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Abstract
Schistosomiasis in China has been substantially reduced due to an effective control programme employing various measures including bovine and human chemotherapy, and the removal of bovines from endemic areas. To fulfil elimination targets, it will be necessary to identify other possible reservoir hosts for Schistosoma japonicum and include them in future control efforts. This study determined the infection prevalence of S. japonicum in rodents (0-9·21%), dogs (0-18·37%) and goats (6·9-46·4%) from the Dongting Lake area of Hunan province, using a combination of traditional coproparasitological techniques (miracidial hatching technique and Kato-Katz thick smear technique) and molecular methods [quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)]. We found a much higher prevalence in goats than previously recorded in this setting. Cattle and water buffalo were also examined using the same procedures and all were found to be infected, emphasising the occurrence of active transmission. qPCR and ddPCR were much more sensitive than the coproparasitological procedures with both KK and MHT considerably underestimating the true prevalence in all animals surveyed. The high level of S. japonicum prevalence in goats indicates that they are likely important reservoirs in schistosomiasis transmission, necessitating their inclusion as targets of control, if the goal of elimination is to be achieved in China.
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Uddin Khan S, Atanasova KR, Krueger WS, Ramirez A, Gray GC. Epidemiology, geographical distribution, and economic consequences of swine zoonoses: a narrative review. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e92. [PMID: 26038451 PMCID: PMC3880873 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We sought to review the epidemiology, international geographical distribution, and economic consequences of selected swine zoonoses. We performed literature searches in two stages. First, we identified the zoonotic pathogens associated with swine. Second, we identified specific swine-associated zoonotic pathogen reports for those pathogens from January 1980 to October 2012. Swine-associated emerging diseases were more prevalent in the countries of North America, South America, and Europe. Multiple factors were associated with the increase of swine zoonoses in humans including: the density of pigs, poor water sources and environmental conditions for swine husbandry, the transmissibility of the pathogen, occupational exposure to pigs, poor human sanitation, and personal hygiene. Swine zoonoses often lead to severe economic consequences related to the threat of novel pathogens to humans, drop in public demand for pork, forced culling of swine herds, and international trade sanctions. Due to the complexity of swine-associated pathogen ecology, designing effective interventions for early detection of disease, their prevention, and mitigation requires an interdisciplinary collaborative “One Health” approach from veterinarians, environmental and public health professionals, and the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Uddin Khan
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA ; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA ; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Whitney S Krueger
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA ; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alejandro Ramirez
- Veterinary Diagnosis and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University , Iowa, IA 5011, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA ; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Xu B, Gordon CA, Hu W, McManus DP, Chen HG, Gray DJ, Ju C, Zeng XJ, Gobert GN, Ge J, Lan WM, Xie SY, Jiang WS, Ross AG, Acosta LP, Olveda R, Feng Z. A novel procedure for precise quantification of Schistosoma japonicum eggs in bovine feces. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1885. [PMID: 23166847 PMCID: PMC3499414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis japonica is a zoonosis with a number of mammalian species acting as reservoir hosts, including water buffaloes which can contribute up to 75% to human transmission in the People's Republic of China. Determining prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma japonicum in mammalian hosts is important for calculating transmission rates and determining environmental contamination. A new procedure, the formalin–ethyl acetate sedimentation-digestion (FEA–SD) technique, for increased visualization of S. japonicum eggs in bovine feces, is described that is an effective technique for identifying and quantifying S. japonicum eggs in fecal samples from naturally infected Chinese water buffaloes and from carabao (water buffalo) in the Philippines. The procedure involves filtration, sedimentation, potassium hydroxide digestion and centrifugation steps prior to microscopy. Bulk debris, including the dense cellulosic material present in bovine feces, often obscures schistosome eggs with the result that prevalence and infection intensity based on direct visualization cannot be made accurately. This technique removes nearly 70% of debris from the fecal samples and renders the remaining debris translucent. It allows improved microscopic visualization of S. japonicum eggs and provides an accurate quantitative method for the estimation of infection in bovines and other ruminant reservoir hosts. We show that the FEA-SD technique could be of considerable value if applied as a surveillance tool for animal reservoirs of S. japonicum, particularly in areas with low to high infection intensity, or where, following control efforts, there is suspected elimination of schistosomiasis japonica. Schistosomiasis japonica, a chronic human parasitic disease in the People's Republic of China, the Philippines and areas of Indonesia, is a zoonosis with over 40 different mammals, including a number of ruminants, that can act as reservoir hosts for the infection. Precise identification of the major infection reservoirs is important for the control of Schistosoma japonicum as their targeted treatment can prevent environmental contamination and transmission of the parasite, thus reducing the risk to humans. Current copro-parasitological techniques are generally unsatisfactory for identifying and quantifying S. japonicum eggs in ruminant feces due to the large volume of cellulosic debris present. The new approach we describe here, the FEA–SD technique, removes much of this material by sieving and centrifugation with ethyl actate and renders any remaining debris transparent by use of a potassium hydroxide (KOH) digestion, providing much improved visualization of eggs, enabling the collection of more accurate data on S. japonicum infection in ruminants. This new tool will be of particular value for monitoring schistosome prevalence and intensity in animal reservoirs in areas of the People's Republic of China that are heading toward schistosomiasis elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (CAG); (ZF)
| | - Wei Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hong-Gen Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Darren J. Gray
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chuan Ju
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Zeng
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Geoffrey N. Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jun Ge
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ming Lan
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ying Xie
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Sheng Jiang
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Allen G. Ross
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Luz P. Acosta
- Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology, Manila, Philippines
| | - Remigio Olveda
- Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology, Manila, Philippines
| | - Zheng Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CAG); (ZF)
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Li J, Zhao GH, Chen F, Song HQ, Zhu XQ, Zhao GH, Li J, Chen F, Lin RQ, Weng YB, Mahmoud MS, Zou FC. A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) method for the identification of geographical isolates of Schistosoma japonicum in China. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2011; 105:531-6. [PMID: 22185948 PMCID: PMC4100313 DOI: 10.1179/2047773211y.0000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
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Zhu R, Gray DJ, Thrift AP, Williams GM, Zhang Y, Qiu DC, Zheng F, Li YS, Guo J, Zhu HQ, Wu WP, Li RS, McManus DP. A 5-year longitudinal study of schistosomiasis transmission in Shian village, the Anning River Valley, Sichuan Province, the Peoples' Republic of China. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:43. [PMID: 21429229 PMCID: PMC3072348 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma japonicum is a major public health concern in the Peoples' Republic of China (PRC), with over one million people infected and another 50 million living in areas at risk of infection. Based on ecological, environmental, population genetic and molecular factors, schistosomiasis transmission in PRC can be categorised into four discrete ecosystems or transmission modes. It is predicted that the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) will impact upon the transmission of schistosomiasis in the PRC, with varying degree across the four transmission modes. We undertook longitudinal surveillance from 2002 to 2006 in sentinel villages both above and below the TGD across five provinces (Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui and Sichuan) to determine whether there was any impact of the TGD on schistosomiasis transmission during its construction. Here we present the results from a schistosomiasis-endemic village located above the dam in Sichuan Province. Results Baseline results showed a human S. japonicum prevalence of 42.0% (95% CI: 36.6-47.5). At follow-up, results showed that the incidence of S. japonicum infection in the selected human cohort in Shian decreased by three quarters from 46% in 2003 to 11.3% in 2006. A significant (P < 0.01) downward trend was also evident in the yearly adjusted (for water contact) odds ratios. Over the four years of follow-up, the incidence of S. japonicum infection in bovines declined from 11.8% in the first year to zero in the final year of follow-up. Conclusions The substantial decrease in human (75%) and bovine (100%) incidence observed in Shian village can probably be attributed to the annual human and bovine PZQ treatment of positives; as seen in drug (PZQ) intervention studies in other parts of PRC. If an increase in schistosome transmission had occurred as a result of the TGD, it would be of negligible size compared to the treatment induced decline seen here. It appears therefore that the construction of the TGD had virtually no impact on schistosomiasis transmission in Shian village over the period of study. Furthermore, contrary to previous reports from Sichuan downplaying the role of animals in human schistosome transmission, bovines may indeed play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhu
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, PR China
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