potential to limit the risk of developing brain injuries such as stroke by mitigating the influence of comorbidities. If brain injury develops, PPARγ serves as a master gatekeeper of cytoprotective stress responses, improving the chances of cellular survival and recovery of homeostatic equilibrium. In the acute injury phase, PPARγ directly restricts tissue damage by inhibiting the NFκB pathway to mitigate inflammation and stimulating the Nrf2/ARE axis to neutralize oxidative stress. During the chronic phase of acute brain injuries, PPARγ activation in injured cells culminates in the repair of gray and white matter, preservation of the blood-brain barrier, reconstruction of the neurovascular unit, resolution of inflammation, and long-term functional recovery. Thus, PPARγ lies at the apex of cell fate decisions and exerts profound effects on the chronic progression of acute injury conditions. Here, we review the therapeutic potential of PPARγ in stroke and brain trauma and highlight the novel role of PPARγ in long-term tissue repair. We describe its structure and function and identify the genes that it targets. PPARγ regulation of inflammation, metabolism, cell fate (proliferation/differentiation/maturation/survival), and many other processes also has relevance to other neurological diseases. Therefore, PPARγ is an attractive target for therapies against a number of progressive neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lijuan Han
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
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Li H, Zhang Q, Yang X, Wang L. PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone reduces autophagy and promotes functional recovery in experimental traumaticspinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2017; 650:89-96. [PMID: 28433567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary damage is often more important in determining the functional outcome and provides a practical target for therapeutic intervention. Rosiglitazone (ROSG) is a potent PPAR-γ agonist and has been shown to induce neuroprotection in animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, it is still unclear whether this PPAR-γ agonist can mediate neuronal autophagy after SCI. METHODS SCI was induced by application of vascular clips (force of 24g) to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. The role of the PPAR-γ agonist ROSG on neuronal autophagy induced by SCI was investigated. RESULTS The expression of autophagy-related proteins, including microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 type II (LC3-II), beclin-1, and cathepsin D, increased significantly after SCI. ROSG downregulated autophagy-related protein expression and improved the locomotor function after SCI. GW9662 (a PPAR-γ inhibitor) significantly antagonized the effect of ROSG and abolished the protective effect on SCI. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly demonstrated that the administration of ROSG after SCI reduced autophagy and promoted functional recovery after SCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Li
- Yuncheng Central Hospital, Shanxi 044000, PR China; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Zhoupu Hospital affiliated with Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, PR China.
| | - Qin Zhang
- Yuncheng Central Hospital, Shanxi 044000, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Yuncheng Central Hospital, Shanxi 044000, PR China
| | - Liping Wang
- Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, PR China
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İşcan B, Tuzun F, Cilaker Micili S, Tugyan K, Duman N, Ozkan H, Kumral A. The effects of perinatal steroid therapy on growth factor levels during different stages of the developing brain. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 30:1820-1828. [PMID: 28052712 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1228051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excess glucocorticoid (GC) exposure on the fetal brain during critical stages of development has considerable effects on the development of the central nervous system (CNS). This study thus aimed to evaluate the differential effects of GC exposure on critical growth factor levels during different stages of brain maturation. METHODS For this purpose, forty-two rat pups were divided into six groups based on the timing of betamethasone administration. Rats in the treatment groups were exposed to intraperitoneal betamethasone injections beginning at different time points (postnatal days 1, 2, and 3). Rats in the placebo group received the same volume of 0.9% saline via the same fashion. Pups were sacrificed at 24 h following the final injection for determining the neuronal density and immunohistochemical evaluation of critical growth factors. RESULTS In the groups treated with betamethasone on postnatal day 1 (P1) and P2, which correspond to 22-24 and 24-28 gestational weeks in humans, the neuronal count in the hippocampal regions was significantly lower than their control groups. However, if steroid therapy was administered on P3, corresponding to 28-32 weeks in humans, no difference was observed between the two groups. Growth factors were affected in different ways depending on the steroid administration time and evaluated region. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the modulating effect of steroids on neuron count and growth factor response depends on the stage of brain development at the time of exposure. Therefore, this may be one of the key determinants affecting the deleterious and beneficial effects of GCs on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burçin İşcan
- a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics , School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Funda Tuzun
- a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics , School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Serap Cilaker Micili
- b Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylül University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Kazim Tugyan
- b Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylül University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Nuray Duman
- a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics , School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Hasan Ozkan
- a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics , School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Abdullah Kumral
- a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics , School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir , Turkey
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Albayrak S, Atci İB, Kalayci M, Yilmaz M, Kuloglu T, Aydin S, Kom M, Ayden O, Aydin S. Effect of carnosine, methylprednisolone and their combined application on irisin levels in the plasma and brain of rats with acute spinal cord injury. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:47-54. [PMID: 26142757 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) might occur to anybody at any time and any age. In its treatment, methylprednisolone (MP) is a first choice worldwide, but there is still no significant breakthrough in truly beneficial treatment due to SCI's complex pathophysiology. We investigated the effect of carnosine, methylprednisolone (MP) and its combination on irisin levels in the plasma, brain and medulla spinalis tissues in SCI using a rat model. The rats were divided into 6 groups: I (Control, saline); II (sham animals with laminectomy without cross-clamping); III (SCI); IV (SCI treated with 150mg/kg carnosine); V (SCI treated with 30mg/kg methylprednisolone); and VI (SCI treated with a combination of carnosine and MP). The animals were given traumatic SCI after laminectomy, using 70-g closing force aneurysm clips (Yasargil FE 721). Irisin concentration was measured by ELISA. The distribution of irisin in brain and spinal cord tissues was examined by immunochemistry. Irisin was mainly expressed in the astrocytes and microglia of brain tissues, and multipolar neurones of the anterior horn of spinal cord tissue in rats of all groups, indicating that irisin is physiologically indispensable. MP and carnosine and the combination of the two, significantly increased irisin in plasma and were accompanied by a significant rise in irisin immunoreactivity of brain and spinal cord tissues of the injured rats compared with control and sham. This finding raises the possibility that methylprednisolone and carnosine regulate the brain and spinal cord tissues in SCI by inducing irisin expression, and may therefore offer a better neurological prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Albayrak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, 23100, Elazig, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Burak Atci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, 23100, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kalayci
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, Elazig 23100, Turkey
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology&Embryology, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suna Aydin
- Cardiovascular Surgery- Anatomy, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, 23100, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kom
- Firat University, Veterinary of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Omer Ayden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, 23100, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
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García-Broncano P, Berenguer J, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Pineda-Tenor D, Jiménez-Sousa MÁ, García-Alvarez M, Miralles P, Aldámiz-Echevarria T, López JC, Micheloud D, Resino S. PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism was associated with favorable cardiometabolic risk profile in HIV/HCV coinfected patients: a cross-sectional study. J Transl Med 2014; 12:235. [PMID: 25159899 PMCID: PMC4282155 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 gene (PPARγ2) rs1801282 (Pro12Ala) polymorphism has been associated with lower risk of metabolic disturbance and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between the Pro12Ala polymorphism and cardiometabolic risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients. Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study on 257 HIV/HCV coinfected patients. PPARγ2 polymorphism was genotyped by GoldenGate® assay. The main outcome measures were: i) serum lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), LDL-C/HDL-C, and atherogenic index (AI)); ii) homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) values; iii) serum adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), hepatic growth factor (HGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF)). Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with gamma distribution (log-link) were used to investigate the association between PPARγ2 polymorphism and continuous outcome variables. This test gives the differences between groups and the arithmetic mean ratio (AMR) in continuous outcome variables between groups. Results The rs1801282 CG/GG genotype was associated with low values of cholesterol (adjusted arithmetic mean ratio (aAMR) = 0.87 (95% of confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.79; 0.96); p = 0.004) and LDL-C (aAMR = 0.79 (95% CI = 0.68; 0.93); p = 0.004). Furthermore, rs1801282 CG/GG was associated with low values of HOMA-IR (aAMR = 0.69 (95% CI = 0.49; 0.98); p = 0.038) among patients with significant liver fibrosis (F ≥ 2). Moreover, rs1801282 CG/GG was also associated with low serum values of hepatic growth factor (HGF) (aAMR = 0.61 (95% CI = 0.39; 0.94); p = 0.028), and nerve growth factor (NGF) (aAMR = 0.47 (95% CI = 0.26; 0.84); p = 0.010). The serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and PAI-1 did not show significant differences. Conclusions The presence of PPARγ2 rs1801282 G allele (Ala variant) was associated with a protective cardiometabolic risk profile versus CC genotype in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Thus, PPARγ2 rs1801282 polymorphism may play a significant role in the development of metabolic disorders in HIV/HCV coinfected patients, and might have an influence on the cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda- Pozuelo, Km 2,2, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain.
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Abstract
Traumatic injury or disease of the spinal cord and brain elicits multiple cellular and biochemical reactions that together cause or are associated with neuropathology. Specifically, injury or disease elicits acute infiltration and activation of immune cells, death of neurons and glia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the secretion of substrates that inhibit axon regeneration. In some diseases, inflammation is chronic or non-resolving. Ligands that target PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of ligand-activated transcription factors, are promising therapeutics for neurologic disease and CNS injury because their activation affects many, if not all, of these interrelated pathologic mechanisms. PPAR activation can simultaneously weaken or reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial function, promote axon growth and induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. PPAR activation has beneficial effects in many pre-clinical models of neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury; however, the mechanisms through which PPARs exert these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. In this review we discuss current literature supporting the role of PPAR activation as a therapeutic target for treating traumatic injury and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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Abstract
The classic theories of aging such as the free radical theory, including its mitochondria-related versions, have largely focused on a few specific processes of senescence. Meanwhile, numerous interconnections have become apparent between age-dependent changes previously thought to proceed more or less independently. Increased damage by free radicals is not only linked to impairments of mitochondrial function, but also to inflammaging as it occurs during immune remodeling and by release of proinflammatory cytokines from mitotically arrested, DNA-damaged cells that exhibit the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Among other effects, SASP can cause mutations in stem cells that reduce the capacity for tissue regeneration or, in worst case, lead to cancer stem cells. Oxidative stress has also been shown to promote telomere attrition. Moreover, damage by free radicals is connected to impaired circadian rhythmicity. Another nexus exists between cellular oscillators and metabolic sensing, in particular to the aging-suppressor SIRT1, which acts as an accessory clock protein. Melatonin, being a highly pleiotropic regulator molecule, interacts directly or indirectly with all the processes mentioned. These influences are critically reviewed, with emphasis on data from aged organisms and senescence-accelerated animals. The sometimes-controversial findings obtained either in a nongerontological context or in comparisons of tumor with nontumor cells are discussed in light of evidence obtained in senescent organisms. Although, in mammals, lifetime extension by melatonin has been rarely documented in a fully conclusive way, a support of healthy aging has been observed in rodents and is highly likely in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Stahel PF, VanderHeiden T, Finn MA. Management strategies for acute spinal cord injury: current options and future perspectives. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2012;18:651-660. [PMID: 23104069 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0b013e32835a0e54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Spinal cord injury is a devastating acute neurological condition with loss of function and poor long-term prognosis. This review summarizes current management strategies and innovative concepts on the horizon. RECENT FINDINGS The routine use of steroids in patients with spinal cord injuries has been largely abandoned and considered a 'harmful standard of care'. Prospective trials have shown that early spine stabilization within 24 h results in decreased secondary complication rates. Neuronal plasticity and axonal regeneration in the adult spinal cord are limited due to myelin-associated inhibitory molecules, such as Nogo-A. The experimental inhibition of Nogo-A ameliorates axonal sprouting and functional recovery in animal models. SUMMARY General management strategies for acute spinal cord injury consist of protection of airway, breathing, oxygenation and control of blood loss with maintenance of blood pressure. Unstable spine fractures should be stabilized early to allow unrestricted mobilization of patients with spinal cord injuries and to decrease preventable complications. Steroids are largely considered obsolete and have been abandoned in clinical guidelines. Nogo-A represents a promising new pharmacological target to promote sprouting of injured axons and restore function. Prospective clinical trials of Nogo-A inhibition in patients with spinal cord injuries are currently under way.
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Numakawa T, Adachi N, Richards M, Chiba S, Kunugi H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glucocorticoids: reciprocal influence on the central nervous system. Neuroscience. 2013;239:157-172. [PMID: 23069755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has multiple roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including maintaining cell survival and regulation of synaptic function. In CNS neurons, BDNF triggers activation of phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways, influencing neuronal cells beneficially through these intracellular signaling cascades. There is evidence to suggest that decreased BDNF expression or function is related to the pathophysiology of brain diseases including psychiatric disorders. Additionally, glucocorticoids, which are critical stress hormones, also influence neuronal function in the CNS, and are putatively involved in the onset of depression when levels are abnormally high. In animal models of depression, changes in glucocorticoid levels, expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and alterations in BDNF signaling are observed. Interestingly, several studies using in vivo and in vitro systems suggest that glucocorticoids interact with BDNF to ultimately affect CNS function. In the present review, we provide an overview of recent evidence concerning the interaction between BDNF and glucocorticoids.
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Gensel J, Kigerl K, Mandrekar-Colucci S, Gaudet A, Popovich P. Achieving CNS axon regeneration by manipulating convergent neuro-immune signaling. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:201-13. [PMID: 22592625 PMCID: PMC10881271 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After central nervous system (CNS) trauma, axons have a low capacity for regeneration. Regeneration failure is associated with a muted regenerative response of the neuron itself, combined with a growth-inhibitory and cytotoxic post-injury environment. After spinal cord injury (SCI), resident and infiltrating immune cells (especially microglia/macrophages) contribute significantly to the growth-refractory milieu near the lesion. By targeting both the regenerative potential of the axon and the cytotoxic phenotype of microglia/macrophages, we may be able to improve CNS repair after SCI. In this review, we discuss molecules shown to impact CNS repair by affecting both immune cells and neurons. Specifically, we provide examples of pattern recognition receptors, integrins, cytokines/chemokines, nuclear receptors and galectins that could improve CNS repair. In many cases, signaling by these molecules is complex and may have contradictory effects on recovery depending on the cell types involved or the model studied. Despite this caveat, deciphering convergent signaling pathways on immune cells (which affect axon growth indirectly) and neurons (direct effects on axon growth) could improve repair and recovery after SCI. Future studies must continue to consider how regenerative therapies targeting neurons impact other cells in the pathological CNS. By identifying molecules that simultaneously improve axon regenerative capacity and drive the protective, growth-promoting phenotype of immune cells, we may discover SCI therapies that act synergistically to improve CNS repair and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Gensel
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - K.A. Kigerl
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - S. Mandrekar-Colucci
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - A.D. Gaudet
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - P.G. Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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