1
|
Exploring New Kingdoms: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Oxi-Inflamm-Aging Related to Cardiorenal Syndrome. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010078. [PMID: 35052582 PMCID: PMC8773353 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of age associated chronic diseases has increased in recent years. Although several diverse causes produce these phenomena, abundant evidence shows that oxidative stress plays a central role. In recent years, numerous studies have focused on elucidating the role of oxidative stress in the development and progression of both aging and chronic diseases, opening the door to the discovery of new underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways. Among them, senolytics and senomorphics, and extracellular vesicles offer new therapeutic strategies to slow the development of aging and its associated chronic diseases by decreasing oxidative stress. In this review, we aim to discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in human cardiorenal syndrome development and their possible role as biomarkers, targets, or vehicles of drugs to treat this syndrome.
Collapse
|
2
|
Noncoding RNAs involved in DNA methylation and histone methylation, and acetylation in diabetic vascular complications. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105520. [PMID: 33639232 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder and its incidence is still increasing. Diabetic vascular complications cause major diabetic mobility and include accelerated atherosclerosis, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Hyperglycemia contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications via numerous mechanisms including the induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolic alterations, and abnormal proliferation of EC and angiogenesis. In the past decade, epigenetic modifications have attracted more attention as they participate in the progression of diabetic vascular complications despite controlled glucose levels and regulate gene expression without altering the genomic sequence. DNA methylation and histone methylation, and acetylation are vital epigenetic modifications and their underlying mechanisms in diabetic vascular complication are still urgently needed to be investigated. Non-coding RNAs (nc RNAs) such as micro RNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circ RNAs) were found to exert transcriptional regulation in diabetic vascular complication. Although nc RNAs are not considered as epigenetic components, they are involved in epigenetic modifications. In this review, we summarized the investigations of non-coding RNAs involved in DNA methylation and histone methylation and acetylation. Their cross-talks might offer novel insights into the pathology of diabetic vascular complications.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zacharia E, Zacharias K, Papamikroulis GA, Bertsias D, Miliou A, Pallantza Z, Papageorgiou N, Tousoulis D. Cell-Derived Microparticles and Acute Coronary Syndromes: Is there a Predictive Role for Microparticles? Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4440-4468. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666191213104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background:Despite the recent advances in the treatment of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS), patients with ACS are still exposed to an increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events, while their prognosis is difficult to determine. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that cell-derived Microparticles (MPs) are associated with the underlying pathophysiological processes that are responsible for atherogenesis and may be causally implicated in the induction of atherothrombosis.Objective:In the present article, we aimed to review the available evidence regarding the predictive role of MPs in patients with ACS.Results:Evidence suggests that endothelial MPs are associated with future adverse cardiovascular events in patients with ACS. Platelet-derived MPs have been excessively studied, since they have been found to trigger the coagulation cascade; however, their role as predictors of future cardiovascular events remains debatable. The role of red blood cell-derived MPs is more intriguing; they have been proposed as markers of ongoing thrombosis in patients with ACS, while previous studies have shown that they have anti-coagulant properties in healthy individuals. Leukocyte-derived MPs may also have a predictive role, although the studies regarding these are still limited. Last but not least, it was an interesting discovery that circulating MPs can provide information regarding the angiographic lesions in patients with ACS.Conclusion:The concept of MPs as potential circulating biomarkers in patients with ACS holds much promise. However, large-scale clinical studies are required to evaluate whether the measurement of plasma MPs could be of clinical significance and, thus, dictate a more aggressive treatment strategy in patients with high levels of circulating MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Effimia Zacharia
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Antigoni Miliou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Pallantza
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dec-Gilowska M, Trojnar M, Makaruk B, Czop M, Przybylska-Kuc S, Mosiewicz-Madejska B, Dzida G, Mosiewicz J. Circulating Endothelial Microparticles and Aortic Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090596. [PMID: 31527473 PMCID: PMC6780956 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus represents a metabolic disorder the incidence of which has been on the increase in recent years. The well-known long-term complications of this disease encompass a wide spectrum of renal, neurological and cardiovascular conditions. The aim of the study was to investigate the serum concentration of endothelial microparticles (EMPs) as well as selected noninvasive parameters of the ascending aorta stiffness calculated with echocardiography. In this study, 58 patients were enrolled-38 subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 20 healthy controls. The analyzed populations did not differ significantly with respect to age, renal function, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The patients with diabetes and concomitant hypertension presented higher levels of EMPs in comparison with diabetic normotensive subjects. Among patients with diabetes and hypertension, aortic stiffness assessed with the elasticity index (Ep) was higher and the aortic compliance index (D) lower than in the diabetic normotensive group. No correlation between the amount of EMPs and lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP) level and glycemia, was observed in the studied group. There was, however, a statistically significant positive correlation between the creatinine level and amount of EMPs, while the negative relationship was documented for EMPs level and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Dec-Gilowska
- Chair and Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
- Chair and Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Trojnar
- Chair and Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Boguslaw Makaruk
- Chair and Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcin Czop
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Przybylska-Kuc
- Chair and Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Mosiewicz-Madejska
- Chair and Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Students Medical Association, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Dzida
- Chair and Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Mosiewicz
- Chair and Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shore AC, Colhoun HM, Natali A, Palombo C, Khan F, Östling G, Aizawa K, Kennbäck C, Casanova F, Persson M, Gooding K, Gates PE, Looker H, Dove F, Belch J, Pinnola S, Venturi E, Kozakova M, Goncalves I, Kravic J, Björkbacka H, Nilsson J. Use of Vascular Assessments and Novel Biomarkers to Predict Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes: The SUMMIT VIP Study. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:2212-2219. [PMID: 30061319 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction represents an increasing clinical challenge in the treatment of diabetes. We used a panel of vascular imaging, functional assessments, and biomarkers reflecting different disease mechanisms to identify clinically useful markers of risk for cardiovascular (CV) events in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with or without manifest CVD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study cohort consisted of 936 subjects with T2D recruited at four European centers. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque area, ankle-brachial pressure index, arterial stiffness, endothelial function, and circulating biomarkers were analyzed at baseline, and CV events were monitored during a 3-year follow-up period. RESULTS The CV event rate in subjects with T2D was higher in those with (n = 440) than in those without (n = 496) manifest CVD at baseline (5.53 vs. 2.15/100 life-years, P < 0.0001). New CV events in subjects with T2D with manifest CVD were associated with higher baseline levels of inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin 6, chemokine ligand 3, pentraxin 3, and hs-CRP) and endothelial mitogens (hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A), whereas CV events in subjects with T2D without manifest CVD were associated with more severe baseline atherosclerosis (median carotid plaque area 30.4 mm2 [16.1-92.2] vs. 19.5 mm2 [9.5-40.5], P = 0.01). Conventional risk factors, as well as measurements of arterial stiffness and endothelial reactivity, were not associated with CV events. CONCLUSIONS Our observations demonstrate that markers of inflammation and endothelial stress reflect CV risk in subjects with T2D with manifest CVD, whereas the risk for CV events in subjects with T2D without manifest CVD is primarily related to the severity of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Shore
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School, National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, U.K
| | - Helen M Colhoun
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Palombo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Faisel Khan
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Gerd Östling
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kunihiko Aizawa
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School, National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, U.K
| | - Cecilia Kennbäck
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesco Casanova
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School, National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, U.K
| | | | - Kim Gooding
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School, National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, U.K
| | - Phillip E Gates
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School, National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, U.K
| | - Helen Looker
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Fiona Dove
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Jill Belch
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Silvia Pinnola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Venturi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michaela Kozakova
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabel Goncalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jasmina Kravic
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang B, Zhang Y, Liu B, Fang L, Li Y, Meng S. Iso-Osmolar Iodixanol Induces Less Increase in Circulating Endothelial Microparticles In Vivo and Less Endothelial Apoptosis In Vitro Compared with Low-Osmolar Iohexol. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:8303609. [PMID: 29849514 PMCID: PMC5914123 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8303609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims There is no consensus on whether iodixanol is superior to iohexol. This study aimed to compare the effects of iodixanol and iohexol on circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs) in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), and also their cytotoxic effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Methods 100 CAD patients with DM were randomly assigned to receive iso-osmolar contrast medium iodixanol (group I) or low-osmolar iohexol (group II) during coronary angioplasty. An additional 49 CAD patients without DM receiving iohexol were recruited as group III. Circulating CD31+/CD41a- EMPs, CD62E+ EMPs, and CD31+/CD41a+ platelet microparticles (PMPs) were determined by flow cytometry. In vitro, the cytotoxic effects of iodixanol and iohexol on HUVECs were determined. Results Circulating CD31+/CD41a- EMPs and PMPs were significantly increased after angioplasty in all 3 groups, while CD62E+ EMPs significantly decreased in group I. CD31+/CD41a- EMPs and PMPs were significantly higher in group II than group I or III. In vitro, both contrast media induced EMP release and inhibited the viability and induced apoptosis of HUVECs, as well as increasing Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and decreasing Bcl-2. The above effects were less evident in iodixanol than in iohexol. Conclusions Compared with iohexol, iodixanol induces less release of EMPs in both CAD patients with DM during angioplasty and in vitro HUVEC culture, which is associated with less pronounced proapoptotic effects of iodixanol on HUVECs. Clinical Study Registration Number This study is registered with ChiCTR-TRC-14005183.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beijian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yigang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Santilli F, Marchisio M, Lanuti P, Boccatonda A, Miscia S, Davì G. Microparticles as new markers of cardiovascular risk in diabetes and beyond. Thromb Haemost 2018; 116:220-34. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-03-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe term microparticle (MP) identifies a heterogeneous population of vesicles playing a relevant role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. MPs are released by virtually all cell types by shedding during cell growth, proliferation, activation, apoptosis or senescence processes. MPs, in particular platelet- and endothelial-derived MPs (PMPs and EMPs), are increased in a wide range of thrombotic disorders, with an interesting relationship between their levels and disease pathophysiology, activity or progression. EMP plasma levels have been associated with several cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. PMPs are also shown to be involved in the progressive formation of atherosclerotic plaque and development of arterial thrombosis, especially in diabetic patients. Indeed, diabetes is characterised by an increased procoagulant state and by a hyperreactive platelet phenotype, with enhanced adhesion, aggregation, and activation. Elevated MP levels, such as TF+ MPs, have been shown to be one of the procoagulant determinants in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerotic plaque constitutes an opulent source of sequestered MPs, called “plaque” MPs. Otherwise, circulating MPs represent a TF reservoir, named “blood-borne” TF, challenging the dogma that TF is a constitutive protein expressed in minute amounts. “Blood-borne” TF is mainly harboured by PMPs, and it can be trapped within the developing thrombus. MP detection and enumeration by polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC) have opened interesting perspectives in clinical settings, particularly for the evaluation of MP numbers and phenotypes as independent marker of cardiovascular risk, disease and outcome in diabetic patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shore AC, Colhoun HM, Natali A, Palombo C, Östling G, Aizawa K, Kennbäck C, Casanova F, Persson M, Gooding K, Gates PE, Khan F, Looker HC, Adams F, Belch J, Pinnoli S, Venturi E, Morizzo C, Goncalves I, Ladenvall C, Nilsson J. Measures of atherosclerotic burden are associated with clinically manifest cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a European cross-sectional study. J Intern Med 2015; 278:291-302. [PMID: 25752315 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to develop and validate surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in subjects with diabetes. The macrovascular changes associated with diabetes include aggravated atherosclerosis, increased arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine which of these factors is most strongly associated with clinically manifest cardiovascular events. METHODS Vascular changes were measured in a cohort of 458 subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke or lower extremity arterial disease), 527 subjects with T2D but without clinically manifest CVD and 515 subjects without T2D and with or without CVD. RESULTS Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and ankle-brachial pressure index were independently associated with the presence of CVD in subjects with T2D, whereas pulse wave velocity and endothelial function provided limited independent additive information. Measurement of IMT in the carotid bulb provided better discrimination of the presence of CVD in subjects with T2D than measurement of IMT in the common carotid artery. The factors most significantly associated with increased carotid IMT in T2D were age, disease duration, systolic blood pressure, impaired renal function and increased arterial stiffness, whereas there were no or weak independent associations with metabolic factors and endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Measures of atherosclerotic burden are associated with clinically manifest CVD in subjects with T2D. In addition, vascular changes that are not directly related to known metabolic risk factors are important in the development of both atherosclerosis and CVD in T2D. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved is crucial for enabling better identification of CVD risk in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Shore
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, UK
| | - H M Colhoun
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - A Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Palombo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Östling
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K Aizawa
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, UK
| | - C Kennbäck
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - F Casanova
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, UK
| | - M Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K Gooding
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, UK
| | - P E Gates
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, UK
| | - F Khan
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - H C Looker
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - F Adams
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - J Belch
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - S Pinnoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Venturi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Morizzo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Goncalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - C Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Waddingham MT, Edgley AJ, Tsuchimochi H, Kelly DJ, Shirai M, Pearson JT. Contractile apparatus dysfunction early in the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:943-960. [PMID: 26185602 PMCID: PMC4499528 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i7.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure in patients. Independent of hypertension and coronary artery disease, diabetes is associated with a specific cardiomyopathy, known as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Four decades of research in experimental animal models and advances in clinical imaging techniques suggest that DCM is a progressive disease, beginning early after the onset of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, ahead of left ventricular remodeling and overt diastolic dysfunction. Although the molecular pathogenesis of early DCM still remains largely unclear, activation of protein kinase C appears to be central in driving the oxidative stress dependent and independent pathways in the development of contractile dysfunction. Multiple subcellular alterations to the cardiomyocyte are now being highlighted as critical events in the early changes to the rate of force development, relaxation and stability under pathophysiological stresses. These changes include perturbed calcium handling, suppressed activity of aerobic energy producing enzymes, altered transcriptional and posttranslational modification of membrane and sarcomeric cytoskeletal proteins, reduced actin-myosin cross-bridge cycling and dynamics, and changed myofilament calcium sensitivity. In this review, we will present and discuss novel aspects of the molecular pathogenesis of early DCM, with a special focus on the sarcomeric contractile apparatus.
Collapse
|
10
|
França CN, Izar MCDO, Amaral JBD, Tegani DM, Fonseca FAH. Microparticles as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 104:169-74. [PMID: 25626759 PMCID: PMC4375661 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20140210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is a choice of great relevance because
of its impact on health. Some biomarkers, such as microparticles derived from
different cell populations, have been considered useful in the assessment of
cardiovascular disease. Microparticles are released by the membrane structures of
different cell types upon activation or apoptosis, and are present in the plasma of
healthy individuals (in levels considered physiological) and in patients with
different pathologies. Many studies have suggested an association between
microparticles and different pathological conditions, mainly the relationship with
the development of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the effects of different
lipid-lowering therapies have been described in regard to measurement of
microparticles. The studies are still controversial regarding the levels of
microparticles that can be considered pathological. In addition, the methodologies
used still vary, suggesting the need for standardization of the different protocols
applied, aiming at using microparticles as biomarkers in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Mellitus: Cause and Effect. CURRENT EMERGENCY AND HOSPITAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40138-013-0034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|