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Larsson SC, Butterworth AS, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization for cardiovascular diseases: principles and applications. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:4913-4924. [PMID: 37935836 PMCID: PMC10719501 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association studies conducted over the last decade have uncovered numerous genetic variants associated with cardiometabolic traits and risk factors. These discoveries have enabled the Mendelian randomization (MR) design, which uses genetic variation as a natural experiment to improve causal inferences from observational data. By analogy with the random assignment of treatment in randomized controlled trials, the random segregation of genetic alleles when DNA is transmitted from parents to offspring at gamete formation is expected to reduce confounding in genetic associations. Mendelian randomization analyses make a set of assumptions that must hold for valid results. Provided that the assumptions are well justified for the genetic variants that are employed as instrumental variables, MR studies can inform on whether a putative risk factor likely has a causal effect on the disease or not. Mendelian randomization has been increasingly applied over recent years to predict the efficacy and safety of existing and novel drugs targeting cardiovascular risk factors and to explore the repurposing potential of available drugs. This review article describes the principles of the MR design and some applications in cardiovascular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Papworth Road, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Hinxton, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Papworth Road, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Burgess S, Mason AM, Grant AJ, Slob EAW, Gkatzionis A, Zuber V, Patel A, Tian H, Liu C, Haynes WG, Hovingh GK, Knudsen LB, Whittaker JC, Gill D. Using genetic association data to guide drug discovery and development: Review of methods and applications. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:195-214. [PMID: 36736292 PMCID: PMC9943784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the validity of drug targets from randomized trials is reliable but typically expensive and slow to obtain. In contrast, evidence from conventional observational epidemiological studies is less reliable because of the potential for bias from confounding and reverse causation. Mendelian randomization is a quasi-experimental approach analogous to a randomized trial that exploits naturally occurring randomization in the transmission of genetic variants. In Mendelian randomization, genetic variants that can be regarded as proxies for an intervention on the proposed drug target are leveraged as instrumental variables to investigate potential effects on biomarkers and disease outcomes in large-scale observational datasets. This approach can be implemented rapidly for a range of drug targets to provide evidence on their effects and thus inform on their priority for further investigation. In this review, we present statistical methods and their applications to showcase the diverse opportunities for applying Mendelian randomization in guiding clinical development efforts, thus enabling interventions to target the right mechanism in the right population group at the right time. These methods can inform investigators on the mechanisms underlying drug effects, their related biomarkers, implications for the timing of interventions, and the population subgroups that stand to gain the most benefit. Most methods can be implemented with publicly available data on summarized genetic associations with traits and diseases, meaning that the only major limitations to their usage are the availability of appropriately powered studies for the exposure and outcome and the existence of a suitable genetic proxy for the proposed intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Amy M Mason
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Grant
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric A W Slob
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Verena Zuber
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ashish Patel
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Haodong Tian
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cunhao Liu
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William G Haynes
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Novo Nordisk, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Global Chief Medical Office, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Bjerre Knudsen
- Chief Scientific Advisor Office, Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John C Whittaker
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Chief Scientific Advisor Office, Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
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English CJ, Lohning AE, Mayr HL, Jones M, Reidlinger DP. Interrelationships among platelet-activating factor and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 activity and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Biofactors 2022; 49:457-471. [PMID: 36538603 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has been assessed through blood lipids and inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Recent clinical interest in novel pro-inflammatory markers platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2 ) recognizes that vascular damage can exist in the absence of traditional risk factors. This cross-sectional study investigated the potential relationship between circulating PAF, Lp-PLA2 , hsCRP, and traditional risk factors for CVD. One hundred adults (49 ± 13 years, 31% male) with variable CVD risk were recruited. Fasting inflammatory markers PAF, Lp-PLA2 and hsCRP and total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. Blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference were measured. Medical and physical activity data were self-reported. Linear and multiple regressions were performed. PAF, Lp-PLA2 , and hsCRP independently correlated with several CVD risk factors. PAF was correlated significantly with risk factors in an unexpected way; there was a medium positive correlation between PAF and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.394, p < 0.001) and medium negative correlations with Total:HDL cholesterol; (r = -0.436, p < 0.001) systolic blood pressure; (r = -0.307, p = 0.001); BMI (r = -0.381, p < 0.001); and waist circumference (r = -0.404, p < 0.001). There were large positive correlations between Lp-PLA2 and LDL (r = 0.525, p < 0.001) and non-HDL cholesterol (r = 0.508, p < 0.001). There were large positive correlations between hsCRP and Total:HDL cholesterol (r = 0.524, p < 0.001); BMI (r = 0.668, p < 0.001); and waist circumference (r = 0.676, p < 0.001). PAF, Lp-PLA2 , and hsCRP are implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammation in CVD; however, the relationships between each marker and traditional risk factors were different suggesting they may be involved in different atherogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J English
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna E Lohning
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hannah L Mayr
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Functioning and Health Research, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Jones
- Institute of Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dianne P Reidlinger
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
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González LM, Robles NR, Mota-Zamorano S, Arévalo-Lorido JC, Valdivielso JM, López-Gómez J, Gervasini G. Tag-SNPs in Phospholipase-Related Genes Modify the Susceptibility to Nephrosclerosis and its Associated Cardiovascular Risk. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:817020. [PMID: 35586043 PMCID: PMC9108153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.817020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrosclerosis patients have a high cardiovascular (CV) risk that is very often of more concern than the renal disease itself. We aimed to determine whether variants in phospholipase-related genes, associated with atherosclerosis and CV outcomes in the general population, could constitute biomarkers of nephrosclerosis and/or its associated CV risk. We screened 1,209 nephrosclerosis patients and controls for 86 tag-SNPs that were identified in the SCARB1, PLA2G4A, and PLA2G7 gene loci. Regression models were utilized to evaluate their effect on several clinical parameters. Most notably, rs10846744 and rs838880 in SCARB1 showed significant odds ratios (OR) of 0.66 (0.51–0.87), p = 0.003 and 1.48 (1.11–1.96), p = 0.007 for nephrosclerosis risk. PLA2G4A and PLA2G7 harboured several SNPs associated with atherosclerosis measurements in the patients, namely common carotid intima media thickness (ccIMT), presence of plaques, number of plaques detected and 2-years ccIMT progression (significant p-values ranging from 0.0004 to 0.047). Eight SNPs in PLA2G4A were independent risk factors for CV events in nephrosclerosis patients. Their addition to a ROC model containing classic risk factors significantly improved its predictive power from AUC = 69.1% (61.4–76.9) to AUC = 79.1% (73.1–85.1%), p = 0.047. Finally, PLA2G4A rs932476AA and rs6683619AA genotypes were associated with lower CV event-free survival after controlling for confounding variables [49.59 (47.97–51.21) vs. 51.81 (49.93–51.78) months, p = 0.041 and 46.46 (41.00–51.92) vs. 51.17 (50.25–52.08) months, p = 0.022, respectively]. Variability in phospholipase-related genes play a relevant role in nephrosclerosis and associated atherosclerosis measurements and CV events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M. González
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Medical School, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Nicolás R. Robles
- Service of Nephrology, Badajoz University Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
- RICORS2040 Renal Research Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Mota-Zamorano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Medical School, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- RICORS2040 Renal Research Network, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel Valdivielso
- RICORS2040 Renal Research Network, Madrid, Spain
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, UDETMA, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Juan López-Gómez
- Service of Clinical Analyses, Badajoz University Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Medical School, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- RICORS2040 Renal Research Network, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Guillermo Gervasini,
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Associations of genetic variants of lysophosphatidylcholine metabolic enzymes with levels of serum lipids. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1595-1599. [PMID: 33935285 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic disturbance of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is related with dyslipidemia. Therefore, eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from LPC metabolic enzymes to study their associations with obesity and serum levels of lipids. METHODS A total of 3305 children were recruited from four independent studies. Eight SNPs of LPC metabolic enzymes were selected and genotyped with the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The multivariable linear regression model was applied to detect the associations of eight SNPs with obesity-related phenotypes and levels of lipids in each study. Meta-analyses were used to combine the results of four studies. RESULTS Only SNP rs4420638 of APOC-1 gene was associated with serum lipids even after Bonferroni correction. The rs4420638 was positively associated with TC (β = 0.15, P = 8.59 × 10-9) and low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C, β = 0.16, P = 9.98 × 10-14) individually. CONCLUSION The study firstly revealed the association between APOC-1/rs4420638 and levels of serum lipids in Chinese children, providing evidence for susceptible gene variants of dyslipidemia.
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Fras Z, Tršan J, Banach M. On the present and future role of Lp-PLA 2 in atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular risk prediction and management. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:954-964. [PMID: 34336025 PMCID: PMC8314407 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.98195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating concentration and activity of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) have been proven as biomarkers of increased risk of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Lp-PLA2 might be part of the atherosclerotic process and may contribute to plaque destabilisation through inflammatory activity within atherosclerotic lesions. However, all attempts to translate the inhibition of phospholipase into clinically beneficial ASCVD risk reduction, including in randomised studies, by either non-specific inhibition of sPLA2 (by varespladib) or specific Lp-PLA2 inhibition by darapladib, unexpectedly failed. This gives us a strong imperative to continue research aimed at a better understanding of how Lp-PLA2 and sPLA2 regulate vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque development. From the clinical viewpoint there is a need to establish and validate the existing and emerging novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies to fight against ASCVD development, by using potentially better animal models and differently designed clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Fras
- Centre for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Vascular Medicine, Division of Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Tršan
- Centre for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Vascular Medicine, Division of Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin in Human Atherosclerosis and Related Arterial Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186756. [PMID: 32942605 PMCID: PMC7554753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the main particulate component of the circulating blood, RBCs play major roles in physiological hemodynamics and impact all arterial wall pathologies. RBCs are the main determinant of blood viscosity, defining the frictional forces exerted by the blood on the arterial wall. This function is used in phylogeny and ontogeny of the cardiovascular (CV) system, allowing the acquisition of vasomotricity adapted to local metabolic demands, and systemic arterial pressure after birth. In pathology, RBCs collide with the arterial wall, inducing both local retention of their membranous lipids and local hemolysis, releasing heme-Fe++ with a high toxicity for arterial cells: endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cardiomyocytes, neurons, etc. Specifically, overloading of cells by Fe++ promotes cell death. This local hemolysis is an event associated with early and advanced stages of human atherosclerosis. Similarly, the permanent renewal of mural RBC clotting is the major support of oxidation in abdominal aortic aneurysm. In parallel, calcifications promote intramural hemorrhages, and hemorrhages promote an osteoblastic phenotypic shift of arterial wall cells. Different plasma or tissue systems are able, at least in part, to limit this injury by acting at the different levels of this system.
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Perrot N, Thériault S, Rigade S, Chen HY, Dina C, Martinsson A, Boekholdt SM, Capoulade R, Le Tourneau T, Messika-Zeitoun D, Engert JC, Wareham NJ, Clavel MA, Pibarot P, Smith JG, Schott JJ, Mathieu P, Bossé Y, Thanassoulis G, Arsenault BJ. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity, genetics and calcific aortic valve stenosis in humans. Heart 2020; 106:1407-1412. [PMID: 32636298 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity has been shown to predict calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) outcomes. Our objective was to test the association between plasma Lp-PLA2 activity and genetically elevated Lp-PLA2 mass/activity with CAVS in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Lp-PLA2 activity was measured in 890 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, including 476 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for CAVS and 414 control patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. After multivariable adjustment, Lp-PLA2 activity was positively associated with the presence of CAVS (OR=1.21 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.41) per SD increment). We selected four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the PLA2G7 locus associated with either Lp-PLA2 mass or activity (rs7756935, rs1421368, rs1805017 and rs4498351). Genetic association studies were performed in eight cohorts: Quebec-CAVS (1009 cases/1017 controls), UK Biobank (1350 cases/349 043 controls), European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk (504 cases/20 307 controls), Genetic Epidemiology Research on Aging (3469 cases/51 723 controls), Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (682 cases/5963 controls) and three French cohorts (3123 cases/6532 controls), totalling 10 137 CAVS cases and 434 585 controls. A fixed-effect meta-analysis using the inverse-variance weighted method revealed that none of the four SNPs was associated with CAVS (OR=0.99 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.02, p=0.55) for rs7756935, 0.97 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.01, p=0.11) for rs1421368, 1.00 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.01, p=0.29) for rs1805017, and 1.00 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.04, p=0.87) for rs4498351). CONCLUSIONS Higher Lp-PLA2 activity is significantly associated with the presence of CAVS and might represent a biomarker of CAVS in patients with heart disease. Results of our genetic association study suggest that Lp-PLA2 is however unlikely to represent a causal risk factor or therapeutic target for CAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Perrot
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec city, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Thériault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec city, Québec, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sidwell Rigade
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hao Yu Chen
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Dina
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Andreas Martinsson
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - S Matthijs Boekholdt
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romain Capoulade
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Thierry Le Tourneau
- Ultrasound and Cardiology Departments, University Hospital, Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - David Messika-Zeitoun
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, APHP, Bichat Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James C Engert
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie-Annick Clavel
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec city, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec city, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - J Gustav Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Patrick Mathieu
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec city, Québec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec city, Québec, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - George Thanassoulis
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec city, Québec, Canada .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Schnitzler JG, Dallinga-Thie GM, Kroon J. The Role of (Modified) Lipoproteins in Vascular Function: A Duet Between Monocytes and the Endothelium. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1594-1609. [PMID: 29546830 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180316121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last century, many studies have demonstrated that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a key risk factor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) related to atherosclerosis. Thus, for these CVD patients, LDL lowering agents are commonly used in the clinic to reduce the risk for CVD. LDL, upon modification, will develop distinct inflammatory and proatherogenic potential, leading to impaired endothelial integrity, influx of immune cells and subsequent increased foam cell formation. LDL can also directly affect peripheral monocyte composition, rendering them in a more favorable position to migrate and accumulate in the subendothelial space. It has become apparent that other lipoprotein particles, such as triglyceride- rich lipoproteins or remnants (TRL) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] may also impact on atherogenic pathways. Evidence is accumulating that Lp(a) can promote peripheral monocyte activation, eventually leading to increased transmigration through the endothelium. Similarly, remnant cholesterol has been identified to play a key role in endothelial dysfunction and monocyte behavior. In this review, we will discuss recent developments in understanding the role of different lipoproteins in the context of inflammation at both the level of the monocyte and the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan G Schnitzler
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Geesje M Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Huang F, Wang K, Shen J. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: The story continues. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:79-134. [PMID: 31140638 PMCID: PMC6973114 DOI: 10.1002/med.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) mediates vascular inflammation through the regulation of lipid metabolism in blood, thus, it has been extensively investigated to identify its role in vascular inflammation-related diseases, mainly atherosclerosis. Although darapladib, the most advanced Lp-PLA2 inhibitor, failed to meet the primary endpoints of two large phase III trials in atherosclerosis patients cotreated with standard medical care, the research on Lp-PLA2 has not been terminated. Novel pathogenic, epidemiologic, genetic, and crystallographic studies regarding Lp-PLA2 have been reported recently, while novel inhibitors were identified through a fragment-based lead discovery strategy. More strikingly, recent clinical and preclinical studies revealed that Lp-PLA2 inhibition showed promising therapeutic effects in diabetic macular edema and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we not only summarized the knowledge of Lp-PLA2 established in the past decades but also emphasized new findings in recent years. We hope this review could be valuable for helping researchers acquire a much deeper insight into the nature of Lp-PLA2, identify more potent and selective Lp-PLA2 inhibitors, and discover the potential indications of Lp-PLA2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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11
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Kwok MK, Lin SL, Schooling CM. Re-thinking Alzheimer's disease therapeutic targets using gene-based tests. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:461-470. [PMID: 30314892 PMCID: PMC6446018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating condition with no known effective drug treatments. Existing drugs only alleviate symptoms. Given repeated expensive drug failures, we assessed systematically whether approved and investigational AD drugs are targeting products of genes strongly associated with AD and whether these genes are targeted by existing drugs for other indications which could be re-purposed. Methods We identified genes strongly associated with late-onset AD from the loci of genetic variants associated with AD at genome-wide-significance and from a gene-based test applied to the most extensively genotyped late-onset AD case (n = 17,008)-control (n = 37,154) study, the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project. We used three gene-to-drug cross-references, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Drugbank and Drug Repurposing Hub, to identify genetically validated targets of AD drugs and any existing drugs or nutraceuticals targeting products of the genes strongly associated with late-onset AD. Findings A total of 67 autosomal genes (forming 9 gene clusters) were identified as strongly associated with late-onset AD, 28 from the loci of single genetic variants, 51 from the gene-based test and 12 by both methods. Existing approved or investigational AD drugs did not target products of any of these 67 genes. Drugs for other indications targeted 11 of these genes, including immunosuppressive disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs targeting PTK2B gene products. Interpretation Approved and investigational AD drugs are not targeting products of genes strongly associated with late-onset AD. However, other drugs targeting products of these genes exist and could perhaps be re-purposing to combat late-onset AD after further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ki Kwok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Patrick Manson Building (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Lin Lin
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Patrick Manson Building (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Patrick Manson Building (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, United States.
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12
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Precision Medicine for Prosthetic Valve Deterioration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:252-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Aldi S, Matic LP, Hamm G, van Keulen D, Tempel D, Holmstrøm K, Szwajda A, Nielsen BS, Emilsson V, Ait-Belkacem R, Lengquist M, Paulsson-Berne G, Eriksson P, Lindeman JHN, Gool AJ, Stauber J, Hedin U, Hurt-Camejo E. Integrated Human Evaluation of the Lysophosphatidic Acid Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Atherosclerosis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 10:17-28. [PMID: 30003117 PMCID: PMC6039967 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the PLPP3 gene encoding for lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 3 have been associated with susceptibility to atherosclerosis independently of classical risk factors. PLPP3 inactivates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic product of phospholipase activity. Here we performed the first exploratory analysis of PLPP3, LPA, and LPA receptors (LPARs 1–6) in human atherosclerosis. PLPP3 transcript and protein were repressed when comparing plaques versus normal arteries and plaques from symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients, and they were negatively associated with risk of adverse cardiovascular events. PLPP3 localized to macrophages, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells (ECs) in plaques. LPAR 2, 5, and especially 6 showed increased expression in plaques, with LPAR6 localized in ECs and positively correlated to PLPP3. Utilizing in situ mass spectrometry imaging, LPA and its precursors were found in the plaque fibrous cap, co-localizing with PLPP3 and LPAR6. In vitro, PLPP3 silencing in ECs under LPA stimulation resulted in increased expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines. LPAR6 silencing inhibited LPA-induced cell activation, but not when PLPP3 was silenced simultaneously. Our results show that repression of PLPP3 plays a key role in atherosclerosis by promoting EC activation. Altogether, the PLPP3 pathway represents a suitable target for investigations into novel therapeutic approaches to ameliorate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Aldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Szwajda
- Translational Sciences, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan H N Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Translational Sciences, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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14
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Novel and Emerging Biomarkers with Risk Predictive Utility for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-018-0570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Schooling CM, Huang JV, Zhao JV, Kwok MK, Au Yeung SL, Lin SL. Disconnect Between Genes Associated With Ischemic Heart Disease and Targets of Ischemic Heart Disease Treatments. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:311-315. [PMID: 29396305 PMCID: PMC5835561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of pharmacological treatments to mitigate ischemic heart disease (IHD) has encompassed disappointing results and expensive failures, which has discouraged investment in new approaches to prevention and control. New treatments are most likely to be successful if they act on genetically validated targets. We assessed whether existing pharmacological treatments for IHD reduction are acting on genetically validated targets and whether all such targets for IHD are currently being exploited. Methods Genes associated with IHD were obtained from the loci of single nucleotide polymorphisms reported in either of two recent genome wide association studies supplemented by a gene-based analysis (accounting for linkage disequilibrium) of CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes, a large IHD case (n = 60,801)-control (n = 123,504) study. Treatments targeting the products of these IHD genes and genes with products targeted by current IHD treatments were obtained from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Drugbank. Cohen's kappa was used to assess agreement. Results We identified 173 autosomal genes associated with IHD and 236 autosomal genes with products targeted by current IHD treatments, only 8 genes (PCSK9, EDNRA, PLG, LPL, CXCL12, LRP1, CETP and ADORA2A) overlapped, i.e. were both associated with IHD and had products targeted by current IHD treatments. The Cohen's kappa was 0.03. Interventions related to another 29 IHD genes exist, including dietary factors, environmental exposures and existing treatments for other indications. Conclusions Closer alignment of IHD treatments with genetically validated physiological targets may represent a major opportunity for combating a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality through repurposing existing interventions. Pharmacological treatments for ischemic heart disease (IHD) target < 5% (8/173) of genes strongly predicting IHD. Treatments or nutraceuticals targeting products of another 17% (29/173) of genes strongly predicting IHD exist. Repurposing represents a major opportunity to prevent and treat a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality.
Development of drugs to mitigate ischemic heart disease, a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, has stalled. We examined the relation between the physiological targets of current drugs for ischemic heart disease and the genetic predictors of ischemic heart disease. We found little correspondence between the genes with products targeted by current ischemic heart disease drugs and the genes associated with ischemic heart disease, but found several drugs for other purposes relevant to ischemic heart disease genes. Refocusing ischemic heart disease drug development on genetically valid targets and repurposing existing drugs represents a major opportunity to improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Schooling
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, USA; School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - J V Huang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - J V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - M K Kwok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - S L Au Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - S L Lin
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Garg PK, Norby FL, Polfus LM, Boerwinkle E, Gibbs RA, Grove ML, Folsom AR, Garimella PS, Matsushita K, Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 and risk of incident peripheral arterial disease: Findings from The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ARIC). Atherosclerosis 2017; 268:12-18. [PMID: 29169030 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Results from prospective studies evaluating the relationship between elevated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity and incident peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have been mixed. We investigated whether higher Lp-PLA2 levels are associated with increased risk of incident PAD and whether PLA2G7 gene variants, which result in lower Lp-PLA2 levels, are associated with reduced risk of incident PAD. METHODS Our analysis included 9922 participants (56% female; 21% African-American; mean age 63 years) without baseline PAD at ARIC Visit 4 (1996-1998), who had Lp-PLA2 activity measured and were subsequently followed for the development of PAD, defined by occurrence of a PAD-related hospitalization, through 2012. Cox proportional hazard models were performed to determine the association of Lp-PLA2 levels and PLA2G7 gene variants with incident PAD. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 14.9 years, we identified 756 incident cases of PAD. In analyses adjusting for age, race, and sex, each standard deviation increment in Lp-PLA2 activity (62 nmol/ml/min) was associated with a higher risk of developing PAD (hazard ratio (HR) 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09, 1.26). This association remained significant after additional adjustment for risk factors, other cardiovascular disease, and medication use, but was strongly attenuated (HR: 1.09; 95% CI 1.00, 1.20). PLA2G7 variants were not associated with a lower risk of PAD in both white carriers (HR: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.17-8.56) and African-American carriers (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.41-1.67), although statistical power was quite limited for this analysis, particularly in whites. CONCLUSIONS While higher Lp-PLA2 activity was associated with an increased risk for incident PAD, it is likely a risk marker largely represented by traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen K Garg
- Division of Cardiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Faye L Norby
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda M Polfus
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Megan L Grove
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron R Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pranav S Garimella
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Department of Epidemiology, The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ron C Hoogeveen
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; The Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; The Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart Center, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Soran H, Liu Y, Adam S, Siahmansur T, Ho JH, Schofield JD, Kwok S, Gittins M, France M, Younis N, Gibson JM, Durrington PN, Rutter MK. A comparison of the effects of low- and high-dose atorvastatin on lipoprotein metabolism and inflammatory cytokines in type 2 diabetes: Results from the Protection Against Nephropathy in Diabetes with Atorvastatin (PANDA) randomized trial. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 12:44-55. [PMID: 29246729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin therapy is recommended in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) although views on treatment intensity and therapeutic targets remain divided. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to compare the effects of high-intensity and moderate-intensity atorvastatin treatment on lipoprotein metabolism and inflammatory markers and how frequently treatment goals are met in high-risk T2DM patients. METHODS Patients with T2DM and albuminuria (urinary albumin:creatinine ratio >5 mg/mmol, total cholesterol <7 mmol/L, proteinuria <2 g/d, creatinine <200 μmol/L) were randomized to receive atorvastatin 10 mg (n = 59) or 80 mg (n = 60) daily. Baseline and 1-year follow-up data are reported. RESULTS Patients were at high cardiovascular disease risk (observed combined mortality and nonfatal cardiovascular disease annual event rate 4.8%). The non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) goal of <2.6 mmol/L was achieved in 72% of participants receiving high-dose atorvastatin, but only in 40% on low-dose atorvastatin (P < .005). The proportion achieving apolipoprotein B (apoB) <0.8 g/L on high-dose and low-dose atorvastatin was 82% and 70%, respectively (NS). Total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, non-HDL-C, oxidized LDL, apoB, glyc-apoB, apolipoprotein E, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 decreased significantly, more so in participants on high-dose atorvastatin. Adiponectin increased and serum amyloid A decreased without dose dependency. Neither dose produced significant changes in HDL-C, cholesterol efflux, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, glycated hemoglobin, serum paraoxonase-1, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, or cholesteryl ester transfer protein. CONCLUSIONS High-dose atorvastatin is more effective in achieving non-HDL-C therapeutic goals and in modifying LDL-related parameters. Recommended apoB treatment targets may require revision. Despite the increase in adiponectin and the decrease in serum amyloid A, HDL showed no change in functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Yifen Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Safwaan Adam
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tarza Siahmansur
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jan H Ho
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Schofield
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - See Kwok
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Gittins
- Department of Diabetes, Manchester Diabetes Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael France
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Younis
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J Martin Gibson
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N Durrington
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin K Rutter
- Department of Diabetes, Manchester Diabetes Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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18
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Yeo A, Li L, Warren L, Aponte J, Fraser D, King K, Johansson K, Barnes A, MacPhee C, Davies R, Chissoe S, Tarka E, O’Donoghue ML, White HD, Wallentin L, Waterworth D. Pharmacogenetic meta-analysis of baseline risk factors, pharmacodynamic, efficacy and tolerability endpoints from two large global cardiovascular outcomes trials for darapladib. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182115. [PMID: 28753643 PMCID: PMC5533343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Darapladib, a lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) inhibitor, failed to demonstrate efficacy for the primary endpoints in two large phase III cardiovascular outcomes trials, one in stable coronary heart disease patients (STABILITY) and one in acute coronary syndrome (SOLID-TIMI 52). No major safety signals were observed but tolerability issues of diarrhea and odor were common (up to 13%). We hypothesized that genetic variants associated with Lp-PLA2 activity may influence efficacy and tolerability and therefore performed a comprehensive pharmacogenetic analysis of both trials. We genotyped patients within the STABILITY and SOLID-TIMI 52 trials who provided a DNA sample and consent (n = 13,577 and 10,404 respectively, representing 86% and 82% of the trial participants) using genome-wide arrays with exome content and performed imputation using a 1000 Genomes reference panel. We investigated baseline and change from baseline in Lp-PLA2 activity, two efficacy endpoints (major coronary events and myocardial infarction) as well as tolerability parameters at genome-wide and candidate gene level using a meta-analytic approach. We replicated associations of published loci on baseline Lp-PLA2 activity (APOE, CELSR2, LPA, PLA2G7, LDLR and SCARB1) and identified three novel loci (TOMM5, FRMD5 and LPL) using the GWAS-significance threshold P≤5E-08. Review of the PLA2G7 gene (encoding Lp-PLA2) within these datasets identified V279F null allele carriers as well as three other rare exonic null alleles within various ethnic groups, however none of these variants nor any other loci associated with Lp-PLA2 activity at baseline were associated with any of the drug response endpoints. The analysis of darapladib efficacy endpoints, despite low power, identified six low frequency loci with main genotype effect (though with borderline imputation scores) and one common locus (minor allele frequency 0.24) with genotype by treatment interaction effect passing the GWAS-significance threshold. This locus conferred risk in placebo subjects, hazard ratio (HR) 1.22 with 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–1.33, but was protective in darapladib subjects, HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.71–0.88). No major loci for tolerability were found. Thus, genetic analysis confirmed and extended the influence of lipoprotein loci on Lp-PLA2 levels, identified some novel null alleles in the PLA2G7 gene, and only identified one potentially efficacious subgroup within these two large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Yeo
- Department of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Li Li
- Department of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liling Warren
- Department of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Aponte
- Department of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dana Fraser
- Department of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karen King
- Department of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kelley Johansson
- Department of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allison Barnes
- Clinical Statistics, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Colin MacPhee
- Department of Vascular Biology & Thrombosis, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard Davies
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Chissoe
- Department of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Tarka
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. O’Donoghue
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Harvey D. White
- Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital and University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lars Wallentin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology & Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dawn Waterworth
- Department of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Upper Merion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Human knockouts and phenotypic analysis in a cohort with a high rate of consanguinity. Nature 2017; 544:235-239. [PMID: 28406212 PMCID: PMC5600291 DOI: 10.1038/nature22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A major goal of biomedicine is to understand the function of every gene in the human genome. Loss-of-function mutations can disrupt both copies of a given gene in humans and phenotypic analysis of such 'human knockouts' can provide insight into gene function. Consanguineous unions are more likely to result in offspring carrying homozygous loss-of-function mutations. In Pakistan, consanguinity rates are notably high. Here we sequence the protein-coding regions of 10,503 adult participants in the Pakistan Risk of Myocardial Infarction Study (PROMIS), designed to understand the determinants of cardiometabolic diseases in individuals from South Asia. We identified individuals carrying homozygous predicted loss-of-function (pLoF) mutations, and performed phenotypic analysis involving more than 200 biochemical and disease traits. We enumerated 49,138 rare (<1% minor allele frequency) pLoF mutations. These pLoF mutations are estimated to knock out 1,317 genes, each in at least one participant. Homozygosity for pLoF mutations at PLA2G7 was associated with absent enzymatic activity of soluble lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; at CYP2F1, with higher plasma interleukin-8 concentrations; at TREH, with lower concentrations of apoB-containing lipoprotein subfractions; at either A3GALT2 or NRG4, with markedly reduced plasma insulin C-peptide concentrations; and at SLC9A3R1, with mediators of calcium and phosphate signalling. Heterozygous deficiency of APOC3 has been shown to protect against coronary heart disease; we identified APOC3 homozygous pLoF carriers in our cohort. We recruited these human knockouts and challenged them with an oral fat load. Compared with family members lacking the mutation, individuals with APOC3 knocked out displayed marked blunting of the usual post-prandial rise in plasma triglycerides. Overall, these observations provide a roadmap for a 'human knockout project', a systematic effort to understand the phenotypic consequences of complete disruption of genes in humans.
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