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Bryantsev AL, Castillo L, Oas ST, Chechenova MB, Dohn TE, Lovato TL. Myogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: Dissection of Distinct Muscle Types for Molecular Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1889:267-281. [PMID: 30367420 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8897-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila is a useful model organism for studying the molecular signatures that define specific muscle types during myogenesis. It possesses significant genetic conservation with humans for muscle disease causing genes and a lack of redundancy that simplifies functional analysis. Traditional molecular methods can be utilized to understand muscle developmental processes such as Western blots, in situ hybridizations, RT-PCR and RNAseq, to name a few. However, one challenge for these molecular methods is the ability to dissect different muscle types. In this protocol we describe some useful techniques for extracting muscles from the pupal and adult stages of development using flight and jump muscles as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton L Bryantsev
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Lizzet Castillo
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Sandy T Oas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Maria B Chechenova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Tracy E Dohn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - TyAnna L Lovato
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Isola G, Anastasi GP, Matarese G, Williams RC, Cutroneo G, Bracco P, Piancino MG. Functional and molecular outcomes of the human masticatory muscles. Oral Dis 2018; 24:1428-1441. [PMID: 29156093 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The masticatory muscles achieve a broad range of different activities such as chewing, sucking, swallowing, and speech. In order to accomplish these duties, masticatory muscles have a unique and heterogeneous structure and fiber composition, enabling them to produce their strength and contraction speed largely dependent on their motor units and myosin proteins that can change in response to genetic and environmental factors. Human masticatory muscles express unique myosin isoforms, including a combination of thick fibers, expressing myosin light chains (MyLC) and myosin class I and II heavy chains (MyHC) -IIA, -IIX, α-cardiac, embryonic and neonatal and thin fibers, respectively. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the importance of fiber-type diversity in masticatory muscles versus supra- and infrahyoid muscles, and versus limb and trunk muscles. We also highlight new information regarding the adaptive response and specific genetic variations of muscle fibers on the functional significance of the masticatory muscles, which influences craniofacial characteristics, malocclusions, or asymmetry. These findings may offer future possibilities for the prevention of craniofacial growth disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Isola
- Department of Biomedical, Odontostomatological Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images, School of Dentistry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G P Anastasi
- Department of Biomedical, Odontostomatological Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images, School of Dentistry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G Matarese
- Department of Biomedical, Odontostomatological Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images, School of Dentistry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - R C Williams
- Department of Periodontology, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - G Cutroneo
- Department of Biomedical, Odontostomatological Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images, School of Dentistry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - P Bracco
- Department of Orthodontics and Gnathology-Masticatory Function, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M G Piancino
- Department of Orthodontics and Gnathology-Masticatory Function, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Hu P, Uhlich R, White J, Kerby J, Bosarge P. Sarcopenia Measured Using Masseter Area Predicts Early Mortality following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2400-2406. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Parker Hu
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rindi Uhlich
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jared White
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey Kerby
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Patrick Bosarge
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Korfage JAM, Koolstra JH, Langenbach GEJ, van Eijden TMGJ. Fiber-type Composition of the Human Jaw Muscles—(Part 1) Origin and Functional Significance of Fiber-type Diversity. J Dent Res 2016; 84:774-83. [PMID: 16109984 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first of two articles on the fiber-type composition of the human jaw muscles. The present article discusses the origin of fiber-type composition and its consequences. This discussion is presented in the context of the requirements for functional performance and adaptation that are imposed upon the jaw muscles. The human masticatory system must perform a much larger variety of motor tasks than the average limb or trunk motor system. An important advantage of fiber-type diversity, as observed in the jaw muscles, is that it optimizes the required function while minimizing energy use. The capacity for adaptation is reflected by the large variability in fiber-type composition among muscle groups, individual muscles, and muscle regions. Adaptive changes are related, for example, to the amount of daily activation and/or stretch of fibers. Generally, the number of slow, fatigue-resistant fibers is relatively large in muscles and muscle regions that are subjected to considerable activity and/or stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A M Korfage
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Luo Q, Douglas M, Burkholder T, Sokoloff AJ. Absence of developmental and unconventional myosin heavy chain in human suprahyoid muscles. Muscle Nerve 2014; 49:534-44. [PMID: 23835800 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contradictory reports of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of adult human suprahyoid muscles leave unresolved the extent to which these muscles express developmental and unconventional MHC. METHODS By immunohistochemistry, separation sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)-Coomassie, separation SDS-PAGE-Western blot, and mRNA PCR, we tested for conventional MHCI, MHCIIA, MHCIIX, developmental MHC embryonic and MHC neonatal, and unconventional MHC alpha-cardiac, MHC extraocular, and MHC slow tonic in adult human anterior digastric (AD), geniohyoid (GH), and mylohyoid (MH) muscles. RESULTS By separation SDS-PAGE-Coomassie and Western blot, only conventional MHC are present. By immunohistochemistry all muscle fibers are positive for MHCI, MHCIIA, or MHCIIX, and fewer than 4 fibers/mm(2) are positive for developmental or unconventional MHC. By PCR, mRNA of MHCI and MHCIIA dominate, with sporadically detectable MHC alpha-cardiac and without detectable mRNA of other developmental and unconventional MHC. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that human suprahyoid muscles AD, GH, and MH are composed almost exclusively of conventional MHC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Luo
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
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Daugherty M, Luo Q, Sokoloff AJ. Myosin heavy chain composition of the human genioglossus muscle. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2012; 55:609-25. [PMID: 22337492 PMCID: PMC3816748 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0287)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human tongue muscle genioglossus (GG) is active in speech, swallowing, respiration, and oral transport, behaviors encompassing a wide range of tongue shapes and movement speeds. Studies demonstrate substantial diversity in patterns of human GG motor unit activation, but whether this is accompanied by complex expression of muscle contractile proteins is not known. PURPOSE The authors tested for conventional myosin heavy chain (MHC) MHCI, MHCIIA, MHCIIX, developmental MHCembryonic and MHCneonatal and unconventional MHCαcardiac, MHCextraocular, and MHCslow tonic in antero-superior (GG-A) and posterior (GG-P) adult human GG. METHOD SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to describe MHC composition of GG-A and GG-P and the prevalence of muscle fiber MHC phenotypes in GG-A. RESULTS By SDS-PAGE, only conventional MHC are present with ranking from most to least prevalent MHCIIA > MHCI > MHCIIX in GG-A and MHCI > MHCIIA > MHCIIX in GG-P. By immunohistochemistry, many muscle fibers contain MHCI, MHCIIA, and MHCIIX, but few contain developmental or unconventional MHC. GG-A is composed of 5 phenotypes (MHCIIA > MHCI-IIX > MHCI > MHCI-IIA > MHCIIX). Phenotypes MHCI, MHCIIA, and MHCI-IIX account for 96% of muscle fibers. CONCLUSIONS Despite activation of GG during kinematically diverse behaviors and complex patterns of GG motor unit activity, the human GG is composed of conventional MHC isoforms and 3 primary MHC phenotypes.
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Kohn TA, Hoffman LC, Myburgh KH. Identification of myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal muscle of four Southern African wild ruminants. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148:399-407. [PMID: 17631404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to separate and characterize the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms of four southern African wild ruminants, namely Blesbuck (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi), Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), Black Wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) and Blue Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). Longissimus dorsi muscle samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses using antibodies raised against MHC isoforms. The specificity of these antibodies was assessed using immunohistochemistry combined with ATPase histochemistry, Three MHC isoforms were separated and the bands were identified from fastest to slowest migrating as MHC I, MHC IIx and MHC IIa. The mobility of the MHC isoforms was similar for all four species, including that of bovine, but differed from human muscle. Kudu muscle exhibited the lowest proportion of MHC I and the highest proportion of MHC IIx, whereas Blesbuck muscle had the least MHC IIx. The two Wildebeest species were intermediate in isoform content. In conclusion, when new species are studied, existing electrophoretic protocols may need to be modified to achieve quantifiable separation and isoform migration pattern must be verified in order to reach correct interpretations. Furthermore, antibody specificity may differ between techniques as well as species and needs confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tertius A Kohn
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Kohn TA, Myburgh KH. Electrophoretic separation of human skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms: the importance of reducing agents. J Physiol Sci 2006; 56:355-60. [PMID: 17014746 DOI: 10.2170/physiolsci.rp007706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An electrophoretic protocol previously used for the separation of rat myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms was slightly modified to improve the separation of human MHC isoforms in both large and minigel systems. The addition of reducing agents (beta-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol) to the top running buffer (TRB) radically improved separated MHC isoform resolution and the intensity of electrophoretic runs lasting longer than 5 h. In minigel systems, the MHC isoforms could be separated in as little as 5 h. The improved resolution of bands with the inclusion of reducing agents to the TRB facilitated the identification of clear boundaries for densitometric quantification of relative MHC isoform content, particularly for MHC IIa and MHC IIx. No significant effect of these reducing agents added to the TRB was observed for runs lasting only 100 min. Thus the inclusion of reducing agents in the TRB is essential for long electrophoretic runs, usually when separating large molecular mass proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tertius Abraham Kohn
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Korfage JAM, Koolstra JH, Langenbach GEJ, van Eijden TMGJ. Fiber-type composition of the human jaw muscles--(part 2) role of hybrid fibers and factors responsible for inter-individual variation. J Dent Res 2005; 84:784-93. [PMID: 16109985 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the second of two articles about fiber-type composition of the human jaw muscles. It reviews the functional relationship of hybrid fibers and the adaptive properties of jaw-muscle fibers. In addition, to explain inter-individual variation in fiber-type composition, we discuss these adaptive properties in relation to environmental stimuli or perturbations. The fiber-type composition of the human jaw muscles is very different from that of limb and trunk muscles. Apart from the presence of the usual type I, IIA, and IIX myosin heavy-chains (MyHC), human jaw-muscle fibers contain MyHCs that are typical for developing or cardiac muscle. In addition, much more frequently than in limb and trunk muscles, jaw-muscle fibers are hybrid, i.e., they contain more than one type of MyHC isoform. Since these fibers have contractile properties that differ from those of pure fibers, this relatively large quantity of hybrid fibers provides a mechanism that produces a very fine gradation of force and movement. The presence of hybrid fibers might also reflect the adaptive capacity of jaw-muscle fibers. The capacity for adaptation also explains the observed large inter-individual variability in fiber-type composition. Besides local influences, like the amount of muscle activation and/or stretch, more general influences, like aging and gender, also play a role in the composition of fiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A M Korfage
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Raadsheer MC, Van Eijden TMGJ, Van Ginkel FC, Prahl-Andersen B. Human jaw muscle strength and size in relation to limb muscle strength and size. Eur J Oral Sci 2004; 112:398-405. [PMID: 15458497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2004.00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate to what extent general factors (e.g. genotype, hormones) and factors at the craniofacial level (e.g. craniofacial size, jaw muscle architecture) contribute to the size and strength of the jaw muscles. A strong relationship of jaw muscle size and strength with that of other muscles would argue for general influences, whereas a weak relationship would argue for craniofacial influences. In 121 adult individuals, moments of maximal bite force, arm flexion force and leg extension force were measured. In addition, thicknesses of jaw muscles, arm flexor muscles and leg extensor muscles were measured using ultrasound. Relationships were assessed by using a principal component analysis. In females, one component was found in which all force moments were represented. Bite force moment, however, loaded very low. In males, two components were found. One component loaded for arm flexion and leg extension moments, the other loaded for bite force moments. In both females and males, only one component was found for the muscle thicknesses in which all muscle groups loaded similarly. It was concluded that the size of the jaw muscles was significantly related to the size of the limb muscles, suggesting that they were both subject to the same general influences. Maximal voluntary bite force moments were not significantly related to the moments of the arm flexion and leg extension forces, suggesting that besides the general influence on the muscle size, variation in bite force moment was also influenced by local variables, such as craniofacial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Raadsheer
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
This paper considers evidence that the speech muscles are unique in their genetic, developmental, functional and phenotypical properties. The literature was reviewed using PubMed, ScienceDirect, ComDisDome and other literature-retrieval systems to identify studies reporting on the craniofacial and laryngeal muscles. Particular emphasis was given to studies of muscle fibre composition. A number of studies on mandibular, lingual, palatal and laryngeal muscles in humans show that these muscles are distinct from limb and other muscles. These speech-related muscles typically contain diverse fibre types and these types can vary regionally within a muscle. In general, the muscles of the speech production system are designed for fast and/or variable contraction and fatigue resistance. The craniofacial and laryngeal muscles are unique among the muscle systems of the human body and the specialized properties of these muscles are relevant to understanding the biomechanics of speech and various speech disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray D Kent
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA.
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