The Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale, a useful tool with potential to evaluate person-centred care

Self-efficacy measurement instruments for individuals with coronary artery disease: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Over the past decade, there has been a heightened interest in evaluating self-efficacy among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A significant number of instruments have been developed and validated, yet the need remains to assess the quality of their studies and their properties.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the measurement properties and link the content extracted from self-efficacy instrument items for individuals with CAD to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF).

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted following the Cochrane systematic review guidelines and COnsensus norms for Selection of health Measuring INstruments (COSMIN), registered under CRD42021262613. The search was carried out on MEDLINE (Ovid), Web of Science, EMBASE, and PsycINFO, including studies involving the development and validation of self-efficacy instruments for individuals with CAD, without language or date restrictions. Data extraction was performed in May 2022 and updated in January 2023 and all the steps of this review were carried out by two different collaborators and reviewed by a third when there were divergences. Modified Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) recommended by COSMIN was used to determine the quality of evidence as high, moderate, low, or very low. Instrument categorization was carried out per COSMIN recommendations, according to the construct of interest and study population into three categories (A, B, or C).

RESULTS

A total of 21 studies from 12 instruments were identified. The best-rated instruments received a recommendation of B, which means, additional validation studies are needed. Barnason Efficacy Expectation Scale (BEES) showed high-quality evidence for structural, construct, criterion, and internal consistency validity; Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES) demonstrated high quality for content, structural, cross-cultural validity, and internal consistency; Self-efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use (SEAMS) achieved a high level for structural, criterion, and internal consistency validity; Cardiovascular Management Self-Efficacy Scale exhibited high-level validity for structural, criterion, construct, and internal consistency. The CSES showed content linkage with all domains of the ICF, as well as the highest number of linkages with the categories.

CONCLUSIONS

Instruments with a B-level recommendation hold potential for use. More studies assessing measurement properties are needed to reinforce or improve these recommendations. The CSES stands out as the most comprehensive instrument concerning the ICF.

Spanish validation of the cardiac self-efficacy scale: a gender invariant measure

The aim is to validate the Spanish version of the Cardiac Self-Efficacy (S-CSE) Scale by examining its psychometric properties and to test the invariance for women and men. Two groups - 722 and 522- of patients completed the S-CSE Scale and other psychosocial measures during a medical revision several months after being diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Construct validity was psychometrically evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a split of the first sample and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a second split of the same sample. Scale structure was confirmed using the second sample. Convergent, discriminant, and external validity were tested. Results revealed that the S-CSE Scale was represented by three dimensions (control symptoms, control illness, maintain functioning) obtaining excellent reliability indexes and it appeared to be invariant for women and men. The S-CSE scale is a useful tool for monitoring the general well-being of these patients to promote individualized interventions.

Integrating health promotion with and for older people - eHealth (IHOPe) - evaluating remote integrated person-centred care : Protocol of a randomised controlled trial with effectiveness, health economic, and process evaluation

BACKGROUND

Healthcare and welfare systems worldwide are unprepared to accommodate the growing population of older people. Simultaneously, the cost of reactive care for older people is increasing. However, healthcare systems in many countries are reforming towards integrated and person-centred care with a focus on health promotion and proactive actions. The Integrating Health Promotion with and for Older People - eHealth (IHOPe) project aims to describe and evaluate a person-centred e-support intervention that promotes a sustainable partnership between community-dwelling frail older people and health and social care professionals.

METHODS

The IHOPe project is designed as a randomised controlled trial comparing a control group receiving standard care with an intervention group receiving standard care and add-on person-centred care through telephone support and a digital platform. The primary outcome measure is a composite score of changes in general self-efficacy and the need for unscheduled hospital care. The project is conducted in Gothenburg, Sweden. At least 220 participants aged ≥ 75 years will be included after being screened using a frailty instrument. The study design, intervention components, digital platform, and questionnaires were developed in close collaboration with an advisory group of inter-professional researchers, stakeholders, clinicians, and older representatives. Data will mainly be collected through questionnaires at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after inclusion in the study. Recruitment is ongoing and should be completed during 2023. Data will be analysed using quantitative and qualitative methods. The evaluation will include effectiveness, process, and health economics. The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Gothenburg, Sweden (Dnr 2019-05364, Dnr 2020-03550, Dnr 2021-03255).

DISCUSSION

The findings will expand our knowledge of remotely integrated person-centred care for frail older people. Thereby, the IHOPe project is expected to fill highlighted knowledge gaps on intervention evaluations including the triad of person-centred, digital, and integrated care elements, as well as economic evaluations of remote health services for frail older people. The study is ongoing, and the results are not completed but if they turn out to be positive, implementation is not limited to time or location.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT04416815. Registered 07/06/2021.

Self-Efficacy to Manage Chronic Disease (SEMCD) scale: translation and evaluation of measurement properties for a swedish version

BACKGROUND

Reinforcing self-efficacy in patients is important in person-centered care; therefore, reliable and valid measures of a person's self-efficacy is of clinical relevance. A questionnaire suitable for self-efficacy and patient engagement that is not limited to a particular condition is the Self-efficacy to Manage Chronic Disease (SEMCD). This study aims to evaluate the measurement properties of a Swedish translation of the SEMCD with a Rasch analysis.

METHODS

The translation and cultural adaptation of the SEMCD was performed according to the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) recommendations. Self-reported data was collected from two cohorts: patients with pituitary tumors (n = 86) and patients on sick leave due to common mental disorders (n = 209). Measurement properties were evaluated with a Rasch analysis in RUMM2030.

RESULTS

The original six-item SEMCD did not fit to a unidimensional scale. Two items, item 5 and item 6, deviated both statistically and conceptually and were removed. A four-item solution, the SEMCD-4 with collapsed thresholds for mid-range response options, showed good targeting and unidimensionality, no item misfit, and a reliability of 0.83.

CONCLUSION

In a Swedish context with a mix of patients with pituitary tumors or common mental disorders, SEMCD-4 showed satisfactory measurement properties. Thus, SEMCD-4 could be used to identify patient self-efficacy in long-term illnesses. This knowledge about patient self-efficacy may be of importance to tailor person-centered support based on each patient´s resources, needs and goals.

Illness Perception, Self-Efficacy, and Medication Adherence in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Path Analysis of Conceptual Model

Introduction

Illness perception and self-efficacy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) may affect medication adherence, which is one of the most important challenges in disease management in this group of patients.

Objective

The present study aimed to investigate the factors influencing medication adherence in CAD patients, especially the effect of illness perception and self-efficacy.

Methods

This study was cross-sectional and conducted from April to September 2021. A total of 259 patients with confirmed CAD were selected by convenience sampling method based on inclusion criteria. Illness perception, self-efficacy, and medication adherence were investigated using Brief IPQ, SCSES, and MARS_10 questionnaires, respectively. The data were analyzed using the STATA software (version 14) and the regression path analysis method.

Results

Patients had moderate illness perception and high self-efficacy, and 61.8 of them adhered to their medication regimen. Greater illness perception, better self-efficacy, and higher education had a positive effect on medication adherence, and increasing age had a negative effect on it. The final path model shows a good fit of the data in the model (χ2: 0.37, df: 274, χ2/df: 0.36, CFI: 1, IFI: 0.95, TLI: 1.07, and RMSEA: 0.00).

Conclusion

The results of the present study suggest that patients' illness perception can play an important role in predicting self-efficacy in disease management and the level of medication adherence in patients with CAD. To improve self-efficacy and medication adherence, future intervention studies should focus on the patient's illness perceptions and their improvement.

The Impact of Type of Acute Myocardial Infarction on Cardiac Patient Self-efficacy After Hospitalization

BACKGROUND

Self-efficacy is an important psychological construct associated with patient adherence with healthy lifestyle choices. Few studies have focused on the impacts of the type of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and STEMI, and the different treatment modalities of AMI on changes in cardiac self-efficacy after hospitalization.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the changes in cardiac self-efficacy based on the type of AMI and aimed to investigate the impact of different treatment modalities on changes in cardiac self-efficacy among post-AMI patients during hospitalization and at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups subsequent to hospitalization.

METHODS

A repeated-measures design was used with a convenient sample of 210 patients diagnosed with first AMI. Patients completed the Cardiac Self-efficacy Questionnaire at the 3 time points. The study was implemented in 3 major hospitals in Jordan. Patients did not have access to cardiac rehabilitation.

RESULTS

There was a statistically significant impact of AMI type on changes in cardiac self-efficacy measured between T1 and T2, between T2 and T3, and subsequently between T1 and T3. Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant impact of treatment modalities of AMI on changes in cardiac self-efficacy measured at the 3 time points.

CONCLUSIONS

Assessment of self-efficacy for post-AMI patients is recommended. Moreover, post-non-STEMI patients need more attention when implementing an intervention to enhance self-efficacy after hospitalization. Health decision makers have to consider establishing cardiac rehabilitation to improve self-efficacy in Jordan. Further research is needed to confirm the study results and to investigate other contributing factors that could influence self-efficacy after hospitalization.

Self-efficacy instruments for individuals with coronary artery disease: a systematic review protocol

INTRODUCTION

Self-efficacy is associated with management of diseases, psychological well-being, improved quality of life and rehabilitation adherence. Several instruments related to behaviour or specific disease (eg, coronary artery disease (CAD)) assess self-efficacy. The evaluation of cardiac self-efficacy in individuals with CAD will support healthcare professionals to improve self-efficacy via interventions; therefore, a suitable instrument is crucial. This systematic review aims to assess measurement properties, methodological quality and content of outcome measures of cardiac self-efficacy instruments for individuals with CAD.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

The study has been developed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocol and Consensus Norms for Selection of Health Measuring Instruments (COSMIN). The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE (Ovid), Web of Science, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Studies assessing measurement properties of cardiac self-efficacy instruments for individuals with CAD will be included. No date or language restrictions will be applied to the search. Two independent authors will be responsible for assessing the eligibility of studies. Methodological quality of studies will be assessed using the COSMIN RoB Checklist, and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Assessment will be used to assess the quality of each study. Two authors will independently evaluate the content of instruments and link this to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This study does not require ethics committee approval since it is based on previously published data. Evidence from this systematic review will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentation at scientific conferences.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42021262613.

Educational Intervention in the Emergency Department to Address Disparities in Stroke Knowledge

OBJECTIVES

In the United States, Black individuals have higher stroke incidence and mortality when compared to white individuals and are also at risk of having lower stroke knowledge and awareness. With the need to implement focused interventions to decrease stroke disparities, the objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an emergency department-based educational intervention aimed at increasing stroke awareness and preparedness among a disproportionately high-risk group.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Over a three-month timeframe, an emergency department-based, prospective educational intervention was implemented for Black patients in an urban, academic emergency department. All participants received stroke education in the forms of a video, written brochure and verbal counseling.  Stroke knowledge was assessed pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and at one-month post-intervention.

RESULTS

One hundred eighty-five patients were approached for enrollment, of whom 100 participants completed the educational intervention as well as the pre- and immediate post- intervention knowledge assessments. Participants demonstrated increased stroke knowledge from baseline knowledge assessment (5.35 ± 1.97) at both immediate post-intervention (7.66 ± 2.42, p < .0001) and one-month post-intervention assessment (7.21 ± 2.21, p < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Emergency department-based stroke education can result in improved knowledge among this focused demographic. The emergency department represents a potential site for educational interventions to address disparities in stroke knowledge.

Health literacy and long-term health outcomes following myocardial infarction: protocol for a multicentre, prospective cohort study (ENHEARTEN study)

INTRODUCTION

Low health literacy is common in people with cardiovascular disease and may be one factor that affects an individual's ability to maintain secondary prevention health behaviours following myocardial infarction (MI). However, little is known about the association between health literacy and longer-term health outcomes in people with MI. The ENhancing HEAlth literacy in secondary pRevenTion of cardiac evENts (ENHEARTEN) study aims to examine the relationship between health literacy and a number of health outcomes (including healthcare costs) in a cohort of patients following their first MI. Findings may provide evidence for the significance of health literacy as a predictor of long-term cardiac outcomes.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

ENHEARTEN is a multicentre, prospective observational study in a convenience sample of adults (aged >18 years) with their first MI. A total of 450 patients will be recruited over 2 years across two metropolitan health services and one rural/regional health service in Victoria, Australia. The primary outcome of this study will be all-cause, unplanned hospital admissions within 6 months of index admission. Secondary outcomes include cardiac-related hospital admissions up to 24 months post-MI, emergency department presentations, health-related quality of life, mortality, cardiac rehabilitation attendance and healthcare costs. Health literacy will be observed as a predictor variable and will be determined using the 12-item version of the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-Q12).

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethics approval for this study has been received from the relevant human research ethics committee (HREC) at each of the participating health services (lead site Monash Health HREC; approval number: RES-21-0000-242A) and Services Australia HREC (reference number: RMS1672). Informed written consent will be sought from all participants. Study results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and collated in reports for participating health services and participants.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ACTRN12621001224819.

Measures of self-regulation used in adult rehabilitation populations: A systematic review and content screening

Objective

We aimed to identify generic measures of self-regulation and to examine the degree to which these measures fit a recently developed conceptual model of self-regulation in a rehabilitation context.

Data sources

Pubmed, Embase, PsycInfo, and CINAHL were searched.

Review methods

Articles were included if they were published between January 2015 and August 2020 and reported on empirical studies (trials and observational studies) using a measure of self-regulation or a related concept, in an adult rehabilitation population. Main content was analysed by linking all items of the selected measures to one or more of the six sub-themes of self-regulation: (1) insight into physical and cognitive impairments, (2) insight into the consequences of the impairments, (3) insight into abilities, (4) to be able to communicate limitations, (5) trust in body and functioning, and (6) make use of abilities.

Results

Two reviewers independently screened 7808 abstracts, resulting in the inclusion of 236 articles. In these articles, 80 different measures were used to assess self-regulation or related concept. Nineteen of these measures met the inclusion criteria and were included for the content analyses. Nine of these were self-efficacy measures. No measures covered four or more of the six sub-themes of self-regulation. The three sub-themes on gaining insights were covered less compared to the sub-domains ‘trust’ and ‘make use of abilities’.

Conclusions

Many measures on self-regulation exist None of these measures cover all six sub-themes of self-regulation considered important to measure self-regulation as a rehabilitation outcome.

A prospective cohort study of the impact of outpatient Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation on depression and cardiac self-efficacy

Study objective:

To evaluate whether an Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation (ICR) program improves depression and cardiac self-efficacy among patients with a qualifying cardiac diagnosis.

Design:

Prospective, longitudinal cohort design.

Setting:

Single-center, tertiary referral, outpatient cardiac rehabilitation center.

Participants:

Patients with a qualifying diagnosis for ICR.

Interventions:

Outpatient ICR.

Main outcome measure(s):

Mental health, as assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and cardiac self-efficacy using the Cardiac Self-Efficacy (CSE) scale.

Results:

Of the 268 patients included (median age 69 y, 73% men), 70% had no depressive symptoms at baseline (PHQ-9 score <5). PHQ-9 scores improved in the overall sample (p < 0.0001), with greater improvements among patients with mild depressive symptoms at baseline (−4 points, p < 0.001) and those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms at baseline (−5.5 points, p < 0.001). Cardiac self-efficacy improved overall, and the two subsections of the cardiac self-efficacy questionnaire titled, “maintain function” and “control symptoms” improved (all p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Participation in an outpatient ICR program is associated with fewer depressive symptoms and greater cardiac self-efficacy among patients with CVD who qualify for ICR. The improvement in depression was greatest for those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms.

Association between perception of caring behaviors and self-efficacy in patients with cardiovascular disease at coronary care units: a cross-sectional study

Background

Assessing and improving patient self-efficacy are among the major roles of nurses. Nurses are also responsible for providing direct patient care, and they play a major role in improving patient care quality. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate nurses’ care-giving behaviors. This study aimed to determine the association between caring behaviors and self-efficacy in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 400 patients with cardiovascular disease who were admitted to hospitals in Jahrom, southern Iran, were selected through a stratified sampling. The Caring Behaviors Inventory and the Strategies Used by People to Promote Health questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman correlation coefficient in SPSS ver. 22.

Results

Results showed significant relationships between perception of caring behaviors and self-efficacy (r=0.16, P=0.001) as well as subscales of respectful deference to others (r=0.12, P=0.01), assurance of human presence (r=0.12, P=0.02), and positive connectedness (r=0.18, P=0.001). Additionally, among the subscales of caring behaviors, “attentive to others’ experience,” with a mean of 5.17±1.10, was the highest priority and “positive connectedness,” with a mean of 4.81±1.31, was the lowest priority for patients. The mean self-efficacy score was 73.94±29.78, and 169 patients (43.2%) had low self-efficacy.

Conclusions

Given the positive relationship between perception of caring behaviors and self-efficacy in patients with cardiovascular disease, self-efficacy could be improved by paying more attention to patient care priorities and improving patient perception of caring behaviors.

Effects of person-centred care via telephone on self-efficacy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial

AIM

To evaluate the effects of PCC in the form of structured telephone support on self-reported cardiac self-efficacy in patients with COPD.

METHODS

We enrolled 105 patients, aged ≥50 years, admitted to hospital and diagnosed with COPD from January 2015 to November 2016. The patients received usual care or PCC via telephone added to usual care. The Swedish Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale comprising three dimensions (control symptoms, control illness and maintain functioning) was used as outcome measure. Data was collected at baseline, and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups.

RESULTS

At both the 3- and 6-month follow-ups, the intervention group improved significantly more than the control group in the control illness dimension (p = .012 and p = .032, respectively). No differences were found in the other two dimensions.

CONCLUSIONS

PCC in the form of structured telephone support increases patients' confidence in managing their illness and may be a feasible strategy to support patients in their homes.

Instruments to assess self-efficacy among people with cardiovascular disease: A COSMIN systematic review

BACKGROUND

Self-efficacy plays an important role in recovery. There is a need for valid tools that can assess self-efficacy in cardiovascular diseases to provide evidence-based practices.

OBJECTIVE

To perform a psychometric review of self-efficacy instruments in cardiovascular disease according to the COSMIN checklist in order to facilitate the selection of the most suitable measuring instruments.

DESIGN

Psychometric systematic review.

DATA SOURCES

A systematic literature search was conducted on the Web of Science, EBSCOHOST CINAHL COMPLETE, PUBMED, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library, OVID and PROQUEST databases from their time of inception to January 2019.

METHODS

We used COSMIN systematic review guideline to evaluate the quality of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) and to facilitate the selection of the most suitable measuring instruments.

RESULTS

After the search process, a total of nine studies conducted between 1998 and 2018 were included in the systematic review, representing five instruments. The Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale demonstrated high quality for content validity and low quality for internal consistency. The Cardiovascular Management Self-Efficacy Scale demonstrated high quality for structural validity and low quality for reliability and content validity. The General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale demonstrated high quality for both structural validity and internal consistency. Content validity was not assessed for this scale. The Hypertension Self-Care Profile Self-Efficacy Scale demonstrated a moderate quality for structural validity, internal consistency and reliability and also high quality for content validity. The Self-Efficacy Expectations After Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation Scale demonstrated high quality for structural validity, internal consistency and responsiveness. None of the studies determined measurement error, cross-cultural validity or criterion validity.

CONCLUSIONS

The Self-Efficacy Expectations After Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation Scale is categorised as A and is recommended as the most suitable instrument. All other the four instruments categorised as B with potential to be recommended should be evaluated with further psychometric studies.

Predictors of cardiac self-efficacy among patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease in tertiary hospitals in Nepal

Background: Cardiac self-efficacy determines how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave with regards to improving their cardiac health subsequently preventing complications of coronary artery disease (CAD). Given almost one-third of global death is contributed by CAD with 10% of disability adjusted life years lost in low- and middle-income countries (including Nepal), it is important to identify factors that can promote cardiac self-efficacy. There are no studies in Nepal focusing on predictors of self-efficacy. Therefore, we aim to determine the predictors of cardiac self-efficacy of CAD patients in Nepal. Design and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study where we recruited 170 patients (≥30 years) diagnosed with CAD from two tertiary level hospitals. Multiple linear regression model was used to identify the predictors of cardiac self-efficacy. Results: The mean age of the participants was 60.45±10.39 years (range, 31-83). Most of the participants were diagnosed as myocardial infarction (91.2%), rest with unstable angina (6.5%) and stable angina (2.4%). The multivariate analysis shows age (p<0.001), health behaviors (p<0.001) and knowledge of the disease (p<0.001) were statistically significant predictors to cardiac self-efficacy. Every 1-year increase in age was associated with 0.23 units increase in cardiac self-efficacy score. Similarly, every unit increase in health behavior score and knowledge of disease score was associated with 0.432 units and 0.475 units increase in cardiac self-efficacy score respectively. Conclusion: Age and health behaviors were the strongest predictors of cardiac self-efficacy followed by knowledge of the disease. We conclude that those with poor health behavior are at a greater risk of poorer cardiac self-efficacy compared to those with relatively good level of self-efficacy. Public health interventions such as awareness raising about cardiac disease and health behavior modification along with early screening, diagnosis and appropriate care are essential to improving self-efficacy and cardiac care outcomes.

A Structural Equation Model of Gratitude, Self-efficacy, and Medication Adherence in Patients With Stage B Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

Consistent self-care slows the progression of heart failure (HF). Gratitude, the practice of appreciating the positive aspects of life, may influence self-efficacy, which in turn is known to improve self-care. However, little is known about the relationships among gratitude, self-efficacy, and medication adherence in HF.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to test a model to determine if self-efficacy mediates the relationship between gratitude and medication adherence in asymptomatic patients with HF.

METHOD

This is a secondary analysis of data from a prospective observational study. Data were analyzed using a structural equation model to examine associations between gratitude, cardiac-specific self-efficacy, and medication adherence in 153 patients with HF. Gratitude, self-efficacy, and medication adherence were assessed using the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, Cardiac Self-efficacy Scale-Maintain Function Subscale, and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, respectively.

RESULTS

Patient mean (SD) age was 66 (11) years, and 95% of the participants were men. Patients were primarily white (79%), black (12%), or Asian (6%). Gratitude exerted an indirect effect on medication adherence through self-efficacy (b = 0.16; P < .05). Gratitude was positively related to self-efficacy (b = 0.50; P < .05), and self-efficacy was positively related to medication adherence (b = 0.31; P < .05). The model fit was acceptable (comparative fit index = 0.92, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.90, root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.08).

CONCLUSION

In this study, we found evidence that self-efficacy was a mechanism through which gratitude was associated with medication adherence in asymptomatic patients with HF, suggesting a way to improve self-care nonpharmacologically. Future work will examine whether gratitude intervention results in improved self-care.

A cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the Arabic Cardiac Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for patients with coronary heart disease

AIM

The aim of this study is to cross-culturally translate and adapt the Cardiac Self-Efficacy Questionnaire into Arabic and subsequently evaluate the psychometric properties of that translation in a population of Arabic patients.

METHOD

The original English version of the Cardiac Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was translated into Arabic following a process recommended by the World Health Organization. A convenience sample consisting of 268 Jordanian patients with coronary heart disease was recruited from a university-affiliated hospital in Amman, Jordan. Data were collected from October 2018 to March 2019. The factor structure, face and content validities, and internal consistency of the Arabic Cardiac Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (A-CSEQ) were evaluated.

RESULTS

The factor structure analysis supported a three-factor high-order structure of the A-CSEQ. Face validity showed that the language used, style, and format were clear. The content validity demonstrated a very good content validity index. The reliability was good with ranging from 0.89 to 0.93 for all questionnaire subscales.

CONCLUSION

The A-CSEQ is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the cardiac self-efficacy of Arabic patients diagnosed with coronary heart disease. Further assessment of the psychometric properties of the A-CSEQ with different cardiac problems is now recommended.

Cardiac self-efficacy and quality of life in patients with coronary heart disease: a cross-sectional study from Palestine

BACKGROUND

Psychological factors, such as self-efficacy, are important in understanding the progress and management of coronary heart disease (CHD), and how patients make lifestyle modifications to compensate for the disease. The main objectives of this research are to assess patterns of cardiac self-efficacy (CSE) and quality of life (QoL) among CHD patients, and to determine the factors that affect their QoL.

METHODS

A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was carried out between August 2016 and December 2016. We used a structured questionnaire completed by interviewers during face-to-face interviews with patients. Cardiac self-efficacy was evaluated using three scales: 1) the 5-item perceived efficacy in patient- physician interaction scale (PEPPI-5); 2) the self-efficacy for managing chronic diseases 6-item scale (SEMCD-6) and 3) Sullivan's cardiac self-efficacy scale 13-items (SCSES). The 5-level version of the EuroQoL 5-dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D-5 L), and Euroqol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ VAS) were used to evaluate health-related QoL (HRQoL) among CHD patients. Multiple binary logistic regression was carried out to evaluate the influence on the QoL score of demographic and medical characteristics, and self-efficacy factors.

RESULTS

A total of 275 patients participated in our study. The patients' mean age was 59.51 ± 1.005 years. The HRQoL was measured by the EQ-5D-5 L index score and EQ-VAS score; their means were 0.62 ± 0.16 and 57.44 ± 1.61, respectively. The QoL showed moderate positive correlations with the PEPPI-5 (r = 0.419; p-value < 0.001), SEMCD-6 (r = 0.419; p-value < 0.001), and SCSES score (r = 0.273; p-value < 0.001). Multiple binary logistic regression showed that only patients with higher PEPPI-5 score (odds ratio (OR) = 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.01-1.22; p = 0.036), and higher SCSES score (OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.03-1.17; p = 0.004) were significantly associated with a high QoL score. Moreover, multiple binary logistic regression model showed that patients with higher numbers of medications (OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.07-0.78); p = 0.018) remained significantly associated with impaired QoL.

CONCLUSIONS

Lower levels of self-efficacy and poorer patient-physician interactions predicted poor HRQoL. Thus, health providers should be aware of these factors in CHD patients when trying to improve their QoL.

The function of fatigue and illness perceptions as mediators between self-efficacy and health-related quality of life during the first year after surgery in persons treated for colorectal cancer

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To measure changes in health-related quality of life, two dimensions of illness perceptions (i.e., consequences and emotional representations), fatigue and self-efficacy in persons treated for colorectal cancer during the first year after surgical treatment, and to study how fatigue, illness perceptions and self-efficacy measured at 3 months affect health-related quality of life at 12 months postsurgery.

BACKGROUND

There are fluctuations in health-related quality of life during the first year after treatment for colorectal cancer, and fatigue may negatively influence health-related quality of life. Illness perceptions (consequences and emotional representations) and self-efficacy have been shown to be associated with health-related quality of life in other cancer diagnoses. Concerning colorectal cancer, there is a lack of knowledge concerning how illness perceptions and self-efficacy change during recovery, and how these variables and fatigue at 3 months relate to health-related quality of life at 12 months.

DESIGN

A prospective longitudinal design.

METHODS

Thirty-nine persons surgically treated for colorectal cancer, of whom 17 had a colostomy, participated. Health-related quality of life, fatigue, illness perceptions and self-efficacy were assessed using QLQ-C30, the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Maintain Function Scale. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used.

RESULTS

No changes were reported in levels of health-related quality of life, fatigue or illness perceptions. Self-efficacy was lower at 12 months compared to 3 months. Fatigue and one dimension of illness perceptions mediated the effect of self-efficacy at 3 months on health-related quality of life at 12 months.

CONCLUSION

Persons treated for colorectal cancer who have lower self-efficacy 3 months postsurgery are inclined to have more negative illness perceptions concerning emotions and to experience more fatigue.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Nurses need to support persons with fatigue and negative illness perceptions concerning emotions and to bolster their self-efficacy, that is carry out follow-up consultations focusing on illness management, symptoms, emotions and information on ways to increase self-efficacy.

Chinese translation and psychometric testing of the cardiac self-efficacy scale in patients with coronary heart disease in mainland China

Background

A person’s self-efficacy plays a critical role during the chronic management process of a health condition. Assessment of self-efficacy for patients with heart diseases is essential for healthcare professionals to provide tailored interventions to help patient to manage the disease.

Objective

To translate and test the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Cardiac Self-efficacy Scale (C-CSES) as a disease-specific instrument for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in mainland China.

Methods

The original English version of the CSES was translated into Chinese using a forward-backward translation approach. A convenience sample consisting of 224 Chinese patients with CHD were recruited from a university-affiliated hospital in Shiyan, China. The C-CSES and the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) were used in this study. The factor structure, convergent and discriminative validities, and internal consistency of the C-CSES were evaluated.

Results

The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported a three-factor high-order structure of the C-CSES with model fit indexes (RMSEA = 0.084, CFI = 0.954, NNFI = 0.927, IFI = 0.954 and χ ² /df = 2.572). The C-CSES has good internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.926. The convergent validity of the C-CSES was established with significantly moderate correlations between the C-CSES and the Chinese version of the GSES (p < 0.001). The C-CSES has also shown good discriminative validity with significant differences of cardiac self-efficacy being found between patients with and without comorbidities of hypertension, diabetes, or heart failure.

Conclusion

The empirical data supported that the C-CSES is a valid and reliable disease-specific instrument for assessing the self-efficacy of Chinese patients with CHD.

Self-Efficacy and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Heart Failure Patients in Singapore: A Descriptive Correlational Study

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) accounts for 30% of all global deaths and Asians are likely to suffer from HF 10 years earlier than their Western counterparts. Low self-efficacy and poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL) have been reported in patients with HF. Methodology: A descriptive correlational design was adopted to investigate the associations between self-efficacy and HRQoL in 91 patients with HF in Singapore. Results: Patients with HF demonstrated moderately good self-efficacy ( M = 3.05, SD = 0.61) and HRQoL ( M = 22.48, SD = 18.99). Significant differences were found between total self-efficacy scores and education levels ( p = .05), and between overall HRQoL and smoking status ( p < .05). Self-efficacy was not significantly correlated to HRQoL. Smoking status, HF classification, and self-efficacy in maintaining function predicted HRQoL. Discussion: Health care professionals should assess each patient’s demographics, smoking status, and clinical condition before delivering individualized education to enhance their self-efficacy and, in turn, overall HRQoL.

Interrelation and independence of positive and negative psychological constructs in predicting general treatment adherence in coronary artery patients - Results from the THORESCI study

BACKGROUND

In cardiac patients, positive psychological factors have been associated with improved medical and psychological outcomes. The current study examined the interrelation between and independence of multiple positive and negative psychological constructs. Furthermore, the potential added predictive value of positive psychological functioning regarding the prediction of patients' treatment adherence and participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) was investigated.

METHOD

409 percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients were included (mean age = 65.6 ± 9.5; 78% male). Self-report questionnaires were administered one month post-PCI. Positive psychological constructs included positive affect (GMS) and optimism (LOT-R); negative constructs were depression (PHQ-9, BDI), anxiety (GAD-7) and negative affect (GMS). Six months post-PCI self-reported general adherence (MOS) and CR participation were determined.

RESULTS

Factor Analysis (Oblimin rotation) revealed two components (r = − 0.56), reflecting positive and negative psychological constructs. Linear regression analyses showed that in unadjusted analyses both optimism and positive affect were associated with better general treatment adherence at six months (p < 0.05). In adjusted analyses, optimism's predictive values remained, independent of sex, age, PCI indication, depression and anxiety. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that in patients with a cardiac history, positive affect was significantly associated with CR participation. After controlling for multiple covariates, this relation was no longer significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Positive and negative constructs should be considered as two distinct dimensions. Positive psychological constructs (i.e. optimism) may be of incremental value to negative psychological constructs in predicting patients' treatment adherence. A more complete view of a patients' psychological functioning will open new avenues for treatment. Additional research is needed to investigate the relationship between positive psychological factors and other cardiac outcomes, such as cardiac events and mortality.

An eHealth Diary and Symptom-Tracking Tool Combined With Person-Centered Care for Improving Self-Efficacy After a Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Substudy of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

Patients with cardiovascular diseases managed by a person-centered care (PCC) approach have been observed to have better treatment outcomes and satisfaction than with traditional care. eHealth may facilitate the often slow transition to more person-centered health care by increasing patients’ beliefs in their own capacities (self-efficacy) to manage their care trajectory. eHealth is being increasingly used, but most studies continue to focus on health care professionals’ logic of care. Knowledge is lacking regarding the effects of an eHealth tool on self-efficacy when combined with PCC for patients with chronic heart diseases.

Objective

The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of an eHealth diary and symptom-tracking tool in combination with PCC for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

This was a substudy of a randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of PCC in patients hospitalized with ACS. In total, 199 patients with ACS aged <75 years were randomly assigned to a PCC intervention (n=94) or standard treatment (control group, n=105) and were followed up for 6 months. Patients in the intervention arm could choose to use a Web-based or mobile-based eHealth tool, or both, for at least 2 months after hospital discharge. The primary end point was a composite score of changes in general self-efficacy, return to work or prior activity level, and rehospitalization or death 6 months after discharge.

Results

Of the 94 patients in the intervention arm, 37 (39%) used the eHealth tool at least once after the index hospitalization. Most of these (24/37, 65%) used the mobile app and not the Web-based app as the primary source of daily self-rating input. Patients used the eHealth tool a mean of 38 times during the first 8 weeks (range 1–118, SD 33) and 64 times over a 6-month period (range 1–597, SD 104). Patients who used the eHealth tool in combination with the PCC intervention had a 4-fold improvement in the primary end point compared with the control group (odds ratio 4.0, 95% CI 1.5–10.5; P=.005). This improvement was driven by a significant increase in general self-efficacy compared with the control group (P=.011). Patients in the PCC group who did not use the eHealth tool (n=57) showed a nonsignificant composite score improvement compared with those in the control group (n=105) (odds ratio 2.0, 95% CI 0.8–5.2; P=.14).

Conclusions

We found a significant effect on improved general self-efficacy and the composite score for patients using an eHealth diary and symptom-tracking tool in combination with PCC compared with traditional care.

Trial Registration

Swedish registry, Researchweb.org, ID NR 65 791.

Person-centred care improves self-efficacy to control symptoms after acute coronary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Person-centred care (PCC) aims to engage patients as active partners in their care and treatment to improve the management of their illness. Self-efficacy is an important concept and outcome in PCC as it refers to a patient's belief in their capability to manage the events that affect their lives. Recovery after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is demanding and a PCC approach may promote self-efficacy and thereby facilitate recovery.

AIM

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a PCC intervention was able to improve self-efficacy after hospitalization for ACS.

METHODS

In a randomized controlled trial, patients <75 years of age and hospitalized for ACS were assigned to either a usual care group or a PCC intervention group. Self-efficacy was assessed at baseline and up to six months after discharge using the Swedish Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale (S-CSES), which consists of three dimensions: control symptoms, control illness and maintain functioning.

RESULTS

In total, 177 patients were included in the study: 93 in the usual care group and 84 in the PCC group. At the one-month follow-up the PCC group had improved significantly more (p=0.049) on the control symptoms dimension (mean change 0.81; SD 3.5 versus mean change -0.20; SD 3.0). No difference between groups was seen at the six-month follow-up in any of the S-CSES dimensions.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that PCC added to usual care promotes and hastens the development of patients' confidence in their ability to manage symptoms during recovery after ACS. This underlines the importance of initiating and establishing partnerships between patients and health care professionals as early as possible after ACS.

A Persian Adaptation of Medication Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale (MASES) in Hypertensive Patients: Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure

INTRODUCTION

Poor adherence to anti-hypertensive treatment significantly contributes to the failure to achieve well-controlled blood pressure in patients with hypertension.

AIM

To convert the original English version of Medication Adherence Self-efficacy Scale (MASES) into a Persian version for clinical application in hypertensive patients.

METHODS

The backward-forward translation method was used to produce the Persian version of the questionnaire. Then the internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied to extract the components of the questionnaire. Correlation between blood pressures and drug adherence was then determined using the Persian MASES in hypertensive patients.

RESULTS

Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Persian version of MASES was >0.92, suggesting that it can yield consistent results. Exploratory Factor Analysis suggested an uni-dimensionality of the scale. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension showed poor adherence to hypertensive medications, therefore had significant lower self-efficacy scores than those with well-controlled blood pressure by medications.

CONCLUSION

The Persian version of MASES is valid and reliable to assess self-efficacy of antihypertensive medication adherence in hypertensive patient, which is helpful to improve medication compliance in such patients in order to achieve better blood pressure controls.