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Noleto PG, Gilbert FB, Rossignol C, Cunha P, Germon P, Rainard P, Martins RP. Punch-excised explants of bovine mammary gland to model early immune response to infection. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:100. [PMID: 37420291 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary gland (MG) infections (mastitis) are frequent diseases of dairy cows that affect milk quality, animal welfare and farming profitability. These infections are commonly associated with the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Different in vitro models have been used to investigate the early response of the MG to bacteria, but the role of the teat in mastitis pathogenesis has received less attention. In this study, we used punch-excised teat tissue as an ex vivo model to study the immune mechanisms that arise early during infection when bacteria have entered the MG. RESULTS Cytotoxicity and microscopic analyses showed that bovine teat sinus explants have their morphology and viability preserved after 24 h of culture and respond to ex vivo stimulation with TLR-agonists and bacteria. LPS and E. coli trigger stronger inflammatory response in teat when compared to LTA and S. aureus, leading to a higher production of IL-6 and IL-8, as well as to an up-regulation of proinflammatory genes. We also demonstrated that our ex vivo model can be applied to frozen-stored explants. CONCLUSIONS In compliance with the 3Rs principle (replacement, reduction and refinement) in animal experimentation, ex vivo explant analyses proved to be a simple and affordable approach to study MG immune response to infection. This model, which better reproduces organ complexity than epithelial cell cultures or tissue slices, lends itself particularly well to studying the early phases of the MG immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patricia Cunha
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pierre Germon
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Rainard
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Nouzilly, France
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Filor V, Seeger B, de Buhr N, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Kietzmann M, Oltmanns H, Meißner J. Investigation of the pathophysiology of bacterial mastitis using precision-cut bovine udder slices. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7705-7718. [PMID: 35879165 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis in cattle is a major health problem as well as incurring high costs for the dairy industry. To assess the suitability of precision-cut bovine udder slices (PCBUS) for bovine mastitis studies, we infected PCBUS with 2 different Staphylococcus aureus strains. Accordingly, we investigated both the tissue response to infection based on immune mediators at the mRNA and protein levels and the invasion of bacteria within the tissue. The studied proteins represent immune mediators of early inflammation [IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)] and showed a time-dependent increase in concentration. Infection of PCBUS with S. aureus resulted in increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, but not C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), or S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9) at the mRNA level. To compare the data acquired with this model, we carried out investigations on primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Our results showed that the immune responses of both models-PCBUS and primary bovine mammary epithelial cells-were similar. In addition, investigations using PCBUS enabled us to demonstrate adherence of bacteria in the physiological cell network. These findings support the use of PCBUS in studies designed to further understand the complex pathophysiological processes of infection and inflammation in bovine mastitis and to investigate alternative therapies for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Filor
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - B Seeger
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Group Food Toxicology/Alternative/Complementary Methods to Animal Testing, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30273 Hannover, Germany
| | - N de Buhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - M von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Oltmanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Goulart DB, Mellata M. Escherichia coli Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Challenges. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:928346. [PMID: 35875575 PMCID: PMC9301288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.928346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the udder tissue parenchyma that causes pathological changes in the glandular tissue and abnormalities in milk leading to significant economic losses to the dairy industry across the world. Mammary pathogenic Escherichia (E.) coli (MPEC) is one of the main etiologic agents of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. MPEC strains have virulence attributes to resist the host innate defenses and thrive in the mammary gland environment. The association between specific virulence factors of MPEC with the severity of mastitis in cattle is not fully understood. Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat mastitis has resulted in antimicrobial resistance to all major antibiotic classes in MPEC. A thorough understanding of MPEC’s pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is required to develop better interventions to reduce mastitis incidence and prevalence in cattle and the environment. This review compiles important information on mastitis caused by MPEC (e.g., types of mastitis, host immune response, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the disease) as well as the current knowledge on MPEC virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and the dilemma of MPEC as a new pathotype. The information provided in this review is critical to identifying gaps in knowledge that will guide future studies to better design diagnostic, prevent, and develop therapeutic interventions for this significant dairy disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Brito Goulart
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Débora Brito Goulart,
| | - Melha Mellata
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Melha Mellata,
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Brand KS, Filor V, Bäumer W. Early inflammatory events of mastitis-a pilot study with the isolated perfused bovine udder. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:356. [PMID: 34798884 PMCID: PMC8603483 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine mastitis is an important health and cost factor in the milk industry. To elucidate whether isolated perfused bovine udders can be used to study early inflammatory events of mastitis, 1 mg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was instilled into quarters of 10 isolated perfused bovine udders. Three hours and 6 h after LPS instillation, tissue samples were taken from the gland cistern and base of the udder, subsequently stored in RNAlater and processed for the determination of inflammation-dependent gene regulation by real-time RT-qPCR. Gene expression analysis was performed using delta-delta Ct method. To translate mRNA results to protein, IL-1ß and IL-6 were determined in tissue homogenate by ELISA. RESULTS The instillation of 1 mg LPS lead to an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines like TNF-α, CCL20, CXCL8 as well as of IL-1 ß, IL-6 and IL-10, lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) and S100A9. However, the degree of elevation differed slightly between gland cistern and udder base and markedly between 3 and 6 h after instillation, with a distinct increase in mediator expression after 6 h. IL-1β protein increased in a time-dependent manner, whereas IL-6 was unchanged within 6 h of LPS instillation. CONCLUSION Compared to in vivo studies with instillation of LPS into udders of living cows, a similar inflammation-dependent gene regulation profile can be mimicked in the isolated perfused bovine udder, indicating a supplementation of animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Susanne Brand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viviane Filor
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Hofmann I, Kemter E, Fiedler S, Theobalt N, Fonteyne L, Wolf E, Wanke R, Blutke A. A new method for physical disector analyses of numbers and mean volumes of immunohistochemically labeled cells in paraffin sections. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 361:109272. [PMID: 34216707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the neurosciences, the physical disector method represents an established quantitative stereological method for unbiased sampling and counting of cells in histological tissue sections of known thickness. Physical disector analyses are conventionally performed using plastic-embedded tissue samples, because plastic-embedding causes a comparably low and definable shrinkage of the embedded tissue, and the thickness of thin plastic sections can be determined adequately. However, immunohistochemistry protocols often don't work satisfactorily in sections of plastic-embedded tissue. NEW METHOD Here, a new methodological approach is presented, allowing for physical disector analyses of immunohistochemically labeled cells in paraffin sections. The embedding-related tissue shrinkage is standardized by using defined tissue sample volumes and paraffin volumes, and the extent of tissue shrinkage can be determined accurately from the sample volumes prior to and after embedding. Co-embedding of polyethylene section thickness standards together with the tissue samples allows the precise determination of individual paraffin section thicknesses by spectral reflectance measurements. RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The applicability of the new method is demonstrated by physical disector analysis of immunohistochemically identified somatotroph cells in paraffin sections of porcine pituitary gland tissue. With consideration of individual shrinkage factors and section thicknesses, the cell numbers and mean volumes estimated in paraffin disector sections do not significantly differ from the results obtained by analyses of plastic-embedded pituitary tissue samples of the identical animals (2.4% average difference). CONCLUSIONS The featured method enables combination of paraffin section immunohistochemistry and physical disector analyses for unbiased quantitative stereological analyses of different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hofmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Sonja Fiedler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Natalie Theobalt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Lina Fonteyne
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Filor V, Petry M, Meißner J, Kietzmann M. Precision-cut bovine udder slices (PCBUS) as an in-vitro-model of an early phase of infection of bovine mastitis. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:120. [PMID: 33726750 PMCID: PMC7962284 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to establish precision-cut bovine udder slices (PCBUS) as an in-vitro-model to investigate pathophysiological processes in the early phase of mastitis in order to have the possibility to investigate new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of such udder inflammation in later studies. Furthermore, this model should contribute to substitute in-vivo-experiments. Bovine mastitis is one of the most common and costly infectious diseases in the dairy industry, which is largely associated with the use of antimicrobial agents. Given this problem of antimicrobial resistance, it is essential to step up research into bacterial infectious diseases. Thus, the transfer of the in-vitro-model of precision-cut tissue slices to the bovine udder enables broad research into new therapeutic approaches in this area and can also be used to address issues in basic research or the characterisation of complex pathophysiological processes. Results A stimulation with LPS, PGN or the combination of both substances (LPS:PGN) demonstrates the ability of the PCBUS to react with a significant secretion of IL-1ß, TNF-α and PGE2. Conclusion The slices represent an instrument for investigating pharmacological interactions with udder tissue, which can be useful for studies on pharmacological questions and the understanding of complex pathophysiological processes of infection and inflammation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02817-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Filor
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Monique Petry
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Novel sampling procedure to characterize bovine subclinical endometritis by uterine secretions and tissue. Theriogenology 2019; 141:186-196. [PMID: 31557616 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical endometritis (SE) in cattle is defined as clinically unapparent inflammation of the endometrium. It is reported to impair fertility in affected cows and causes economic loss within the dairy industry. A gold standard for diagnosis of SE has not been set. Uterine cytology and histopathology are both applied, but low agreement between these methods has been described. The objective of the present study was to assess the capability of uterine secretions (US) as a new medium for diagnosis of SE. A novel sampling tool was applied to retrieve US as well as cytological, histological and bacteriological samples of the endometrium after a singular passage through the cervix in 108 dairy cows (43-62 days post-partum [dpp]). To assess the quality of the US samples, a proteome analysis of samples from five healthy donors was performed, demonstrating that in vivo sampling of US was feasible and generated samples suitable for diagnostic purposes. Diagnosis of SE was realized by the combination of clinical, cytological, and histopathological findings. Quantitative analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)1B, IL6, IL8, IL17A, IL10) in US was conducted using AlphaLISA-technology. RNAlater-fixed endometrial biopsies were used for gene expression analysis of the cytokines IL1B, IL6, IL8, IL10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) as well as the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and the antimicrobial peptide S100A9 by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cows were assigned to groups according to their uterine health status. A large group of animals (n = 83) displayed no signs of endometritis (E.NEG). Cytological and histopathological examination revealed low agreement; hence, animals with SE were differentiated into SE(cyto) and SE(histo) groups (n = 7 and n = 13, respectively). One animal in group SE(cyto + histo) as well as four animals with signs of clinical endometritis (CE) were excluded from further analysis. SE(cyto) showed significantly higher median concentrations of IL1B, IL8 and IL17A in US as well as a significantly higher median expression of IL1B, IL8 and IL10 in endometrial biopsies compared to E.NEG. No significant differences were found for IL6 and IL10 in US and IL6, TNFα, PTGS2 and S100A9 in endometrial tissue between these groups. SE(histo) presented no differences concerning the analyzed parameters compared to E.NEG. In conclusion, a method to sample US was successfully established in dairy cows. The cytokines IL1B, IL8 and IL17A are promising candidates in diagnosing cytological endometritis by US. Further assessment of US might contribute to a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms leading to chronic endometrial inflammation and to impaired fertility in affected cows.
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8
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Watz S, Petzl W, Zerbe H, Rieger A, Glas A, Schröter W, Landgraf T, Metzner M. Technical note: Automatic evaluation of infrared thermal images by computerized active shape modeling of bovine udders challenged with Escherichia coli. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4541-4545. [PMID: 30879807 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis causes substantial economic losses and animal suffering in the dairy industry. The trend toward larger herd sizes complicates the monitoring of udder health in individual animals. Infrared thermography has successfully been used for early mastitis detection. However, manual thermogram analysis is time consuming and requires a skilled examiner, and automated image processing has not been tested. The aim of this study was to determine whether automatic evaluation of thermograms showed results comparable to those of manual evaluation of thermograms. Five healthy cows underwent an intramammary challenge with Escherichia coli to induce clinical mastitis. Multiple udder thermograms were taken every 2 h for 24 h before and after the challenge, resulting in 4,143 images in total. All images were evaluated using image recognition software (automatically) and a polygon tool (manually) to calculate the average and maximum surface temperatures. Because of the slightly different regions of interest, temperatures ascertained from the thermograms using the automatic method were consistently lower than those ascertained using the manual method. However, average udder surface temperatures evaluated using both methods were strongly correlated (r = 0.98 in the left hindquarter, and r = 0.99 in the right hindquarter) and showed maximum temperature peaks at the same time, 13 and 15 h after intramammary challenge. In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, both methods provided good results for sensitivity and specificity in detecting clinical E. coli-induced mastitis at different threshold values. For automatically evaluated maximum right hindquarter temperature, sensitivity was 93.75% and specificity was 94.96%, and for manually evaluated maximum right hindquarter temperature, sensitivity was 93.75% and specificity was 96.40%. Thus, automatic thermogram evaluation is a promising tool for automated mastitis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Watz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - W Petzl
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - H Zerbe
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - A Rieger
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - A Glas
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - W Schröter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI, Zeunerstrasse 38, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - T Landgraf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI, Zeunerstrasse 38, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Metzner
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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9
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Hughes K, Watson CJ. The Mammary Microenvironment in Mastitis in Humans, Dairy Ruminants, Rabbits and Rodents: A One Health Focus. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:27-41. [PMID: 29705830 PMCID: PMC5978844 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Health concept promotes integrated evaluation of human, animal, and environmental health questions to expedite advances benefiting all species. A recognition of the multi-species impact of mastitis as a painful condition with welfare implications leads us to suggest that mastitis is an ideal target for a One Health approach. In this review, we will evaluate the role of the mammary microenvironment in mastitis in humans, ruminants and rabbits, where appropriate also drawing on studies utilising laboratory animal models. We will examine subclinical mastitis, clinical lactational mastitis, and involution-associated, or dry period, mastitis, highlighting important anatomical and immunological species differences. We will synthesise knowledge gained across different species, comparing and contrasting disease presentation. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is characterised by elevated Na/K ratio, and increased milk IL-8 concentrations. SCM affecting the breastfeeding mother may result in modulation of infant mucosal immune system development, whilst in ruminants notable milk production losses may ensue. In the case of clinical lactational mastitis, we will focus on mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Understanding of the pathogenesis of involution-associated mastitis requires characterization of the structural and molecular changes occurring during involution and we will review these changes across species. We speculate that milk accumulation may act as a nidus for infection, and that the involution 'wound healing phenotype' may render the tissue susceptible to bacterial infection. We will discuss the impact of concurrent pregnancy and a 'parallel pregnancy and involution signature' during bovine mammary involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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10
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Rainard P, Foucras G, Boichard D, Rupp R. Invited review: Low milk somatic cell count and susceptibility to mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6703-6714. [PMID: 29803421 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An enduring controversy exists about low milk cell counts and susceptibility to mastitis. The concentration of milk leukocytes, or somatic cell count (SCC), is a well-established direct indicator of mammary gland inflammation that is highly correlated with the presence of a mammary infection. The SCC is also used as a trait for the selection of dairy ruminants less prone to mastitis. As selection programs favor animals with less SCC, and as milk cells contribute to the defense of the mammary gland, the idea that susceptibility to mastitis could possibly be increased in the long term has been put forward and is still widely debated. Epidemiological and experimental studies aimed at relating SCC to susceptibility to mastitis have yielded results that seem contradictory at first sight. Nevertheless, by taking into account the immunobiology of milk and mammary tissue cells and their role in the defense against infection, along with recent studies on SCC-based divergent selection of animals, the issue can be settled. Apparent SCC-linked susceptibility to mastitis is a phenotypic trait that may be linked to immunomodulation but not to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rainard
- ISP, Université de Tours, INRA, UMR1282, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - G Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR1225, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - D Boichard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - R Rupp
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, F-31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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11
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Wen X, Han X, Wang Y, Fan S, Zhang Z, Wu D, Lu J, Zheng Y. Retracted
: Effects of S100A12 gene silencing on serum levels of anti‐inflammatory/pro‐inflammatory cytokines in septic rats through the ERK signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4038-4049. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Xin‐Rui Han
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Yong‐Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Shao‐Hua Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Zi‐Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Dong‐Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Yuan‐Lin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
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Werling D. WITHDRAWN: Non-infectious stressors and innate immune response. Res Vet Sci 2018:S0034-5288(17)30980-3. [PMID: 29373122 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s). The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom.
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Magro G, Brevini TAL, De Maglie M, Minozzi G, Scanziani E, Piccinini R. An explant of heifer mammary gland to study the immune response of the organ. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:44-50. [PMID: 28314156 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Continuous or primary epithelial cell lines have been extensively used to study the mammary gland immune response, but they are constituted by a single cell population. Our aim was to test whether an explant of heifer gland, where the tissue structure is maintained, might be a valid model to investigate the innate immune response to infection. The study was carried out on 2mm3-sections of heifer udders, in 2 consecutive trials, using LPS or LTA in the first trial and two different concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) in the second. Treated and untreated sections were collected after 1h, 3h and 6h incubation; in the first trial, a final time-point at 18h was considered. The mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and LAP was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Histological examination showed well-preserved morphology of the tissue, and apoptosis only showed a slight, not significant increase throughout the experiment. IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly up-regulated, in response to LPS or Staph. aureus, while TNF-α and IL-8 significantly increased only under LPS treatment. LAP expression showed a significant late increase when stimulated by LPS. The immunochemical staining of the sections demonstrated a higher number of T lymphocytes within the alveolar epithelium, in comparison with interstitial localization. Since the explants belonged to pubertal non-pregnant heifers, T cells may be regarded as resident cells, suggesting their participation in the regulation of mammary homeostasis. Therefore, applying our model would give new insights in the investigation of udder pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Magro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana A L Brevini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marcella De Maglie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulietta Minozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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14
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Ibrahim M, Peter S, Gärtner M, Michel G, Jung M, Einspanier R, Gabler C. Increased mRNA expression of selected antimicrobial peptides around ovulation and during inflammatory processes in the bovine endometrium postpartum. Theriogenology 2016; 86:2040-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Petzl W, Günther J, Mühlbauer K, Seyfert HM, Schuberth HJ, Hussen J, Sauter-Louis C, Hafner-Marx A, Zerbe H. Early transcriptional events in the udder and teat after intra-mammary Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus challenge. Innate Immun 2016; 22:294-304. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425916640057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-mammary bacterial infections can result in harmful clinical mastitis or subclinical mastitis with persistent infections. Research during the last decades closely examined the pathophysiology of inflamed udders. Initial events after pathogen perception but before the onset of mastitis have not been examined in vivo. The objective of this study was to develop a mastitis model in cows by monitoring initial transcriptional pathogen-specific host response before clinical signs occur. We applied a short-term infection model to analyse transcripts encoding chemokines, cytokines and antimicrobial molecules in the teat cistern (TC) and lobulo-alveolar parenchyma (LP) up to 3 h after challenge with E. and Staphylococcus aureus. Both pathogens elicited an immune reaction by 1 h after challenge. Escherichia coli induced all analysed factors ( CCL20, CXCL8, TNF, IL6, IL12B, IL10, LAP, S100A9); however, S. aureus failed to induce IL12B, IL10, LAP and S100A9 expression. The E. coli-induced up-regulation was 25–105 times greater than that after S. aureus challenge. Almost all the responses were restricted to the TC. The short-term mastitis model demonstrates that a divergent pathogen-specific response is generated during the first h. It confirms that the first transcripts are generated in the TC prior to a response in the LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Petzl
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Günther
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Mühlbauer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - Jamal Hussen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Hafner-Marx
- Bavarian Authority for Health and Food Safety, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Holm Zerbe
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
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Smolenski GA, Cursons RT, Hine BC, Wheeler TT. Keratin and S100 calcium-binding proteins are major constituents of the bovine teat canal lining. Vet Res 2015; 46:113. [PMID: 26407704 PMCID: PMC4582823 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The bovine teat canal provides the first-line of defence against pathogenic bacteria infecting the mammary gland, yet the protein composition and host-defence functionality of the teat canal lining (TCL) are not well characterised. In this study, TCL collected from six healthy lactating dairy cows was subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry. The abundance and location of selected identified proteins were determined by western blotting and fluorescence immunohistochemistry. The variability of abundance among individual cows was also investigated. Two dominant clusters of proteins were detected in the TCL, comprising members of the keratin and S100 families of proteins. The S100 proteins were localised to the teat canal keratinocytes and were particularly predominant in the cornified outermost layer of the teat canal epithelium. Significant between-animal variation in the abundance of the S100 proteins in the TCL was demonstrated. Four of the six identified S100 proteins have been reported to have antimicrobial activity, suggesting that the TCL has additional functionality beyond being a physical barrier to invading microorganisms. These findings provide new insights into understanding host-defence of the teat canal and resistance of cows to mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Smolenski
- Dairy Foods, AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand. .,University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
| | | | - Brad C Hine
- CSIRO, Agriculture Flagship, Chiswick, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
| | - Thomas T Wheeler
- Dairy Foods, AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
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Rainard P, Cunha P, Ledresseur M, Staub C, Touzé JL, Kempf F, Gilbert FB, Foucras G. Antigen-Specific Mammary Inflammation Depends on the Production of IL-17A and IFN-γ by Bovine CD4+ T Lymphocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137755. [PMID: 26375594 PMCID: PMC4573518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramammary infusion of the antigen used to sensitize cows by the systemic route induces a local inflammation associated with neutrophil recruitment. We hypothesize that this form of delayed type hypersensitivity, which may occur naturally during infections or could be induced intentionally by vaccination, can impact the outcome of mammary gland infections. We immunized cows with ovalbumin to identify immunological correlates of antigen-specific mammary inflammation. Intraluminal injection of ovalbumin induced a mastitis characterized by a prompt tissue reaction (increase in teat wall thickness) and an intense influx of leukocytes into milk of 10 responder cows out of 14 immunized animals. The magnitude of the local inflammatory reaction, assessed through milk leukocytosis, correlated with antibody titers, skin thickness test, and production of IL-17A and IFN-γ in a whole-blood antigen stimulation assay (WBA). The production of these two cytokines significantly correlated with the magnitude of the milk leukocytosis following the ovalbumin intramammary challenge. The IL-17A and IFN-γ production in the WBA was dependent on the presence of CD4+ cells in blood samples. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with ovalbumin followed by stimulation with PMA/ionomycin allowed the identification by flow cytometry of CD4+ T cells producing either IL-17A, IFN-γ, or both cytokines. The results indicate that the antigen-specific WBA, and specifically IL-17A and IFN-γ production by circulating CD4+ cells, can be used as a predictor of mammary hypersensitivity to protein antigens. This prompts further studies aiming at determining how Th17 and/or Th1 lymphocytes modulate the immune response of the mammary gland to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rainard
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Patricia Cunha
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marion Ledresseur
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Staub
- UE1297, Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale, UEPAO, INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-Luc Touzé
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- UMR0085, Physiologie de la Reproduction et du Comportement, INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Florent Kempf
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florence B. Gilbert
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gilles Foucras
- INP, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- UMR1225, Interactions Hôte Agents Pathogènes, INRA, Toulouse, France
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