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Satake T, Taki A, Ouchi K, Kasahara K, Tsurugizawa T. Increased functional connectivity following ingestion of dried bonito soup. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1354245. [PMID: 38633605 PMCID: PMC11021645 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1354245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Soup, including dried bonito broth, is customarily consumed as an umami taste during meals in Japan. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have investigated neuronal activation following human exposure to carbohydrates and umami substances. However, neuronal activity following ingestion of dried bonito soup has not been investigated. Additionally, recent progress in fMRI has enabled us to investigate the functional connectivity between two anatomically separated regions, such as the default mode network. In this study, we first investigated the altered functional connectivity after ingesting dried bonito soup in healthy volunteers. Functional connectivity in several brain regions, including the connection between the vermis, part of the cerebellum, and bilateral central opercular cortex, was markedly increased after ingesting dried bonito soup, compared to the ingestion of hot water. Physiological scaling showed that satiety was substantially increased by ingesting hot water rather than dried bonito soup. These results indicate that increased functional connectivity reflects the post-ingestive information pathway of dried bonito soup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Satake
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ai Taki
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ouchi
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasahara
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Yamashita K, Hanaki R, Mori A, Suzuki K, Tomo T, Tokunaga E. Reddening of the Unicellular Green Alga Euglena gracilis by Dried Bonito Stock and Intense Red Light Irradiation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:510. [PMID: 38498509 PMCID: PMC10892402 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This study confirms for the first time that the significant red coloration of Euglena gracilis is induced by bonito stock (BS), a traditional Japanese food, and intense red light exposure (605~660 nm, 1000~1300 µmol photons/m2/s). Under the condition, excessive photosynthetic activity destroyed many chloroplasts, while carotenoids were maintained, resulting in the formation of reddened cells. The HPLC analysis revealed that diadinoxanthin was the primary carotenoid present in reddened cells. Additionally, an undefined xanthophyll, not produced under normal culture conditions, was synthesized and suggested to contain a C=O bond. While it has been reported that strong light stress can increase the total carotenoid content of cells, this study did not verify this claim, and it should be investigated further in future research. Under white light irradiation conditions (90 μmol photons/m2/s) in BS medium, no reddening of cells was observed, and good growth was achieved (over four times the cell density in CM medium on the seventh day). This cell suspension is considered to have a high nutritional value because it is composed of functional food, BS and E. gracilis. The fact that this method does not involve genetic modification suggests the possibility of industrial applications, including food use, even in reddened cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Yamashita
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan (E.T.)
| | - Ryusei Hanaki
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Ayaka Mori
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan (E.T.)
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- Euglena Co., Ltd., 1-6, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tomo
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Eiji Tokunaga
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan (E.T.)
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A next-generation probiotic: Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates chronic stress-induced depressive-like behavior in mice by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8411-8426. [PMID: 34617139 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a neurasthenic disease, which is the second-largest burden of disease globally. Increasing studies have revealed that depression is associated with abnormalities in gut microbiota and metabolites. Several species of bacteria have been classified as psychobiotics, which confer mental health benefits through interactions with commensal gut microbiota. Therefore, it is essential to identify new psychobiotics and elucidate their mechanisms in the treatment of depression. This study aims to evaluate the antidepressant effect of Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) in a mouse model of depression induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS). C57BL/6 male mice were divided into three groups: mice subjected to CRS, mice not subjected to CRS, and mice treated with AKK for 3 weeks. Behavioral tests were performed, and hormone, neurotransmitter, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were measured. Cecal microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and serum metabolites were detected using untargeted metabolomics. In addition, correlations between altered gut microbiota and metabolites with significant variations in serum associated with AKK ameliorating depression were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results revealed that AKK significantly ameliorated depressive-like behavior and restored abnormal variations in depression-related molecular (corticosterone, dopamine, and BDNF). Moreover, AKK altered chronic stress-induced gut microbial abnormalities. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed 23 potential biomarkers in serum that could be associated with the mechanisms underlying CRS-induced depression and the therapeutic effects of AKK. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis revealed that AKK predominantly upregulated β-alanyl-3-methyl-L-histidine and edaravone to relieve depression. Furthermore, β-alanyl-3-methyl-L-histidine and edaravone exhibited the antidepressant phenotype in mice subjected to CRS. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that AKK ameliorates chronic stress-induced depressive symptoms in mice by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites. KEY POINTS: • AKK reduces depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic stress. • AKK regulates the gut microbial structure and metabolomics of serum under the chronic stress. • Antidepressant effect of AKK correlates with the increase of β-alanyl-3-methyl-l-histidine and edaravone.
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Stress Condition on a Restricted Sodium Diet Using Umami Substance (L-Glutamate) in a Pilot Randomized Cross-Over Study. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081739. [PMID: 34441517 PMCID: PMC8393573 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive patients who adopt a sodium-restricted diet have difficulty maintaining this change, and this could increase stress. On the other hand, soup rich in umami substances (dashi) was reported to reduce indexes of anxiety and stress. The objective of this study was to measure mood and physiological stress indexes during administration of a sodium-restricted diet with and without an umami substance (free L-glutamate) by a cross-over randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Japanese female university students. The baseline was measured for 5 days followed by a sodium-restricted diet intervention phase that lasted for 10 days. The Profile of Mood States questionnaire was administered, a stress marker in saliva (chromogranin-A) was measured, and the amount of sodium intake was confirmed from 24 h urine collection samples. Results showed that the sodium reduction was verified by 24 h urine excretion. The percentage of change in the stress marker from the baseline showed that the stress level in group without the umami substance was significantly higher than that in the group with the umami substance (p = 0.013) after receiving a sodium-reduced diet for 6 or more days, indicating that stress was alleviated. This study suggested that umami substances might help to ameliorate stress during a sodium-reduced diet, especially in the initial phase.
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Kondoh T, Matsunaga T. Intake and preference for dried bonito dashi in male Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 N mice. Physiol Behav 2020; 213:112708. [PMID: 31655081 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dried bonito dashi is a traditional Japanese fish broth that enhances palatability of various dishes due to its specific flavor. The present study examined influences of dietary fat levels (10% vs. 45% fat), presentation order of dried bonito dashi (ascending vs. descending concentrations), and prior experience with dashi on subsequent dashi intake and preference using two-bottle choice tests in two rodent strains, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and C57BL/6 N (B6N) mice. In the ascending concentration tests, SD rats on a low fat diet preferred 10-100% dashi to water, whereas B6N mice showed a blunted preference for dashi. Consumption of a high fat diet reduced dashi preference in SD rats. The B6N mice on the high fat diet never preferred dashi at any concentration. In the descending concentration tests, SD rats on the low fat diet preferred dashi over a wide range (0.03-100% dashi). The B6N mice showed a trend similar to that of SD rats. Ingestion of the high fat diet in both strains reduced dashi preference in the descending concentration tests. However, introduction of the high fat diet to dashi experienced rats maintained on the low fat diet, reduced neither dashi intake nor dashi preference. Dashi intake affected neither high fat diet intake, caloric intake, nor preference for high fat diet. These results suggest that preference for dried bonito dashi is influenced at least by 1) dietary fat levels, 2) presentation order of dashi, and 3) prior experience with dashi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kondoh
- AJINOMOTO Integrative Research for Advanced Dieting, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matsunaga
- AJINOMOTO Integrative Research for Advanced Dieting, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Delay ER, Weaver B, Lane DR, Kondoh T. Dried bonito dashi: Contributions of mineral salts and organic acids to the taste of dashi. Physiol Behav 2019; 199:127-136. [PMID: 30447220 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dried bonito dashi is often used in Japanese cuisine with a number of documented positive health effects. Its major taste is thought to be umami, elicited by inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) and L-amino acids. Previously we found that lactic acid, a major component of dried bonito dashi, enhanced the contribution of many of these amino acids to the taste of dried bonito dashi, and reduced the contribution of other amino acids. In addition to amino acids, dried bonito dashi also has a significant mineral salt component. The present study used conditioned taste aversion methods with mice (all had compromised olfactory systems) to compare the taste qualities of dried bonito dashi with four salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2), with and without lactic acid or citric acid. A conditioned taste aversion to 25% dried bonitio dashi generalized significantly to NaCl and KCl, with or without 0.9% lactic acid added but not when citric acid was added. Generalization of the CTA to dried bonito dashi was much stronger to the divalent salts, but when either lactic acid or citric acid was added, this aversion was eliminated. These results suggest that these salts contribute to the complex taste of dried bonito dashi and that both organic acids appear able to modify the tastes of divalent salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene R Delay
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemical Senses Group, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Benjamin Weaver
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemical Senses Group, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Douglas R Lane
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemical Senses Group, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Takashi Kondoh
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
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Langhans W. Food Components in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2287-2294. [PMID: 28603983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current obesity epidemic with its deleterious effects on public health and the increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in our aging society have dramatically increased public awareness of nutrition-related health issues. On one hand, food components, such as fat, sugar, flavors, and spices, are major determinants of the hedonic value of food, and the constant and almost ubiquitous availability of good-tasting food in our affluent societies promotes overeating and weight gain. On the other hand, several food components, including flavoring compounds and the active ingredients of many plants, such as spices and herbs (e.g., polyphenols and capsaicinoids) or thylakoids, supposedly can decrease food intake and affect gastrointestinal function and metabolism. These substances may act as antioxidants, may stimulate the release of incretins and, hence, insulin, and may improve insulin sensitivity or decrease plasma levels of lipids. Such beneficial effects are often difficult to demonstrate in epidemiological studies because they may occur only at supraphysiological doses and/or when the purified compounds are administered, but they can be present under certain circumstances. This review discusses the putative mechanisms of the health-promoting and disease-preventing effects of some food components and their potential physiological relevance, primarily with respect to counteracting obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health , ETH Zurich , Schorenstrasse 16 , 8603 Schwerzenbach , Switzerland
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Starch synthase IIIa and starch branching enzyme IIb-deficient mutant rice line ameliorates pancreatic insulin secretion in rats: screening and evaluating mutant rice lines with antidiabetic functionalities. Br J Nutr 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDiabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease spreading worldwide that has been reported to worsen the development and progression of other diseases (cancer, vascular diseases and dementia). To establish functional rice lines with anti-postprandial hyperglycaemic effects, we developed mutant rice lines, which lack one or two gene(s) related to starch synthesis, and evaluated their effects. Powder of mutant rice lines or other grains was loaded to rats fasted overnight (oral grain powder loading test). Incremental area under time-concentration curves (iAUC) were calculated with monitored blood glucose levels. Rice lines with anti-postprandial hyperglycaemic effects were separated by cluster analysis with calculated iAUC. A double mutant rice #4019 (starch synthase IIIa (ss3a)/branching enzyme IIb (be2b)), one of the screened mutant rice lines, was fed to Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, an animal model for type 2 diabetes, for 5 weeks. Plasma levels of C-peptide, a marker of pancreatic insulin secretion, were measured with ELISA. Forin vitrostudy, a rat pancreatic cell line was cultured with a medium containing rat serum which was sampled from rats fed #4019 diet for 2 d. After 24-h of incubation, an insulin secretion test was performed. Through the oral rice powder loading test, seven rice lines were identified as antidiabetic rice lines. The intake of #4019 diet increased plasma C-peptide levels of GK rats. This result was also observedin vitro.In rat serum added to cell medium, ornithine was significantly increased by the intake of #4019. In conclusion, the mutant rice #4019 promoted pancreatic insulin secretion via elevation of serum ornithine levels.
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Soto M, Herzog C, Pacheco JA, Fujisaka S, Bullock K, Clish CB, Kahn CR. Gut microbiota modulate neurobehavior through changes in brain insulin sensitivity and metabolism. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2287-2301. [PMID: 29910467 PMCID: PMC6294739 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes in humans are associated with increased rates of anxiety and depression. To understand the role of the gut microbiome and brain insulin resistance in these disorders, we evaluated behaviors and insulin action in brain of mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) with and without antibiotic treatment. We find that DIO mice have behaviors reflective of increased anxiety and depression. This is associated with decreased insulin signaling and increased inflammation in in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Treatment with oral metronidazole or vancomycin decreases inflammation, improves insulin signaling in the brain and reduces signs of anxiety and depression. These effects are associated with changes in the levels of tryptophan, GABA, BDNF, amino acids, and multiple acylcarnitines, and are transferable to germ-free mice by fecal transplant. Thus, changes in gut microbiota can control brain insulin signaling and metabolite levels, and this leads to altered neurobehaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Soto
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cSection of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Clémence Herzog
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cSection of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Julian A. Pacheco
- grid.66859.34Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Shiho Fujisaka
- 0000 0001 2171 836Xgrid.267346.2First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
| | - Kevin Bullock
- grid.66859.34Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Clary B. Clish
- grid.66859.34Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cSection of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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Jargalsaikhan U, Nishimaru H, Matsumoto J, Takamura Y, Nakamura T, Hori E, Kondoh T, Ono T, Nishijo H. Ingestion of dried-bonito broth (dashi) facilitates PV-parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the brain, and affects emotional behaviors in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:571-586. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1208429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Undarmaa Jargalsaikhan
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamura
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondoh
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Logan AC, Jacka FN. Nutritional psychiatry research: an emerging discipline and its intersection with global urbanization, environmental challenges and the evolutionary mismatch. J Physiol Anthropol 2014; 33:22. [PMID: 25060574 PMCID: PMC4131231 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-33-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 21st-century public health, rapid urbanization and mental health disorders are a growing global concern. The relationship between diet, brain function and the risk of mental disorders has been the subject of intense research in recent years. In this review, we examine some of the potential socioeconomic and environmental challenges detracting from the traditional dietary patterns that might otherwise support positive mental health. In the context of urban expansion, climate change, cultural and technological changes and the global industrialization and ultraprocessing of food, findings related to nutrition and mental health are connected to some of the most pressing issues of our time. The research is also of relevance to matters of biophysiological anthropology. We explore some aspects of a potential evolutionary mismatch between our ancestral past (Paleolithic, Neolithic) and the contemporary nutritional environment. Changes related to dietary acid load, advanced glycation end products and microbiota (via dietary choices and cooking practices) may be of relevance to depression, anxiety and other mental disorders. In particular, the results of emerging studies demonstrate the importance of prenatal and early childhood dietary practices within the developmental origins of health and disease concept. There is still much work to be done before these population studies and their mirrored advances in bench research can provide translation to clinical medicine and public health policy. However, the clear message is that in the midst of a looming global epidemic, we ignore nutrition at our peril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Logan
- CAMNR, 23679 Calabasas Road Suite 542, Calabasas, CA 91302, USA
| | - Felice N Jacka
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT SRC, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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