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Williams MJ, Wade JB, Nwadei T, Swaminathan A, Harrison CK, Bukstein S. Looking the Part: Stereotypicality in Appearance Among White Professionals Predicts Leadership Attainment and Perceived Leadership Suitability. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:613-628. [PMID: 36575969 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This project explores the effects of racial phenotypic stereotypicality, or the degree to which a person's appearance is perceived as typical of their racial group, on leadership outcomes. Building on research showing that people hold an image of the ideal leader as a White person, we propose that looking more typically White may facilitate leadership attainment. In Study 1, which used a sample of American college football coaches (N = 1,106), White (vs. Black) coaches were more likely to occupy leadership roles. Furthermore, within race, stereotypicality positively predicted occupying a leadership or head-coach role among White professionals (and negatively predicted occupying a head-coach role among Black professionals). Study 2 elucidated a possible mechanism by showing a causal effect of stereotypicality on perceived suitability for leadership among Whites. These findings advance theorizing on the White-leader link and have implications for the ability of people of color to access lucrative professional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James B Wade
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Müller AM, Röpke R, Konert J, Bellhäuser H. Investigating group formation: An experiment on the distribution of extraversion in educational settings. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 242:104111. [PMID: 38113608 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Group formation plays a crucial role in enhancing collaborative learning experiences. This study investigates the impact of extraversion as a criterion for group formation on collaborative learning outcomes. A total of 180 students participated in the experiment and were assigned to groups that were homogeneously or heterogeneously distributed in terms of extraversion. The groups met weekly and worked on group assignments throughout the semesters. The first hypothesis posed the outcomes to be explainable at the group-level. Surprisingly, the results show that groups with a homogeneous distribution of extraversion reported higher levels of group work satisfaction than those with a heterogeneous distribution, in contrast to the second hypothesis and the group hierarchy theory. These findings emphasize the potential of considering personality traits when forming groups and extend the existing literature on group formation. The study takes a critical stance by addressing normative definitions of leadership. Future research is suggested to further enhance collaborative learning experiences using similar interdisciplinary and experimental methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Mara Müller
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany Psychology in the Educational Sciences, Binger Str. 14-16, 55122 Mainz, Germany.
| | - René Röpke
- RWTH Aachen University, Computer Science 9 (Learning Technologies), Ahornstraße 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Konert
- Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Leipziger Str. 123, 36037 Fulda, Germany.
| | - Henrik Bellhäuser
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany Psychology in the Educational Sciences, Binger Str. 14-16, 55122 Mainz, Germany.
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3
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Ahmad Ainuddin H, Romli MH, S F Salim M, Hamid TA, Mackenzie L. A validity study to consult on a protocol of a home hazard management program for falls prevention among community dwelling stroke survivors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279657. [PMID: 36630460 PMCID: PMC9833545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A fall after a stroke is common but the consequences can be devastating not only for the stroke survivors, but also for caregivers, healthcare, and the society. However, research on falls prevention among the stroke population are limited, particularly on home hazards assessment and home modifications, demanding for a study to be conducted. The aim of the study is to validate the protocol and content of a home hazard management program guided by the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) Model for falls prevention among community dwelling stroke survivors. METHOD Researchers developed their own questionnaire for content validation which consist of 23 items that covers two domains, namely justification for telehealth home hazard management practice and the protocol's overall methodology. Occupational therapists with at least one year of experience in conducting a home hazard assessment were consulted for the content validation of a two-group clinical controlled trial protocol utilizing a home hazard assessment, home modifications and education over the usual care. Written consent was obtained prior to the study. The occupational therapists were given a Google Form link to review the protocol and intervention based on the questionnaire and rated each item using a four-point Likert scale for relevance and feasibility. Open-ended feedback was also recorded on the google form. Content Validity Index (CVI), Modified Kappa Index and Cronbach's Alpha was calculated for the content validity and reliability analysis. RESULTS A total of sixteen occupational therapists participated in the study. 43.7% of participants had a master's degree, 93.7% worked in the government sector and 56.2% had six years and more experience on conducting home hazard assessments. Content validity of the protocol is satisfactory for relevancy and feasibility (CVI = 0.84, ranging from 0.5 to 1.00), and for the reliability (α = 0.94 (relevance) and α = 0.97 (feasibility), respectively. The Modified Kappa ranged from 0.38 to 1.00 for all items. Feedback was also received regarding the design and procedure of the study protocol which included participant's selection criteria, sample size, equipment provided, cost, location, and care for the participants during the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Introducing a home hazard management program to prevent falls among the stroke population is viewed relevant and feasible. Practical suggestions from the consultation panel were adopted, and minor adjustments were required to strengthen the protocol's overall methodology. This study established a rigorous and robust experimental protocol for future undertaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husna Ahmad Ainuddin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Occupational Therapy Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hibatullah Romli
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mazatulfazura S F Salim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Aizan Hamid
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Lynette Mackenzie
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
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4
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Schroeder L, Ackermann RR. Moving beyond the adaptationist paradigm for human evolution, and why it matters. J Hum Evol 2023; 174:103296. [PMID: 36527977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Journal of Human Evolution (JHE) was founded 50 years ago when much of the foundation for how we think about human evolution was in place or being put in place, providing the main framework for how we consider our origins today. Here, we will explore historical developments, including early JHE outputs, as they relate to our understanding of the relationship between phenotypic variation and evolutionary process, and use that as a springboard for considering our current understanding of these links as applied to human evolution. We will focus specifically on how the study of variation itself has shifted us away from taxonomic and adaptationist perspectives toward a richer understanding of the processes shaping human evolutionary history, using literature searches and specific test cases to highlight this. We argue that natural selection, gene exchange, genetic drift, and mutation should not be considered individually when considering the production of hominin diversity. In this context, we offer suggestions for future research directions and reflect on this more complex understanding of human evolution and its broader relevance to society. Finally, we end by considering authorship demographics and practices in the last 50 years within JHE and how a shift in these demographics has the potential to reshape the science of human evolution going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Schroeder
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada; Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Rebecca Rogers Ackermann
- Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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5
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Solomon BC, Hall MEK. When (Non)Differences Make a Difference: The Roles of Demographic Diversity and Ideological Homogeneity in Overcoming Ideologically Biased Decision Making. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2022.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demographic diversity is undoubtedly important and can aid in debiasing decision makers. Yet, the promises of demographic diversity are not always realized due to social integration problems. We consider why and for whom differences combined with homogeneity make a difference for groups in terms of integratively complex thinking and ideological decision making. Although research has shown that decision makers often rely on political biases, that work has not addressed when and why decision-making groups are able to overcome these biases—a pervasive concern in today’s politically polarized social milieu. Drawing on the common in-group identity model and research on integrative complexity, we theorize that demographic diversity ultimately yields less ideological decision making because it prompts integrative complexity; however, demographic diversity only accrues this benefit in the presence of ideological homogeneity. We also reason that the relationship between integrative complexity and reduced ideological decision making emerges for more conservative (versus more liberal) groups. We find support for our expectations using a natural experiment of judges on the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Supplemental analyses indicate that working within a demographically diverse and ideologically homogeneous group also positively predicts integrative complexity in future decision-making groups. Finally, we find that demographic and ideological diversity can substitute for one another, but no additional integrative complexity benefits accrue when both are present. We discuss implications of this research in light of the ongoing conversation about the value of diversity and today’s polarized political climate. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1647 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany C. Solomon
- Department of Management & Organization, Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Matthew E. K. Hall
- Department of Political Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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6
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Consideration of culture in cognition: How we can enrich methodology and theory. Psychon Bull Rev 2022:10.3758/s13423-022-02227-5. [PMID: 36510095 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we argue that adopting an inclusive approach where diverse cultures are represented in research is of prime importance for cognitive psychology. The overrepresentation of participant samples and researchers from WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) cultures limits the generalizability of findings and fails to capture potential sources of variability, impeding understanding of human cognition. In an analysis of articles in representative cognitive psychology journals over the five-year period of 2016-2020, we find that only approximately 7% of articles consider culture, broadly defined. Of these articles, a majority (83%) focus on language or bilingualism, with small numbers of articles considering other aspects of culture. We argue that methodology and theory developed in the last century of cognitive research not only can be leveraged, but will be enriched by greater diversity in both populations and researchers. Such advances pave the way to uncover cognitive processes that may be universal or systematically differ as a function of cultural variations, and the individual differences in relation to cultural variations. To make a case for broadening this scope, we characterize relevant cross-cultural research, sample classic cognitive research that is congruent with such an approach, and discuss compatibility between a cross-cultural perspective and the classic tenets of cognitive psychology. We make recommendations for large and small steps for the field to incorporate greater cultural representation in the study of cognition, while recognizing the challenges associated with these efforts and acknowledging that not every research question calls for a cross-cultural perspective.
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7
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Devlin KN, Brennan L, Saad L, Giovannetti T, Hamilton RH, Wolk DA, Xie SX, Mechanic-Hamilton D. Diagnosing Mild Cognitive Impairment Among Racially Diverse Older Adults: Comparison of Consensus, Actuarial, and Statistical Methods. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:627-644. [PMID: 34864658 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actuarial and statistical methods have been proposed as alternatives to conventional methods of diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI), with the aim of enhancing diagnostic and prognostic validity, but have not been compared in racially diverse samples. OBJECTIVE We compared the agreement of consensus, actuarial, and statistical MCI diagnostic methods, and their relationship to race and prognostic indicators among diverse older adults. METHODS Participants (N = 354; M age = 71; 68% White, 29% Black) were diagnosed with MCI or normal cognition (NC) according to clinical consensus, actuarial neuropsychological criteria (Jak/Bondi), and latent class analysis (LCA). We examined associations with race/ethnicity, longitudinal cognitive and functional change, and incident dementia. RESULTS MCI rates by consensus, actuarial criteria, and LCA were 44%, 53%, and 41%, respectively. LCA identified three MCI subtypes (memory; memory/language; memory/executive) and two NC classes (low normal; high normal). Diagnostic agreement was substantial, but agreement of the actuarial method with consensus and LCA was weaker than the agreement between consensus and LCA. Among cases classified as MCI by actuarial criteria only, Black participants were over-represented, and outcomes were generally similar to those of NC participants. Consensus diagnoses best predicted longitudinal outcomes overall, whereas actuarial diagnoses best predicted longitudinal functional change among Black participants. CONCLUSION Consensus diagnoses optimize specificity in predicting dementia, but among Black older adults, actuarial diagnoses may be more sensitive to early signs of decline. Results highlight the need for cross-cultural validity in MCI diagnosis and should be explored in community- and population-based samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn N Devlin
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Brennan
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Saad
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Roy H Hamilton
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Wolk
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon X Xie
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dawn Mechanic-Hamilton
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Sulik J, Bahrami B, Deroy O. The Diversity Gap: When Diversity Matters for Knowledge. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:752-767. [PMID: 34606734 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211006070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Can diversity make for better science? Although diversity has ethical and political value, arguments for its epistemic value require a bridge between normative and mechanistic considerations, demonstrating why and how diversity benefits collective intelligence. However, a major hurdle is that the benefits themselves are rather mixed: Quantitative evidence from psychology and behavioral sciences sometimes shows a positive epistemic effect of diversity, but often shows a null effect, or even a negative effect. Here we argue that to make progress with these why and how questions, we need first to rethink when one ought to expect a benefit of cognitive diversity. In doing so, we highlight that the benefits of cognitive diversity are not equally distributed about collective intelligence tasks and are best seen for complex, multistage, creative problem solving, during problem posing and hypothesis generation. Throughout, we additionally outline a series of mechanisms relating diversity and problem complexity, and show how this perspective can inform metascience questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Sulik
- Cognition, Values and Behavior, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
| | - Bahador Bahrami
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.,Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London
| | - Ophelia Deroy
- Faculty of Philosophy & Munich Center for Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
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9
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Ding J, Shen Z, Ahlgren P, Jeppsson T, Minguillo D, Lyhagen J. The link between ethnic diversity and scientific impact: the mediating effect of novelty and audience diversity. Scientometrics 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-021-04071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding the nature and value of scientific collaboration is essential for sound management and proactive research policies. One component of collaboration is the composition and diversity of contributing authors. This study explores how ethnic diversity in scientific collaboration affects scientific impact, by presenting a conceptual model to connect ethnic diversity, based on author names, with scientific impact, assuming novelty and audience diversity as mediators. The model also controls for affiliated country diversity and affiliated country size. Using path modeling, we apply the model to the Web of Science subject categories Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Ecology and Information Science & Library. For all three subject categories, and regardless of if control variables are considered or not, we find a weak positive relationship between ethnic diversity and scientific impact. The relationship is weaker, however, when control variables are included. For all three fields, the mediated effect through audience diversity is substantially stronger than the mediated effect through novelty in the relationship, and the former effect is much stronger than the direct effect between the ethnic diversity and scientific impact. Our findings further suggest that ethnic diversity is more associated with short-term scientific impact compared to long-term scientific impact.
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10
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Pepe NW, Wang Q, Rajaram S. Collaborative remembering in ethnically uniform and diverse group settings. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Open science, communal culture, and women's participation in the movement to improve science. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24154-24164. [PMID: 32929006 PMCID: PMC7533847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921320117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Science is rapidly changing with the current movement to improve science focused largely on reproducibility/replicability and open science practices. Through network modeling and semantic analysis, this article provides an initial exploration of the structure, cultural frames of collaboration and prosociality, and representation of women in the open science and reproducibility literatures. Network analyses reveal that the open science and reproducibility literatures are emerging relatively independently with few common papers or authors. Open science has a more collaborative structure and includes more explicit language reflecting communality and prosociality than does reproducibility. Finally, women publish more frequently in high-status author positions within open science compared with reproducibility. Implications for cultivating a diverse, collaborative culture of science are discussed. Science is undergoing rapid change with the movement to improve science focused largely on reproducibility/replicability and open science practices. This moment of change—in which science turns inward to examine its methods and practices—provides an opportunity to address its historic lack of diversity and noninclusive culture. Through network modeling and semantic analysis, we provide an initial exploration of the structure, cultural frames, and women’s participation in the open science and reproducibility literatures (n = 2,926 articles and conference proceedings). Network analyses suggest that the open science and reproducibility literatures are emerging relatively independently of each other, sharing few common papers or authors. We next examine whether the literatures differentially incorporate collaborative, prosocial ideals that are known to engage members of underrepresented groups more than independent, winner-takes-all approaches. We find that open science has a more connected, collaborative structure than does reproducibility. Semantic analyses of paper abstracts reveal that these literatures have adopted different cultural frames: open science includes more explicitly communal and prosocial language than does reproducibility. Finally, consistent with literature suggesting the diversity benefits of communal and prosocial purposes, we find that women publish more frequently in high-status author positions (first or last) within open science (vs. reproducibility). Furthermore, this finding is further patterned by team size and time. Women are more represented in larger teams within reproducibility, and women’s participation is increasing in open science over time and decreasing in reproducibility. We conclude with actionable suggestions for cultivating a more prosocial and diverse culture of science.
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12
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Krecek RC, Rabinowitz PM, Conrad PA. Demystifying and Demonstrating the Value of a One Health Approach to Parasitological Challenges. Vet Parasitol 2020; 287:109202. [PMID: 33045550 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The One Health approach recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and ecosystem health and encourages collaboration between diverse disciplines to address complex health problems. In this paper, 3 academics, with diverse training, experience and backgrounds who each work on different pathogenic parasites, will share their stories of tackling parasitic challenges by applying a One Health approach. The pathogenic parasites to be discussed include the helminth Taenia solium and protozoans Giardia, Theileria, Babesia, Neospora and Toxoplasma species. The 3 narratives focus on research and clinical case-based challenges and illustrate where collaboration between human, animal, and environmental health scientists either has or could lead to improved control of human and animal health as well as important research discoveries. The need for better evaluation of interventions and scientific evidence to support changes in clinical practice and encourage enhanced collaboration between human and veterinary clinicians, as well as new governmental policies to improve public and wildlife health, are described. The need for a range of evidence-based metrics to monitor the success and impact of the One Health approach to veterinary parasitology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina C Krecek
- 4302 Berwick Place, College Station, Texas 77845, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Peter M Rabinowitz
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Global Health, Family Medicine, University of Washington Center for One Health Research, 1959 NE Pacific Street HSB F551, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Patricia A Conrad
- One Health Institute and Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Shields Avenue, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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13
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Schroeder L. Revolutionary Fossils, Ancient Biomolecules, and Reflections in Ethics and Decolonization: Paleoanthropology in 2019. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aman.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Schroeder
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON Canada
- Human Evolution Research Institute University of Cape Town Rondebosch Western Cape South Africa
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14
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Adger
- Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Linguistics and Film, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexander L Bond
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
| | - Sam Giles
- Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Erinma Ochu
- School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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15
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Homan AC. Dealing with diversity in workgroups: Preventing problems and promoting potential. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Ramirez KS, Berhe AA, Burt J, Gil-Romera G, Johnson RF, Koltz AM, Lacher I, McGlynn T, Nielsen KJ, Schmidt R, Simonis JL, terHorst CP, Tuff K. The future of ecology is collaborative, inclusive and deconstructs biases. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 2:200. [PMID: 29242579 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Ramirez
- The Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Jenn Burt
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Graciela Gil-Romera
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.,Pyrenean Institute of Ecology - Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rebecca F Johnson
- Citizen Science, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amanda M Koltz
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iara Lacher
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Terry McGlynn
- California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA.,Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karina J Nielsen
- Estuary & Ocean Science Center, Romberg Tiburon Campus, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Schmidt
- The Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Casey P terHorst
- Biology Department, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Kika Tuff
- Impact Media Lab, St. Louis, MO, USA
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17
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Tuk MA, Verlegh PW, Smidts A, Wigboldus DH. You and I have nothing in common: The role of dissimilarity in interpersonal influence. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Schaerer M, du Plessis C, Yap AJ, Thau S. Low power individuals in social power research: A quantitative review, theoretical framework, and empirical test. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Graif C. Neighborhood Diversity and the Rise of Artist Hotspots: Exploring the Creative Class Thesis through a Neighborhood Change Lens. CITY & COMMUNITY 2018; 17:754-787. [PMID: 31178667 PMCID: PMC6553868 DOI: 10.1111/cico.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of the U.S. urban population has increased dramatically in recent decades, yet the processes through which population diversity may be driving neighborhood change remain insufficiently understood. Building on Claude Fischer's subcultural theory of urbanism and other classic sociological insights, this article makes the case that population diversity shapes the character of place and drives the spatial clustering of artists and art organizations. Contributing to recent debates on Richard Florida's “creative class” thesis, the paper proposes a reorientation of the conceptual and analytical focus from the predominant metropolitan area level to the neighborhood level. Analyses map and examine population and organizational data from over 850 neighborhoods in Chicago over two decades and spatially model neighborhood change. The results indicate that neighborhood diversity predicts over time an intensification of the creative scene, as reflected in rising hotspots of artists and nonprofit art organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Graif
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University
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20
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Abstract
This study investigates when, how and why students use opportunity management behaviours (causation, effectuation and bricolage) within a fundraising project that acted as a microcosm of the entrepreneur’s world. Such a pedagogical device reveals students’ use of different opportunity management behaviours over the different stages of entrepreneurship. Although research has confirmed the use of these behaviours by entrepreneurs, how student entrepreneurs learn, and practice, them, remains underexplored. Causation is the predominant focus for university teaching, yet our data reveal that students adopted all three behaviours at different stages of the fundraising project as they responded to different contextual forces. Our findings suggest that opportunity management theories should take a more prominent role in the higher education entrepreneurship curriculum. Educators also need to provide a better means of facilitating students to learn about, and practice, a greater repertoire of opportunity management behaviours than is currently the case.
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Hall W, Schmader T, Aday A, Croft E. Decoding the Dynamics of Social Identity Threat in the Workplace: A Within-Person Analysis of Women’s and Men’s Interactions in STEM. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618772582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present research examined whether women’s daily experience of social identity threat in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) settings is triggered by a lack of acceptance during workplace conversations with male colleagues that then predicts daily experiences of burnout. To test these hypotheses, participants from two samples ( N = 389) rated their daily interactions with colleagues across 2 weeks. Results revealed that (1) women reported greater daily experiences of social identity threat on days when their work conversations with men cued a lack of acceptance, (2) these daily fluctuations of social identity threat predicted feelings of mental burnout, and (3) these effects were not found among men or for nonwork-relevant conversations. Additional analyses showed that these results were not driven by highly hostile workplace conversations between men and women, nor were they accounted for by individual differences in women’s sensitivity to perceiving gender bias, status differences, or by women being explicitly undermined by colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hall
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toni Schmader
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Audrey Aday
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Croft
- Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Antón SC, Malhi RS, Fuentes A. Race and diversity in U.S. Biological Anthropology: A decade of AAPA initiatives. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165 Suppl 65:158-180. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ripan S. Malhi
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana Champaign
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Samson FL. Immigration concern and the white/non-white difference in smoking: Group position theory and health. SSM Popul Health 2017; 3:111-120. [PMID: 29349209 PMCID: PMC5769020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
National data indicate that U.S. whites have a higher prevalence of smoking compared to non-whites. Group position theory and public opinion data suggest racial differences in immigration concern. This study examines whether immigration concern mediates the racial difference in smoking. Drawing on the 2012 General Social Survey, the 2012 American National Election Study, and the 2006 Portraits of American Life Study, immigration concern was associated with smoking, controlling for covariates across all three nationally representative surveys. Mediation analysis indicated that immigration concern partially mediated the higher odds of smoking among whites across all surveys. Immigration concern also presents a possible explanation for the healthy immigrant advantage and Hispanic paradox as they pertain to smoking differences.
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Wang Q. Why Should We All Be Cultural Psychologists? Lessons From the Study of Social Cognition. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 11:583-596. [PMID: 27694456 DOI: 10.1177/1745691616645552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
I call the attention of psychologists to the pivotal role of cultural psychology in extending and enriching research programs. I argue that it is not enough to simply acknowledge the importance of culture and urge psychologists to practice cultural psychology in their research. I deconstruct five assumptions about cultural psychology that seriously undermine its contribution to the building of a true psychological science, including that cultural psychology (a) is only about finding group differences, (b) does not appertain to group similarities, (c) concerns only group-level analysis, (d) is irrelevant to basic psychological processes, and (e) is used only to confirm the generalizability of theories. I discuss how cultural psychology can provide unique insights into psychological processes and further equip researchers with additional tools to understand human behavior. Drawing lessons from the 20 years of cultural research that my colleagues and I have done on the development of social cognition, including autobiographical memory, future thinking, self, and emotion knowledge, I demonstrate that incorporating cultural psychology into research programs is not only necessary but also feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
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25
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Gaither SE, Apfelbaum EP, Birnbaum HJ, Babbitt LG, Sommers SR. Mere Membership in Racially Diverse Groups Reduces Conformity. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617708013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Three studies assessed the impact of White individuals’ mere membership in racially diverse or homogeneous groups on conformity. In Study 1, White participants were randomly assigned to four-person groups that were racially diverse or homogeneous in which three confederates routinely endorsed clearly inferior college applicants for admission. Participants in diverse groups were significantly less likely to conform than those in homogeneous groups. Study 2 replicated these results using an online conformity paradigm, thereby isolating the effects of racial group composition from concomitant social cues in face-to-face settings. Study 3 presented a third condition—a diverse group that included one other White member. Individuals conformed less in both types of diverse groups as compared with the homogeneous group. Evidence suggests this was because Whites in homogeneous (vs. diverse) settings were more likely to reconsider their original decision after learning how other group members responded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Gaither
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Evan P. Apfelbaum
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah J. Birnbaum
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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26
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Ramos MR, Hewstone M, Barreto M, Branscombe NR. The opportunities and challenges of diversity: Explaining its impact on individuals and groups. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel R. Ramos
- Department of Experimental Psychology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL); Lisbon Portugal
| | - Miles Hewstone
- Department of Experimental Psychology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Manuela Barreto
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL); Lisbon Portugal
- University of Exeter; Exeter UK
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Burke SE, Dovidio JF, Perry SP, Burgess DJ, Hardeman RR, Phelan SM, Cunningham BA, Yeazel MW, Przedworski JM, van Ryn M. Informal Training Experiences and Explicit Bias Against African Americans among Medical Students. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2017; 80:65-84. [PMID: 31452559 PMCID: PMC6709698 DOI: 10.1177/0190272516668166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread inclusion of diversity-related curricula in US medical training, racial disparities in the quality of care and physician bias in medical treatment persist. The present study examined the effects of both formal and informal experiences on non-African American medical students' (N=2922) attitudes toward African Americans in a longitudinal study of 49 randomly selected US medical schools. We assessed the effects experiences related to medical training, accounting for prior experiences and attitudes. Contact with African Americans predicted positive attitudes toward African Americans relative to White people, even beyond the effects of prior attitudes. Furthermore, students who reported witnessing instructors making negative racial comments or jokes were significantly more willing to express racial bias themselves, even after accounting for the effects of contact. Examining the effects of informal experiences on racial attitudes may help develop a more effective medical training environment and reduce racial disparities in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diana J Burgess
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research & University of Minnesota Department of Medicine
| | - Rachel R Hardeman
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Division of Health Policy and Management
| | - Sean M Phelan
- Mayo Clinic Division of Health Care Policy & Research
| | | | - Mark W Yeazel
- University of Minnesota Department of Family Medicine and Community Health
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Larrick RP. The Social Context of Decisions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Larrick
- Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
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30
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Richeson JA, Sommers SR. Toward a Social Psychology of Race and Race Relations for the Twenty-First Century. Annu Rev Psychol 2016; 67:439-63. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Richeson
- Department of Psychology, Department of African American Studies, and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208;
| | - Samuel R. Sommers
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155;
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31
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Galinsky AD, Todd AR, Homan AC, Phillips KW, Apfelbaum EP, Sasaki SJ, Richeson JA, Olayon JB, Maddux WW. Maximizing the Gains and Minimizing the Pains of Diversity. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 10:742-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691615598513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Empirical evidence reveals that diversity—heterogeneity in race, culture, gender, etc.—has material benefits for organizations, communities, and nations. However, because diversity can also incite detrimental forms of conflict and resentment, its benefits are not always realized. Drawing on research from multiple disciplines, this article offers recommendations for how best to harness the benefits of diversity. First, we highlight how two forms of diversity—the diversity present in groups, communities, and nations, and the diversity acquired by individuals through their personal experiences (e.g., living abroad)—enable effective decision making, innovation, and economic growth by promoting deeper information processing and complex thinking. Second, we identify methods to remove barriers that limit the amount of diversity and opportunity in organizations. Third, we describe practices, including inclusive multiculturalism and perspective taking, that can help manage diversity without engendering resistance. Finally, we propose a number of policies that can maximize the gains and minimize the pains of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Galinsky
- Management Department, Columbia Business School, Columbia University
| | - Andrew R. Todd
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
| | | | | | | | - Stacey J. Sasaki
- Management Department, Columbia Business School, Columbia University
| | - Jennifer A. Richeson
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
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Smith JL, Handley IM, Zale AV, Rushing S, Potvin MA. Now Hiring! Empirically Testing a Three-Step Intervention to Increase Faculty Gender Diversity in STEM. Bioscience 2015; 65:1084-1087. [PMID: 26955075 PMCID: PMC4777060 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Workforce homogeneity limits creativity, discovery, and job satisfaction; nonetheless, the vast majority of university faculty in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields are men. We conducted a randomized and controlled three-step faculty search intervention based in self-determination theory aimed at increasing the number of women faculty in STEM at one US university where increasing diversity had historically proved elusive. Results show that the numbers of women candidates considered for and offered tenure-track positions were significantly higher in the intervention groups compared with those in controls. Searches in the intervention were 6.3 times more likely to make an offer to a woman candidate, and women who were made an offer were 5.8 times more likely to accept the offer from an intervention search. Although the focus was on increasing women faculty within STEM, the intervention can be adapted to other scientific and academic communities to advance diversity along any dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessi L Smith
- Jessi L. Smith ( ) and Ian M. Handley are affiliated with the Department of Psychology at Montana State University, in Bozeman. Alexander V. Zale is affiliated with the US Geological Survey, the Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, and the Department of Ecology at Montana State University, in Bozeman. Sara Rushing is affiliated with the Department of Political Science and Martha A. Potvin is with the Office of the Provost and the Department of Ecology at Montana State University, in Bozeman
| | - Ian M Handley
- Jessi L. Smith ( ) and Ian M. Handley are affiliated with the Department of Psychology at Montana State University, in Bozeman. Alexander V. Zale is affiliated with the US Geological Survey, the Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, and the Department of Ecology at Montana State University, in Bozeman. Sara Rushing is affiliated with the Department of Political Science and Martha A. Potvin is with the Office of the Provost and the Department of Ecology at Montana State University, in Bozeman
| | - Alexander V Zale
- Jessi L. Smith ( ) and Ian M. Handley are affiliated with the Department of Psychology at Montana State University, in Bozeman. Alexander V. Zale is affiliated with the US Geological Survey, the Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, and the Department of Ecology at Montana State University, in Bozeman. Sara Rushing is affiliated with the Department of Political Science and Martha A. Potvin is with the Office of the Provost and the Department of Ecology at Montana State University, in Bozeman
| | - Sara Rushing
- Jessi L. Smith ( ) and Ian M. Handley are affiliated with the Department of Psychology at Montana State University, in Bozeman. Alexander V. Zale is affiliated with the US Geological Survey, the Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, and the Department of Ecology at Montana State University, in Bozeman. Sara Rushing is affiliated with the Department of Political Science and Martha A. Potvin is with the Office of the Provost and the Department of Ecology at Montana State University, in Bozeman
| | - Martha A Potvin
- Jessi L. Smith ( ) and Ian M. Handley are affiliated with the Department of Psychology at Montana State University, in Bozeman. Alexander V. Zale is affiliated with the US Geological Survey, the Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, and the Department of Ecology at Montana State University, in Bozeman. Sara Rushing is affiliated with the Department of Political Science and Martha A. Potvin is with the Office of the Provost and the Department of Ecology at Montana State University, in Bozeman
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Handley IM, Brown ER, Moss-Racusin CA, Smith JL. Quality of evidence revealing subtle gender biases in science is in the eye of the beholder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13201-6. [PMID: 26460001 PMCID: PMC4629390 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510649112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists are trained to evaluate and interpret evidence without bias or subjectivity. Thus, growing evidence revealing a gender bias against women-or favoring men-within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) settings is provocative and raises questions about the extent to which gender bias may contribute to women's underrepresentation within STEM fields. To the extent that research illustrating gender bias in STEM is viewed as convincing, the culture of science can begin to address the bias. However, are men and women equally receptive to this type of experimental evidence? This question was tested with three randomized, double-blind experiments-two involving samples from the general public (n = 205 and 303, respectively) and one involving a sample of university STEM and non-STEM faculty (n = 205). In all experiments, participants read an actual journal abstract reporting gender bias in a STEM context (or an altered abstract reporting no gender bias in experiment 3) and evaluated the overall quality of the research. Results across experiments showed that men evaluate the gender-bias research less favorably than women, and, of concern, this gender difference was especially prominent among STEM faculty (experiment 2). These results suggest a relative reluctance among men, especially faculty men within STEM, to accept evidence of gender biases in STEM. This finding is problematic because broadening the participation of underrepresented people in STEM, including women, necessarily requires a widespread willingness (particularly by those in the majority) to acknowledge that bias exists before transformation is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Handley
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3440;
| | - Elizabeth R Brown
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3440; Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 33224
| | | | - Jessi L Smith
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3440
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Abstract
Two studies investigated how people define and perceive diversity in the historically majority-group dominated contexts of business and academia. We hypothesized that individuals construe diversity as both the numeric representation of racial minorities and the social acceptance of racial minorities within a group. In Study 1, undergraduates’ (especially minorities’) perceptions of campus diversity were predicted by perceived social acceptance on a college campus, above and beyond perceived minority representation. Study 2 showed that increases in a company’s representation and social acceptance independently led to increases in perceived diversity of the company among Whites. Among non-Whites, representation and social acceptance only increased perceived diversity of the company when both qualities were high. Together these findings demonstrate the importance of both representation and social acceptance to the achievement of diversity in groups and that perceiver race influences the relative importance of these two components of diversity.
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Abstract
Markets are central to modern society, so their failures can be devastating. Here, we examine a prominent failure: price bubbles. Bubbles emerge when traders err collectively in pricing, causing misfit between market prices and the true values of assets. The causes of such collective errors remain elusive. We propose that bubbles are affected by ethnic homogeneity in the market and can be thwarted by diversity. In homogenous markets, traders place undue confidence in the decisions of others. Less likely to scrutinize others' decisions, traders are more likely to accept prices that deviate from true values. To test this, we constructed experimental markets in Southeast Asia and North America, where participants traded stocks to earn money. We randomly assigned participants to ethnically homogeneous or diverse markets. We find a marked difference: Across markets and locations, market prices fit true values 58% better in diverse markets. The effect is similar across sites, despite sizeable differences in culture and ethnic composition. Specifically, in homogenous markets, overpricing is higher as traders are more likely to accept speculative prices. Their pricing errors are more correlated than in diverse markets. In addition, when bubbles burst, homogenous markets crash more severely. The findings suggest that price bubbles arise not only from individual errors or financial conditions, but also from the social context of decision making. The evidence may inform public discussion on ethnic diversity: it may be beneficial not only for providing variety in perspectives and skills, but also because diversity facilitates friction that enhances deliberation and upends conformity.
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Abstract
In any diverse society, public policy can help to provide equal access to opportunities for achieving one’s potential in school and work. However, even as policies in the United States have sought to eradicate institutionalized discrimination on the basis of race or sex, women and minorities continue to underperform academically and are systematically underrepresented in the highest earning occupations. Social psychological research suggests that negative stereotypes about women and minorities can create subtle barriers to success through stereotype threat. This occurs when individuals become concerned that they might confirm a negative stereotype about their group. This article outlines current research on the processes that underlie stereotype threat and how this work informs effective policies to reduce its effects. Using an evidence-based analysis, we review the risks and the benefits of four policies to narrow gender and racial gaps in academic and workplace performance: affirmative action, diversity training, creating identity-safe environments, and teaching coping strategies. Policies informed by social psychological theory and research can help recover the lost human potential due to stereotype threat without disadvantaging or cuing backlash among the majority.
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Chen JM, Moons WG. They won’t listen to me: Anticipated power and women’s disinterest in male-dominated domains. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430214550340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that women avoid male-dominated domains because they anticipate lacking the power to influence others in those contexts. In Study 1, a questionnaire study, male undergraduates were more interested in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors than were female undergraduates, and this gender disparity was mediated by women anticipating having less power in STEM fields than men did. Study 2 experimentally demonstrated that a lack of female representation within an academic context (MBA program) led women to infer that they would lack power in that context. Consequently, they became less interested in the program and in business schools in general. Our findings indicate that expecting low interpersonal power is an important mechanism by which women lose interest in pursuing male-dominated fields.
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