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Cho K, Ueno M, Liang Y, Kim D, Oda T. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-Forming Phytoplankton and Their Potential Impact on Surrounding Living Organisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020206. [PMID: 35204089 PMCID: PMC8868398 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most marine phytoplankton with relatively high ROS generation rates are categorized as harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming species, among which Chattonella genera is the highest ROS-producing phytoplankton. In this review, we examined marine microalgae with ROS-producing activities, with focus on Chattonella genera. Several studies suggest that Chattonella produces superoxide via the activities of an enzyme similar to NADPH oxidase located on glycocalyx, a cell surface structure, while hydrogen peroxide is generated inside the cell by different pathways. Additionally, hydroxyl radical has been detected in Chattonella cell suspension. By the physical stimulation, such as passing through between the gill lamellas of fish, the glycocalyx is easily discharged from the flagellate cells and attached on the gill surface, where ROS are continuously produced, which might cause gill tissue damage and fish death. Comparative studies using several strains of Chattonella showed that ROS production rate and ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella is well correlated. Furthermore, significant levels of ROS have been reported in other raphidophytes and dinoflagellates, such as Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Karenia mikimotoi. Chattonella is the most extensively studied phytoplankton in terms of ROS production and its biological functions. Therefore, this review examined the potential ecophysiological roles of extracellular ROS production by marine microalgae in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Cho
- Department of Microbiology, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea;
| | - Mikinori Ueno
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Liang
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.L.)
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (T.O.)
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (T.O.)
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Lum WM, Benico G, Doan-Nhu H, Furio E, Leaw CP, Leong SCY, Lim PT, Lim WA, Lirdwitayaprasit T, Lu S, Nguyen NV, Orlova TY, Rachman A, Sakamoto S, Takahashi K, Teng ST, Thoha H, Wang P, Yñiguez AT, Wakita K, Iwataki M. The harmful raphidophyte Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) in Western Pacific: Its red tides and associated fisheries damage over the past 50 years (1969-2019). HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:102070. [PMID: 34456025 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Red tides and associated fisheries damage caused by the harmful raphidophyte Chattonella were reassessed based on the documented local records for 50 years to understand the distribution and economic impacts of the harmful species in the Western Pacific. Blooms of Chattonella with fisheries damage have been recorded in East Asia since 1969, whereas they have been only recorded in Southeast Asia since the 1980s. Occurrences of Chattonella have been documented from six Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam, with mass mortalities mainly of farmed shrimp in 1980-1990s, and farmed fish in 2000-2010s. These occurrences have been reported with the names of C. antiqua, C. marina, C. ovata, C. subsalsa and Chattonella sp., owing to the difficulty of microscopic species identification, and many were not supported with molecular data. To determine the distribution of C. marina complex and C. subsalsa in Southeast Asia, molecular phylogeny and microscopic observation were also carried out for cultures obtained from Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. The results revealed that only the genotype of C. marina complex has been detected from East Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Russia), whereas both C. marina complex (Indonesia and Malaysia) and C. subsalsa (Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) were found in Southeast Asia. Ejection of mucocysts has been recognized as a diagnostic character of C. subsalsa, but it was also observed in our cultures of C. marina isolated from Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, and Russia. Meanwhile, the co-occurrences of the two harmful Chattonella species in Southeast Asia, which are difficult to distinguish solely based on their morphology, suggest the importance of molecular identification of Chattonella genotypes for further understanding of their distribution and negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Mun Lum
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Garry Benico
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, 3120, Philippines
| | - Hai Doan-Nhu
- Institute of Oceanography, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Elsa Furio
- National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sandric Chee Yew Leong
- St. John's Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Weol Ae Lim
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | | | - Tatiana Yu Orlova
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Arief Rachman
- Research Center for Oceanography, LIPI, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
| | - Setsuko Sakamoto
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hikmah Thoha
- Research Center for Oceanography, LIPI, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
| | - Pengbin Wang
- Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, China
| | - Aletta T Yñiguez
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kazumi Wakita
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Iwataki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Recent Progress in the Study of Peroxiredoxin in the Harmful Algal Bloom Species Chattonella marina. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020162. [PMID: 33499182 PMCID: PMC7911785 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a relatively recently discovered antioxidant enzyme family that scavenges peroxides and is known to be present in organisms from biological taxa ranging from bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes, including photosynthetic organisms. Although there have been many studies of the Prx family in higher plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria, few studies have concerned raphidophytes and dinoflagellates, which are among the eukaryotic algae that cause harmful algal blooms (HABs). In our proteomic study using 2-D electrophoresis, we found a highly expressed 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-CysPrx) in the raphidophyte Chattonella marina var. antiqua, a species that induces mass mortality of aquacultured fish. The abundance of the C. marina 2-CysPrx enzyme was highest in the exponential growth phase, during which photosynthetic activity was high, and it then decreased by about a factor of two during the late stationary growth phase. This pattern suggested that 2-CysPrx is a key enzyme involved in the maintenance of high photosynthesis activity. In addition, the fact that the depression of photosynthesis by excessively high irradiance was more severe in the 2-CysPrx low-expression strain (wild type) than in the normal-expression strain (wild type) of C. marina suggested that 2-CysPrx played a critical role in protecting the cell from oxidative stress caused by exposure to excessively high irradiance. In the field of HAB research, estimates of growth potential have been desired to predict the population dynamics of HABs for mitigating damage to fisheries. Therefore, omics approaches have recently begun to be applied to elucidate the physiology of the growth of HAB species. In this review, we describe the progress we have made using a molecular physiological approach to identify the roles of 2-CysPrx and other antioxidant enzymes in mitigating environmental stress associated with strong light and high temperatures and resultant oxidative stress. We also describe results of a survey of expressed Prx genes and their growth-phase-dependent behavior in C. marina using RNA-seq analysis. Finally, we speculate about the function of these genes and the ecological significance of 2-CysPrx, such as its involvement in circadian rhythms and the toxicity of C. marina to fish.
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Diaz JM, Plummer S. Production of extracellular reactive oxygen species by phytoplankton: past and future directions. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2018; 40:655-666. [PMID: 30487658 PMCID: PMC6247811 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fby039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic environments, phytoplankton represent a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Many phytoplankton taxa also produce extracellular ROS under optimal growth conditions in culture. However, the physiological purpose of extracellular ROS production by phytoplankton and its wider significance to ecosystem-scale trophic interactions and biogeochemistry remain unclear. Here, we review the rates, taxonomic diversity, subcellular mechanisms and functions of extracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production by phytoplankton with a view towards future research directions. Model eukaryotic phytoplankton and cyanobacteria produce extracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide at cell-normalized rates that span several orders of magnitude, both within and between taxa. The potential ecophysiological roles of extracellular ROS production are versatile and appear to be shared among diverse phytoplankton species, including ichthyotoxicity, allelopathy, growth promotion, and iron acquisition. Whereas extracellular hydrogen peroxide likely arises from a combination of intracellular and cell surface production mechanisms, extracellular superoxide is predominantly generated by specialized systems for transplasma membrane electron transport. Future insights into the molecular-level basis of extracellular ROS production, combined with existing high-sensitivity geochemical techniques for the direct quantification of ROS dynamics, will help unveil the ecophysiological and biogeochemical significance of phytoplankton-derived ROS in natural aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Diaz
- Department of Marine Sciences, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, USA
- corresponding author:
| | - Sydney Plummer
- Department of Marine Sciences, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, USA
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Basti L, Nagai K, Go J, Okano S, Oda T, Tanaka Y, Nagai S. Lethal effects of ichthyotoxic raphidophytes, Chattonella marina, C. antiqua, and Heterosigma akashiwo, on post-embryonic stages of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 59:112-122. [PMID: 28073502 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The inimical effects of the ichthyotoxic harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming raphidophytes Heterosigma akashiwo, Chattonella marina, and Chattonella antiqua on the early-life stages of the Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii were studied. Fertilized eggs and developing embryos were not affected following exposure to the harmful raphidophytes; however, all three algal species severely affected trochophores and D-larvae, early-stage D-larvae, and late-stage pre-settling larvae. Exposure to C. marina (5×102cellsml-1), C. antiqua (103cellsml-1), and H. akashiwo (5×103cellsml-1) resulted in decreased success of metamorphosis to the trochophore stage. A complete inhibition of trochophore metamorphosis was observed following exposure to C. antiqua at 5×103cellsml-1 and C. marina at 8×103cellsml-1. In all experiments, more than 80% of newly formed trochophores were anomalous, and in the case of exposure to H. akashiwo at 105cellsml-1 more than 70% of D-larvae were anomalous. The activity rates of D-larvae (1-day-old) were significantly reduced following exposure to C. antiqua (8×103cellsml-1, 24h), C. marina (8×103cellsml-1, 24h), and H. akashiwo (104cellsml-1, 24h). The activity rates of pre-settling larvae (21-day-old) were also significantly reduced following exposure to C. antiqua (103cellsml-1, 24h),C. marina (8×103cellsml-1, 24h), and H. akashiwo (5×104cellsml-1, 24h). Significant mortalities of both larval stages were induced by all three raphidophytes, with higher mortality rates registered for pre-settling larvae than D-larvae, especially following exposure to C. marina (5×102-8×103cellsml-1, 48-86h) and C. antiqua (103-8×103cellsml-1, 72-86h). Contact between raphidophyte cells and newly metamorphosed trochophores and D-larvae, 1-day-old D-larvae, and 21-day-old larvae resulted in microscopic changes in the raphidophytes, and then, in the motile early-life stages of pearl oysters. Upon contact and physical disturbance of their cells by larval cilia, H. akashiwo, C. marina and C. antiqua became immotile and shed their glycocalyx. The trochophores and larvae were observed trapped in a conglomerate of glycocalyx and mucus, most probably a mixture of larval mucous and raphidophyte tricosyts and mucocytes. All motile stages of pearl oyster larvae showed a typical escape behavior translating into increased swimming in an effort to release themselves from the sticky mucous traps. The larvae subsequently became exhausted, entrapped in more heavy mucous, lost their larval cilia, sank, become immotile, and died. Although other toxic mediators could have been involved, the results of the present study indicate that all three raphidophytes were harmful only for motile stages of pearl oysters, and that the physical disturbance of their cells upon contact with the ciliary structures of pearl oyster larvae initiated the harmful mechanism. The present study is the first report of lethal effects of harmful Chattonella spp. towards larvae of a bivalve mollusc. Blooms of H. akashiwo, C. antiqua and C. marina occur in all major cultivation areas of P. fucata martensii during the developmental period of their larvae. Therefore, exposure of the motile early-life stages of Japanese pearl oysters could adversely affect their population recruitment. In addition, the present study shows that further research with early-life development of pearl oysters and other bivalves could contribute to improving the understanding of the controversial harmful mechanisms of raphidophytes in marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Basti
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Kiyohito Nagai
- K. Mikimoto & Co. Ltd., Osaki Hazako, Hamajima-Cho, Shima, Mie 517-0403, Japan
| | - Jiyoji Go
- K. Mikimoto & Co. Ltd., Osaki Hazako, Hamajima-Cho, Shima, Mie 517-0403, Japan
| | - Sho Okano
- K. Mikimoto & Co. Ltd., Osaki Hazako, Hamajima-Cho, Shima, Mie 517-0403, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Metagenomics Research Group, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8684, Japan
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Sato E, Niwano Y, Matsuyama Y, Kim D, Nakashima T, Oda T, Kohno M. Some Dinophycean Red Tide Plankton Species Generate a Superoxide Scavenging Substance. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:704-10. [PMID: 17341831 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that some raphidophycean red tide flagellates produce substances able to scavenge superoxide, whereas there have been no reports on superoxide scavenger production by dinophycean red tide flagellates. In this study, we examined the superoxide-scavenging activity of aqueous extracts from dinophycean red tide flagellates, Gymnodinium spp., Scrippsiella trochoidea, and Karenia sp., by a luminol analog L-012-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) method and an electron spin resonance (ESR)-spin trapping method, and compared the activity to that of raphidophycean red tide flagellates, Chattonella spp., Heterosigma akashiwo, and Fibrocapsa japonica. In the experiment applying the L-012-dependent CL method, only the aqueous extracts from raphidophycean red tide flagellates showed superoxide-scavenging activity. On the other hand, applying the ESR-spin trapping method, we found that the aqueous extracts from dinophycean red tide flagellates also showed superoxide-scavenging activity. This is the first report on the production of a superoxide-scavenger by dinophycean red tide flagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Sato
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Kim D, Cha SH, Sato E, Niwano Y, Kohno M, Jiang Z, Yamasaki Y, Matsuyama Y, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Evaluation of the potential biological toxicities of aqueous extracts from red tide phytoplankton cultures in in vitro and in vivo systems. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:591-9. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daekyung Kim
- Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)
| | | | - Emiko Sato
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University
| | - Yoshimi Niwano
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University
| | - Masahiro Kohno
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University
| | - Zedong Jiang
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University
| | | | | | | | - Tatsuya Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University
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Zhou J, Xing D, Chen Q. Enhancement of Fluoresceinyl Cypridina Luciferin Analog Chemiluminescence by Human Serum Albumin for Singlet Oxygen Detection. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:1058-64. [PMID: 17205630 DOI: 10.1562/2005-12-02-ra-744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluoresceinyl cypridina luciferin analog (FCLA) is a chemiluminescence (CL) probe for detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS). Its efficiency for detecting singlet oxygen (1O2) can be significantly enhanced in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). This phenomenon may apply to important applications for both research and clinical testing, because of the broad presence of HSA in the human system. In the current study the mechanism of the FCLA-HSA CL system is studied by means of direct CL measurement and spectroscopy techniques. Our results show that FCLA can combine with HSA via a single binding site to form a complex. The CL efficiency of the system is largely governed by an intersystem energy transfer between the two components upon interaction with 1O2. The CL production reaches maximum in a synergetic manner when equal amounts of FCLA and HSA are present simultaneously, but production is less at other ratios. The results also show that the combination of FCLA with HSA does not significantly alter the ROS selectivity of FCLA. In conclusion, our study shows that FCLA and HSA can combine and form a complex with higher CL efficiency. This provides us a new approach in designing CL techniques for studying ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Peoples Republic of China
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9
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Teranishi K, Nishiguchi T. Cyclodextrin-bound 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2-alpha+/-]pyrazin-3(7H)-ones with fluorescein as green chemiluminescent probes for superoxide anions. Anal Biochem 2005; 325:185-95. [PMID: 14751253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In providing chemiluminescent probes that have high chemiluminescence intensity and high specificity to superoxide anions, novel chemiluminescent probes involving cyclodextrins covalently bound to 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2-alpha]pyrazin-3(7H)-one with fluorescein were synthesized and characterized. Using the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system for the generation of the superoxide anions, these novel chemiluminescent probes showed higher superoxide-induced chemiluminescence intensity than that of 6-[4-[2-[N(')-(5-fluoresceinyl)thioureido]-ethoxy]phenyl]-2-methylimidazo[1,2-alpha]pyrazin-3(7H)-one (FCLA). When tested at a probe concentration of 1.0 microM, compound 6, in which 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2-alpha]pyrazin-3(7H)-one and fluorescein are covalently attached on the secondary and primary hydroxyl faces of gamma-cyclodextrin, respectively, showed green luminescence intensity that was 26 times that of FCLA, which was also the highest luminescence intensity in this present study. At probe concentrations of less than 1.0 microM, the ratio of the superoxide-dependent chemiluminescence intensity to the background chemiluminescence intensity for compound 6 was higher than that of FCLA. This high superoxide-induced chemiluminescence intensity and superoxide specificity in low probe concentrations indicates that 6 can be more effective than FCLA toward the measurement of superoxide anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Teranishi
- Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1515 Kamihama, Tsu, 514-8507, Mie, Japan.
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10
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Tang JYM, Anderson DM, Au DWT. Hydrogen peroxide is not the cause of fish kills associated with Chattonella marina: cytological and physiological evidence. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 72:351-60. [PMID: 15848254 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chattonella marina, a harmful algal bloom (HAB) causative species, was used to study the mortality, physiology, and pathology of a marine stenohaline fish, goldlined seabream exposed to the toxic alga. The median lethal time (LT50) was 3 h upon exposure to 8000 cells/ml of C. marina. Significant induction of filamental chloride cells (CCs) [i.e. increases in CC fractional area and in the volume density of CCs], concomitant with significant reduction of blood osmolality, were found in C. marina treated fish. To verify whether the toxicity of C. marina was mediated through oxidative stress, a hydrogen peroxide exposure experiment was carried out and the toxicity as well as cytological and physiological changes were compared with the C. marina treatment. Hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 500 microM H2O2, (i.e. 25 times higher than that produced by 8000 cells/ml of C. marina (20 microM H2O2)) was unable to induce similar CC alterations and osmoregulatory impairment in fish as observed in the C. marina treatment. Non-specific membrane damage such as severe loss of microvilli projections on the CC apical opening and rupture of epithelial membranes in the lamellae were observed. The LT50 was 6 h, two times longer than that with 8000 cells/ml of C. marina. Based on the cytological and physiological evidence and toxicity data, the mechanism by which C. marina kills fish appears to be very different from that caused by H2O2/ROS. Osmoregulatory distress is the major cause of fish death upon exposure to C. marina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y M Tang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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11
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Wang J, Xing D, He Y, Hu X. Localization of tumor by chemiluminescence probe during photosensitization action. Cancer Lett 2002; 188:59-65. [PMID: 12406549 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a chemiluminescence (CL) probe, 3,7-dihydro-6-[4-[2-(N'-(5-fluoresceinyl) thioureido)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3-one dosium salt (FCLA) can sensitively and specifically react with singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) and superoxide (O(2)(-)). Based on the fact that photosensitization action involves (1)O(2) generation, this report presents a novel method for localization of tumor mediated by FCLA. In experiments, FCLA was used as an optical reporter of (1)O(2) produced from photosensitization reaction of hematoporphyrin derivative. The effects of azide inhibition and deuterium enhancement on photosensitized CL indicated that (1)O(2) molecules generated during photosensitization action could be measured and imaged. In vivo experiments in vivo with tumor-bearing nude mice showed a clear CL image of tumor. The study suggests that CL imaging method may be applicable to the detection of (1)O(2) and the diagnosis of superficial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Wang J, Xing D, He Y, Hu X. Experimental study on photodynamic diagnosis of cancer mediated by chemiluminescence probe. FEBS Lett 2002; 523:128-32. [PMID: 12123818 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of photodynamic diagnosis of cancer mediated by chemiluminescence probe is presented. The mechanism for photodynamic therapy involves singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) generated by energy transfer from photosensitizers. (1)O(2) can react with 3,7-dihydro-6-[4-[2-(N'-(5-fluoresceinyl)thioureido)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3-one sodium salt (FCLA), which is a Cypridina luciferin analog and a specific chemiluminescence probe for detecting (1)O(2) and superoxide (O(2)(-)). The reaction of FCLA and (1)O(2) can give emission with peak wavelength at about 532 nm. In the present study, FCLA was chosen as an optical reporter of (1)O(2) produced from the photosensitization reaction of hematoporphyrin derivative in model solution and in nude mice with transplanted mammary cancer. Photosensitized chemiluminescence from the reaction of FCLA with (1)O(2) was detected by a highly sensitive Intensified Charge-Coupled Device detector. The chemiluminescence was markedly inhibited by the addition of 10 mmol/l sodium azide (NaN(3)) to the model solution and minor effects were observed at the addition of 10 micromol/l superoxide dismutase, 20 mmol/l mannitol and 100 microg/ml catalase, respectively, thus indicating that (1)O(2) generation from photosensitization reaction mainly results in light emission. Experiments in vivo with tumor-bearing mice showed a clear chemiluminescence image of tumor. The study suggests that this novel method may be applicable to the diagnosis of superficial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, PR China
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Asai R, Matsukawa R, Ikebukuro K, Karube I. Chemiluminescence Flow-Injection System for Rapid Detection of Red Tide Phytoplankton. ANAL LETT 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719808005302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Oda T, Nakamura A, Shikayama M, Kawano I, Ishimatsu A, Muramatsu T. Generation of reactive oxygen species by raphidophycean phytoplankton. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1997; 61:1658-62. [PMID: 9362113 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.61.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chattonella marina, a raphidophycean flagellate, is one of the most toxic red tide phytoplankton and causes severe damage to fish farming. Recent studies demonstrated that Chattonella sp. generates superoxide (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (.OH), which may be responsible for the toxicity of C. marina. In this study, we found the other raphidophycean flagellates such as Heterosigma akashiwo, Olisthodiscus luteus, and Fibrocapsa japonica also produce O2- and H2O2 under normal growth condition. Among the flagellate species tested, Chattonella has the highest rates of production of O2- and H2O2 as compared on the basis of cell number. This seems to be partly due to differences in their cell sizes, since Chattonella is larger than other flagellate species. The generation of O2- by these flagellate species was also confirmed by a chemiluminescence assay by using 2-methyl-6-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin++ +-3-one (MCLA). All these raphidophycean flagellates inhibited the proliferation of a marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, in a flagellates/bacteria co-culture system, and their toxic effects were suppressed by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or catalase. Our results suggest that the generation of reactive oxygen species is a common feature of raphidophycean flagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Japan
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