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Chen Z, Chen X, Guo L, Cui X, Qu Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang C, Yang Y. Effect of different cooking methods on saponin content and hematopoietic effects of Panax notoginseng-steamed chicken on mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116434. [PMID: 37030555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax notoginseng-steamed chicken (PNSC) is a medicinal food with ethnic characteristics developed by the Miao ethnic group in the southeast of Yunnan Province, China. PNSC has been eaten for hundreds of years, and its tonic effect has been widely recognized by the people. However, its cooking conditions and scientific connotation of its effect of toning blood and supplementing deficiency are also lack of in-depth analysis. AIM OF THE STUDY To optimize the cooking conditions of Panax notoginseng-steamed chicken (PNSC) and to explore its anemia-improving effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ratio of P. notoginseng (PN) to chicken and the steaming time were systematically altered, and the PNSC cooking conditions was optimized with the response surface method. By establishing animal models of postpartum blood-deficiency anemia, acute hemorrhagic anemia and myelosuppressive anemia, the blood replenishing effect of PNSC was explored, and the blood replenishing mechanism of PNSC on myelosuppressive anemia was revealed by immunoblotting analyses and histopathological sectioning. RESULTS The optimal processing conditions included a ratio of chicken to P. notoginseng of 100:5 and a steaming time of 5.5 h. The amounts of P. notoginseng polysaccharides (PNPS), total protein and blood-enriching P. notoginseng saponins were 44.3 mg/g, 2.48% and 2.04%, respectively. Freeze-dried powder of P. notoginseng steamed chicken soup (FPSC) was found to promote the recovery of routine blood factors and organ indexes in the three models of anemia and to activate the JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway, induce phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5 and normalize the secretion of hematopoietic regulators EPO, IL-3, and TNF-α. CONCLUSION FPSC improves the symptoms of anemia in mice, and it plays a role in tonifying blood by activating the JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway and altering the expression of hematopoiesis-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chengxiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Podocalyxin in Normal Tissue and Epithelial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122863. [PMID: 34201212 PMCID: PMC8227556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin (PODXL), a glycosylated cell surface sialomucin of the CD34 family, is normally expressed in kidney podocytes, vascular endothelial cells, hematopoietic progenitors, mesothelium, as well as a subset of neurons. In the kidney, PODXL functions primarily as an antiadhesive molecule in podocyte epithelial cells, regulating adhesion and cell morphology, and playing an essential role in the development and function of the organ. Outside the kidney, PODXL plays subtle roles in tissue remodelling and development. Furthermore, many cancers, especially those that originated from the epithelium, have been reported to overexpress PODXL. Collective evidence suggests that PODXL overexpression is linked to poor prognosis, more aggressive tumour progression, unfavourable treatment outcomes, and possibly chemoresistance. This review summarises our current knowledge of PODXL in normal tissue function and epithelial cancer, with a particular focus on its underlying roles in cancer metastasis, likely involvement in chemoresistance, and potential use as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.
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Podocalyxin is required for maintaining blood-brain barrier function during acute inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4518-4527. [PMID: 30787191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814766116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin (Podxl) is broadly expressed on the luminal face of most blood vessels in adult vertebrates, yet its function on these cells is poorly defined. In the present study, we identified specific functions for Podxl in maintaining endothelial barrier function. Using electrical cell substrate impedance sensing and live imaging, we found that, in the absence of Podxl, human umbilical vein endothelial cells fail to form an efficient barrier when plated on several extracellular matrix substrates. In addition, these monolayers lack adherens junctions and focal adhesions and display a disorganized cortical actin cytoskeleton. Thus, Podxl has a key role in promoting the appropriate endothelial morphogenesis required to form functional barriers. This conclusion is further supported by analyses of mutant mice in which we conditionally deleted a floxed allele of Podxl in vascular endothelial cells (vECs) using Tie2Cre mice (Podxl ΔTie2Cre). Although we did not detect substantially altered permeability in naïve mice, systemic priming with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) selectively disrupted the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Podxl ΔTie2Cre mice. To study the potential consequence of this BBB breach, we used a selective agonist (TFLLR-NH2) of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a thrombin receptor expressed by vECs, neuronal cells, and glial cells. In response to systemic administration of TFLLR-NH2, LPS-primed Podxl ΔTie2Cre mice become completely immobilized for a 5-min period, coinciding with severely dampened neuroelectric activity. We conclude that Podxl expression by CNS tissue vECs is essential for BBB maintenance under inflammatory conditions.
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Li P, Karaczyn AA, McGlauflin R, Favreau-Lessard AJ, Jachimowicz E, Vary CP, Xu K, Wojchowski DM, Sathyanarayana P. Novel roles for podocalyxin in regulating stress myelopoiesis, Rap1a, and neutrophil migration. Exp Hematol 2017; 50:77-83.e6. [PMID: 28408238 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Podocalyxin (Podxl) is a CD34 orthologue and cell surface sialomucin reported to have roles in renal podocyte diaphragm slit development; vascular cell integrity; and the progression of blood, breast, and prostate cancers. Roles for Podxl during nonmalignant hematopoiesis, however, are largely undefined. We have developed a Vav-Cre Podxl knockout (KO) mouse model, and report on novel roles for Podxl in governing stress myelopoiesis. At steady state, Podxl expression among hematopoietic progenitor cells was low level but was induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in myeloid progenitors and by thrombopoietin in human stem cells. In keeping with low-level Podxl expression at steady state, Vav-Cre deletion of Podxl did not markedly alter peripheral blood cell levels. A G-CSF challenge in Podxl-KO mice, in contrast, hyperelevated peripheral blood neutrophil and monocyte levels. Podxl-KO also substantially heightened neutrophil levels after 5-fluorouracil myeloablation. These loss-of-function phenotypes were selective, and Podxl-KO did not alter lymphocyte, basophil, or eosinophil levels. Within bone marrow (and after G-CSF challenge), Podxl deletion moderately decreased colony forming units-granulocytes, eyrthrocytes, monocyte/macrophages, megakaryocytes and CD16/32posCD11bpos progenitors but did not affect Gr-1pos cell populations. Notably, Podxl-KO did significantly heighten peripheral blood neutrophil migration capacities. To interrogate Podxl's action mechanisms, a co-immunoprecipitation plus liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach was applied using hematopoietic progenitors from G-CSF-challenged mice. Rap1a, a Ras-related small GTPase, was a predominant co-retrieved Podxl partner. In bone marrow human progenitor cells, Podxl-KO led to heightened G-CSF activation of Rap1aGTP, and Rap1aGTP inhibition attenuated Podxl-KO neutrophil migration. Studies have revealed novel roles for Podxl as an important modulator of neutrophil and monocyte formation and of Rap1a activation during stress hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aldona A Karaczyn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Rose McGlauflin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | | | - Edward Jachimowicz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; COBRE Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Calvin P Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kailin Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Don M Wojchowski
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; COBRE Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pradeep Sathyanarayana
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; COBRE Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhang H, Nieves JL, Fraser ST, Isern J, Douvaras P, Papatsenko D, D'Souza SL, Lemischka IR, Dyer MA, Baron MH. Expression of podocalyxin separates the hematopoietic and vascular potentials of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived mesoderm. Stem Cells 2014; 32:191-203. [PMID: 24022884 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse embryo and differentiating embryonic stem cells, the hematopoietic, endothelial, and cardiomyocyte lineages are derived from Flk1+ mesodermal progenitors. Here, we report that surface expression of Podocalyxin (Podxl), a member of the CD34 family of sialomucins, can be used to subdivide the Flk1+ cells in differentiating embryoid bodies at day 4.75 into populations that develop into distinct mesodermal lineages. Definitive hematopoietic potential was restricted to the Flk1+Podxl+ population, while the Flk1-negative Podxl+ population displayed only primitive erythroid potential. The Flk1+Podxl-negative population contained endothelial cells and cardiomyocyte potential. Podxl expression distinguishes Flk1+ mesoderm populations in mouse embryos at days 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5 and is a marker of progenitor stage primitive erythroblasts. These findings identify Podxl as a useful tool for separating distinct mesodermal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Zhao B, Keerthivasan G, Mei Y, Yang J, McElherne J, Wong P, Doench JG, Feng G, Root DE, Ji P. Targeted shRNA screening identified critical roles of pleckstrin-2 in erythropoiesis. Haematologica 2014; 99:1157-67. [PMID: 24747950 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of erythroblasts to mature red blood cells involves dynamic changes of the membrane and cytoskeleton networks that are not fully characterized. Using a mouse fetal liver erythroblast culture system and a targeted shRNA functional screening strategy, we identified a critical role of pleckstrin-2 in actin dynamics and protection of early stage terminal erythroblasts from oxidative damage. Knockdown of pleckstrin-2 in the early stage of terminal erythropoiesis disrupted the actin cytoskeleton and led to differentiation inhibition and apoptosis. This pro-survival and differentiation function of pleckstrin-2 was mediated through its interaction with cofilin, by preventing cofilin's mitochondrial entry when the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species was higher in the early stage of terminal erythropoiesis. Treatment of the cells with a scavenger of reactive oxygen species rescued cofilin's mitochondrial entry and differentiation inhibition induced by pleckstrin-2 knockdown. In contrast, pleckstrin-2 knockdown in late stage terminal erythroblasts had no effect on survival or differentiation but blocked enucleation due to disorganized actin cytoskeleton. Thus, our study identified a dual function of pleckstrin-2 in the early and late stages of terminal erythropoiesis through its regulations of actin dynamics and cofilin's mitochondrial localization, which reflects intracellular level of reactive oxygen species in different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baobing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Ganesan Keerthivasan
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Yang Mei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - James McElherne
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Piu Wong
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Gang Feng
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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A mouse model of adult-onset anaemia due to erythropoietin deficiency. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1950. [PMID: 23727690 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin regulates erythropoiesis in a hypoxia-inducible manner. Here we generate inherited super-anaemic mice (ISAM) as a mouse model of adult-onset anaemia caused by erythropoietin deficiency. ISAM express erythropoietin in the liver but lack erythropoietin production in the kidney. Around weaning age, when the major erythropoietin-producing organ switches from the liver to the kidney, ISAM develop anaemia due to erythropoietin deficiency, which is curable by administration of recombinant erythropoietin. In ISAM severe chronic anaemia enhances transgenic green fluorescent protein and Cre expression driven by the complete erythropoietin-gene regulatory regions, which facilitates efficient labelling of renal erythropoietin-producing cells. We show that the majority of cortical and outer medullary fibroblasts have the innate potential to produce erythropoietin, and also reveal a new set of erythropoietin target genes. ISAM are a useful tool for the evaluation of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and to trace the dynamics of erythropoietin-producing cells.
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Malleret B, Xu F, Mohandas N, Suwanarusk R, Chu C, Leite JA, Low K, Turner C, Sriprawat K, Zhang R, Bertrand O, Colin Y, Costa FTM, Ong CN, Ng ML, Lim CT, Nosten F, Rénia L, Russell B. Significant biochemical, biophysical and metabolic diversity in circulating human cord blood reticulocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76062. [PMID: 24116088 PMCID: PMC3793000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transition from enucleated reticulocytes to mature normocytes is marked by substantial remodeling of the erythrocytic cytoplasm and membrane. Despite conspicuous changes, most studies describe the maturing reticulocyte as a homogenous erythropoietic cell type. While reticulocyte staging based on fluorescent RNA stains such as thiazole orange have been useful in a clinical setting; these ‘sub-vital’ stains may confound delicate studies on reticulocyte biology and may preclude their use in heamoparasite invasion studies. Design and Methods Here we use highly purified populations of reticulocytes isolated from cord blood, sorted by flow cytometry into four sequential subpopulations based on transferrin receptor (CD71) expression: CD71high, CD71medium, CD71low and CD71negative. Each of these subgroups was phenotyped in terms of their, morphology, membrane antigens, biomechanical properties and metabolomic profile. Results Superficially CD71high and CD71medium reticulocytes share a similar gross morphology (large and multilobular) when compared to the smaller, smooth and increasingly concave reticulocytes as seen in the in the CD71low and CD71negativesamples. However, between each of the four sample sets we observe significant decreases in shear modulus, cytoadhesive capacity, erythroid receptor expression (CD44, CD55, CD147, CD235R, and CD242) and metabolite concentrations. Interestingly increasing amounts of boric acid was found in the mature reticulocytes. Conclusions Reticulocyte maturation is a dynamic and continuous process, confounding efforts to rigidly classify them. Certainly this study does not offer an alternative classification strategy; instead we used a nondestructive sampling method to examine key phenotypic changes of in reticulocytes. Our study emphasizes a need to focus greater attention on reticulocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Malleret
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunobiology, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Fenggao Xu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Narla Mohandas
- Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rossarin Suwanarusk
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunobiology, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Cindy Chu
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Juliana A. Leite
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunobiology, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rou Zhang
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olivier Bertrand
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale), UMR-S (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 665, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Universite Paris 7–Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Yves Colin
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale), UMR-S (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 665, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Universite Paris 7–Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Fabio T. M. Costa
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mah Lee Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford-University Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunobiology, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- * E-mail: (BR); (LR)
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
- * E-mail: (BR); (LR)
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Roy A, Haldar S, Basak NP, Banerjee S. Molecular cross talk between Notch1, Shh and Akt pathways during erythroid differentiation of K562 and HEL cell lines. Exp Cell Res 2013; 320:69-78. [PMID: 24095799 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a tightly regulated process dependent on extrinsic signals conveyed by the bone marrow niche. The signalling pathways thus activated or repressed do not act in isolation; rather an intricate cross talk among these pathways ensues homoeostasis within the erythroid compartment. In this study, we describe the effects of two such signalling pathways namely the Notch1 and the Shh pathway on erythropoiesis in immortalised K562 and HEL cell lines as well as the cross talk that ensues between them. We show that while activation of the Notch1 pathway inhibits differentiation of erythroid lineage cell lines as well as in in-vitro primary erythroid cultures from the human CD34(+) cells; Shh pathway favours erythroid differentiation. Further, the Notch1 pathway activates the Akt pathway and constitutively active Akt partially mimics the effect of Notch1 activation on erythropoiesis. Moreover, the Notch1, Akt and Shh pathways were found to cross talk with each other. In this process, activation of Notch1 was found to down regulate the Shh pathway independent of Akt activation. Significantly, Notch1 not only down regulated the Shh pathway, but also inhibited recombinant Shh mediated erythropoiesis. Our study thus reveals an intricate crosstalk among the Notch1, Shh and Akt pathways wherein Notch1 emerges as a key regulator of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Roy
- Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064, India
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Moscoso I, Tejados N, Barreiro O, Sepúlveda P, Izarra A, Calvo E, Dorronsoro A, Salcedo JM, Sádaba R, Díez-Juan A, Trigueros C, Bernad A. Podocalyxin-like protein 1 is a relevant marker for human c-kit(pos) cardiac stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:580-90. [PMID: 23897803 DOI: 10.1002/term.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) from adult myocardium offer an alternative cell therapy approach for ischaemic heart disease. Improved clinical performance of CPCs in clinical trials requires a comprehensive definition of their biology and specific interactions with the environment. In this work we characterize specific human CPC surface markers and study some of their related functions. c-kit(pos) human CPCs (hCPCs) were characterized for cell surface marker expression, pluripotency, early and late cardiac differentiation markers and therapeutic activity in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. The results indicate that hCPCs are a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like population, with a similar immunoregulatory capacity. A partial hCPC membrane proteome was analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and 36 proteins were identified. Several, including CD26, myoferlin and podocalyxin-like protein 1 (PODXL), have been previously described in other stem-cell systems. Suppression and overexpression analysis demonstrated that PODXL regulates hCPC activation, migration and differentiation; it also modulates their local immunoregulatory capacity. Therefore, hCPCs are a resident cardiac population that shares many features with hMSCs, including their capacity for local immunoregulation. Expression of PODXL appears to favour the immature state of hCPCs, while its downregulation facilitates their differentiation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Moscoso
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Olga Barreiro
- Vascular Biology and Inflammation Departments, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sepúlveda
- Regenerative Medicine and Heart Transplantation Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Izarra
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Sádaba
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Hospital de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Bernad
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Defining an EPOR- regulated transcriptome for primary progenitors, including Tnfr-sf13c as a novel mediator of EPO- dependent erythroblast formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38530. [PMID: 22808010 PMCID: PMC3396641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain concepts concerning EPO/EPOR action modes have been challenged by in vivo studies: Bcl-x levels are elevated in maturing erythroblasts, but not in their progenitors; truncated EPOR alleles that lack a major p85/PI3K recruitment site nonetheless promote polycythemia; and Erk1 disruption unexpectedly bolsters erythropoiesis. To discover novel EPO/EPOR action routes, global transcriptome analyses presently are applied to interrogate EPO/EPOR effects on primary bone marrow-derived CFUe-like progenitors. Overall, 160 EPO/EPOR target transcripts were significantly modulated 2-to 21.8-fold. A unique set of EPO-regulated survival factors included Lyl1, Gas5, Pim3, Pim1, Bim, Trib3 and Serpina 3g. EPO/EPOR-modulated cell cycle mediators included Cdc25a, Btg3, Cyclin-d2, p27-kip1, Cyclin-g2 and CyclinB1-IP-1. EPO regulation of signal transduction factors was also interestingly complex. For example, not only Socs3 plus Socs2 but also Spred2, Spred1 and Eaf1 were EPO-induced as negative-feedback components. Socs2, plus five additional targets, further proved to comprise new EPOR/Jak2/Stat5 response genes (which are important for erythropoiesis during anemia). Among receptors, an atypical TNF-receptor Tnfr-sf13c was up-modulated >5-fold by EPO. Functionally, Tnfr-sf13c ligation proved to both promote proerythroblast survival, and substantially enhance erythroblast formation. The EPOR therefore engages a sophisticated set of transcriptome response circuits, with Tnfr-sf13c deployed as one novel positive regulator of proerythroblast formation.
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Favreau AJ, Cross EL, Sathyanarayana P. miR-199b-5p directly targets PODXL and DDR1 and decreased levels of miR-199b-5p correlate with elevated expressions of PODXL and DDR1 in acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:442-6. [PMID: 22374871 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Teti A. Osteoclasts and hematopoiesis. BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:46. [PMID: 23951448 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal tissue is closely associated with the hematopoietic tissue lodged in its inner cavities. Besides the well-known role of the endosteal osteoblasts in the maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche, it is an emerging concept that osteoclasts are involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis as well, although published data are still incomplete and somehow controversial. We reviewed the literature, and report here our perspective on the close relationship between bone resorption and HSC permanence in bone or egress to the circulation. We discussed the pressure that bone diseases exert on the development of hematological alterations, as well as the role of calcium and osteoclast enzymes in the regulation of HSC homeostasis. Genetic studies and preclinical experiments are described, which unveiled how bone disorders and treatments aimed at restoring the bone mass affect hematopoiesis, with consequent clinical implications. We conclude that this new field of investigation must be extended to unequivocally establish the role of osteoclasts in myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, and to envision treatments that can help hematological failures to be cured along with the associated bone alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Teti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila, Italy
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Erythropoietin couples erythropoiesis, B-lymphopoiesis, and bone homeostasis within the bone marrow microenvironment. Blood 2011; 117:5631-42. [PMID: 21421837 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-320564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) has been used in the treatment of anemia resulting from numerous etiologies, including renal disease and cancer. However, its effects are controversial and the expression pattern of the Epo receptor (Epo-R) is debated. Using in vivo lineage tracing, we document that within the hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineage, expression of Epo-R is essentially restricted to erythroid lineage cells. As expected, adult mice treated with a clinically relevant dose of Epo had expanded erythropoiesis because of amplification of committed erythroid precursors. Surprisingly, we also found that Epo induced a rapid 26% loss of the trabecular bone volume and impaired B-lymphopoiesis within the bone marrow microenvironment. Despite the loss of trabecular bone, hematopoietic stem cell populations were unaffected. Inhibition of the osteoclast activity with bisphosphonate therapy blocked the Epo-induced bone loss. Intriguingly, bisphosphonate treatment also reduced the magnitude of the erythroid response to Epo. These data demonstrate a previously unrecognized in vivo regulatory network coordinating erythropoiesis, B-lymphopoiesis, and skeletal homeostasis. Importantly, these findings may be relevant to the clinical application of Epo.
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Walkley CR. Erythropoiesis, anemia and the bone marrow microenvironment. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:10-3. [PMID: 21222184 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo regulation of erythropoiesis involves the integration of a range of intrinsic and cell extrinsic cues. The macrophage contained within the erythroblastic island is central to the normal differentiation and support of erythroid development. The contributions of other cell types found within the local bone marrow microenvironment are also likely to play important roles depending on the context. Such cell types include osteoblasts, osteoclasts, adipocytes, endothelial cells in addition to developing hematopoietic cells. There are data correlating changes in erythroid homeostasis, particularly in anemic states such as hemoglobinopathies, with alterations in the skeleton. The interaction and coordination of erythroid development and skeletal homeostasis, particularly in setting of erythroid demand, may represent a centrally regulated axis that is important physiologically, pharmacologically and in the pathology of anemia states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Walkley
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
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During EPO or anemia challenge, erythroid progenitor cells transit through a selectively expandable proerythroblast pool. Blood 2010; 116:5334-46. [PMID: 20810925 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-258947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of bone marrow (BM) erythroblast development are important for clinical concerns but are hindered by progenitor cell and tissue availability. We therefore sought to more specifically define dynamics, and key regulators, of the formation of developing BM erythroid cell cohorts. A unique Kit(-)CD71(high)Ter119(-) "stage E2" proerythroblast pool first is described, which (unlike its Kit(+) "stage E1" progenitors, or maturing Ter119(+) "stage E3" progeny) proved to selectively expand ∼ 7-fold on erythropoietin challenge. During short-term BM transplantation, stage E2 proerythroblasts additionally proved to be a predominantly expanded progenitor pool within spleen. This E1→E2→E3 erythroid series reproducibly formed ex vivo, enabling further characterizations. Expansion, in part, involved E1 cell hyperproliferation together with rapid E2 conversion plus E2 stage restricted BCL2 expression. Possible erythropoietin/erythropoietin receptor proerythroblast stage specific events were further investigated in mice expressing minimal erythropoietin receptor alleles. For a hypomorphic erythropoietin receptor-HM allele, major defects in erythroblast development occurred selectively at stage E2. In addition, stage E2 cells proved to interact productively with primary BM stromal cells in ways that enhanced both survival and late-stage development. Overall, findings reveal a novel transitional proerythroblast compartment that deploys unique expansion devices.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In 1985-1989, erythropoietin (EPO), its receptor (EPOR), and janus kinase 2 were cloned; established to be essential for definitive erythropoiesis; and initially intensely studied. Recently, new impetus, tools, and model systems have emerged to re-examine EPO/EPOR actions, and are addressed in this review. Impetus includes indications that EPO affects significantly more than standard erythroblast survival pathways, the development of novel erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, increasing evidence for EPO/EPOR cytoprotection of ischemically injured tissues, and potential EPO-mediated worsening of tumorigenesis. RECENT FINDINGS New findings are reviewed in four functional contexts: (pro)erythroblast survival mechanisms, new candidate EPO/EPOR effects on erythroid cell development and new EPOR responses, EPOR downmodulation and trafficking, and novel erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. SUMMARY As Current Opinion, this monograph seeks to summarize, and provoke, new EPO/EPOR action concepts. Specific problems addressed include: beyond (and before) BCL-XL, what key survival factors are deployed in early-stage proerythroblasts? Are distinct EPO/EPOR signals transduced in stage-selective fashions? Is erythroblast proliferation also modulated by EPO/EPOR signals? What functions are subserved by new noncanonical EPO/EPOR response factors (e.g. podocalyxin like-1, tribbles 3, reactive oxygen species, and nuclear factor kappa B)? What key regulators mediate EPOR inhibition and trafficking? And for emerging erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, to what extent do activities parallel EPOs (or differ in advantageous, potentially complicating ways, or both)?
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Genome-wide identification of TAL1's functional targets: insights into its mechanisms of action in primary erythroid cells. Genome Res 2010; 20:1064-83. [PMID: 20566737 DOI: 10.1101/gr.104935.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of cellular processes through the establishment of tissue-specific gene expression programs is essential for lineage maturation. The basic helix-loop-helix hemopoietic transcriptional regulator TAL1 (formerly SCL) is required for terminal differentiation of red blood cells. To gain insight into TAL1 function and mechanisms of action in erythropoiesis, we performed ChIP-sequencing and gene expression analyses from primary fetal liver erythroid cells. We show that TAL1 coordinates expression of genes in most known red cell-specific processes. The majority of TAL1's genomic targets require direct DNA-binding activity. However, one-fifth of TAL1's target sequences, mainly among those showing high affinity for TAL1, can recruit the factor independently of its DNA binding activity. An unbiased DNA motif search of sequences bound by TAL1 identified CAGNTG as TAL1-preferred E-box motif in erythroid cells. Novel motifs were also characterized that may help distinguish activated from repressed genes and suggest a new mechanism by which TAL1 may be recruited to DNA. Finally, analysis of recruitment of GATA1, a protein partner of TAL1, to sequences occupied by TAL1 suggests that TAL1's binding is necessary prior or simultaneous to that of GATA1. This work provides the framework to study regulatory networks leading to erythroid terminal maturation and to model mechanisms of action of tissue-specific transcription factors.
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SATO S, KOZUMA Y, HASEGAWA Y, KOJIMA H, CHIBA S, NINOMIYA H. Enhanced expression of CD71, transferrin receptor, on immature reticulocytes in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Int J Lab Hematol 2010; 32:e137-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2009.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Voisin V, Legault P, Ospina DPS, Ben-David Y, Rassart E. Gene profiling of the erythro- and megakaryoblastic leukaemias induced by the Graffi murine retrovirus. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:2. [PMID: 20102610 PMCID: PMC2843641 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute erythro- and megakaryoblastic leukaemias are associated with very poor prognoses and the mechanism of blastic transformation is insufficiently elucidated. The murine Graffi leukaemia retrovirus induces erythro- and megakaryoblastic leukaemias when inoculated into NFS mice and represents a good model to study these leukaemias. Methods To expand our understanding of genes specific to these leukaemias, we compared gene expression profiles, measured by microarray and RT-PCR, of all leukaemia types induced by this virus. Results The transcriptome level changes, present between the different leukaemias, led to the identification of specific cancerous signatures. We reported numerous genes that may be potential oncogenes, may have a function related to erythropoiesis or megakaryopoiesis or have a poorly elucidated physiological role. The expression pattern of these genes has been further tested by RT-PCR in different samples, in a Friend erythroleukaemic model and in human leukaemic cell lines. We also screened the megakaryoblastic leukaemias for viral integrations and identified genes targeted by these integrations and potentially implicated in the onset of the disease. Conclusions Taken as a whole, the data obtained from this global gene profiling experiment have provided a detailed characterization of Graffi virus induced erythro- and megakaryoblastic leukaemias with many genes reported specific to the transcriptome of these leukaemias for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Voisin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada
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An inhibitor of Janus kinase 2 prevents polycythemia in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:382-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Podocalyxin, a sialomucin most closely related to CD34 and endoglycan, is expressed by kidney podocytes, hematopoietic progenitors, vascular endothelia, and a subset of neurons; aberrant expression has recently been implicated in a range of cancers. Through interactions with several intracellular proteins and at least one extracellular ligand, podocalyxin regulates both adhesion and cell morphology. In the developing kidney, podocalyxin plays an essential role in the formation and maintenance of podocyte foot processes, and its absence results in perinatal lethality. Podocalyxin expression in the hematopoietic system correlates with cell migration and the seeding of new hematopoietic tissues. In addition, it is abnormally expressed in subsets of breast, prostate, liver, pancreatic, and kidney cancer as well as leukemia. Strikingly, it is often associated with the most aggressive cases, and it is likely involved in metastasis. Thus, a thorough investigation of the normal activities of podocalyxin may facilitate the development of new cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Nielsen
- The Biomedical Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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CNTO 530 functions as a potent EPO mimetic via unique sustained effects on bone marrow proerythroblast pools. Blood 2009; 113:4955-62. [PMID: 19264917 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-172320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia as associated with numerous clinical conditions can be debilitating, but frequently can be treated via administration of epoetin-alfa, darbepoietin-alfa, or methoxy-PEG epoetin-beta. Despite the complexity of EPO-EPO receptor interactions, the development of interesting EPO mimetic peptides (EMPs) also has been possible. CNTO 530 is one such novel MIMETIBODY Fc-domain dimeric EMP fusion protein. In a mouse model, single-dose CNTO 530 (unlike epoetin-alfa or darbepoietin-alfa) bolstered red cell production for up to 1 month. In 5-fluorouracil and carboplatin-paclitaxel models, CNTO 530 also protected against anemia with unique efficiency. These actions were not fully accounted for by half-life estimates, and CNTO 530 signaling events therefore were studied. Within primary bone marrow erythroblasts, kinetics of STAT5, ERK, and AKT activation were similar for CNTO 530 and epoetin-alfa. p70S6K activation by CNTO 530, however, was selectively sustained. In vivo, CNTO 530 uniquely stimulated the enhanced formation of PODXL(high)CD71(high) (pro)erythroblasts at frequencies multifold above epoetin-alfa or darbepoietin-alfa. CNTO 530 moreover supported the sustained expansion of a bone marrow-resident Kit(neg)CD71(high)Ter119(neg) progenitor pool. Based on these distinct erythropoietic and EPOR signaling properties, CNTO 530 holds excellent promise as a new EPO mimetic.
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Paus R, Bodó E, Kromminga A, Jelkmann W. Erythropoietin and the skin: a role for epidermal oxygen sensing? Bioessays 2009; 31:344-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.200800192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Agosti V, Karur V, Sathyanarayana P, Besmer P, Wojchowski DM. A KIT juxtamembrane PY567 -directed pathway provides nonredundant signals for erythroid progenitor cell development and stress erythropoiesis. Exp Hematol 2008; 37:159-71. [PMID: 19100679 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE KITL/KIT can elicit diverse sets of signals within lymphoid, myeloid, mast, and erythroid lineages, and exert distinct effects on growth, survival, migration, adhesion, and secretory responses. Presently, we have applied a PY-mutant allele knockin approach to specifically assess possible roles for KIT-PY567 and KIT-PY719 sites, and coupled pathways, during erythropoiesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse models used to investigate this problem include those harboring knocked-in KIT(Y567F/Y567F), KIT(Y569F/Y569F), KIT(Y719F,Y719F), and KIT(Y567F/Y567F:Y569F/Y569F) alleles. The erythron was stressed by myelosuppression using 5-fluorouracil, and by phenylhydrazine-induced hemolysis. In addition, optimized systems for ex vivo analyses of bone marrow and splenic erythropoiesis were employed to more directly analyze possible stage-specific effects on erythroid cell growth, survival, development and KIT signaling events. RESULTS In Kit(Y567F/Y567F) mice, steady-state erythropoiesis was unperturbed while recovery from anemia due to 5-fluorouracil or phenylhydrazine was markedly impaired. Deficiencies in erythroid progenitor expansion occurred both in the bone marrow and the spleen. Responses to chronic erythropoietin dosing were also compromised. Ex vivo, Kit(Y567F/Y567F) (pro)erythroblast development was skewed from a Kit(pos)CD71(high) stage toward a subsequent Kit(neg)CD71(high) compartment. Proliferation and, to an extent, survival capacities were also compromised. Similar stage-specific defects existed for erythroid progenitors from Kit(Y567F/Y567F:Y569F/Y569F) but not KIT(Y719F/Y719F) mice. Kit(Y567F/Y567F) erythroblasts were used further to analyze KIT-PY567-dependent signals. MEK-1,2/ERK-1,2 signaling was unaffected while AKT, p70S6K, and especially JNK2/p54 pathways were selectively attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Nonredundant KIT-PY567-directed erythroblast-intrinsic signals are selectively critical for stress erythropoiesis. Investigations also add to an understanding of how KIT directs distinct outcomes among diverse progenitors and lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Agosti
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Maltby S, Hughes MR, Zbytnuik L, Paulson RF, McNagny KM. Podocalyxin selectively marks erythroid-committed progenitors during anemic stress but is dispensable for efficient recovery. Exp Hematol 2008; 37:10-8. [PMID: 19004540 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Podocalyxin expression on Ter119(+) erythroblasts is induced following administration of erythropoietin (Epo) or phenylhydrazine treatment, but is notably absent on committed erythroid progenitors during homeostatic red cell turnover. Following high-dose Epo administration in vivo, podocalyxin surface expression is upregulated, in part, via a signal transducers and activators of transcription 5-dependent pathway and this expression has been postulated to play a role in the release of reticulocytes from hematopoietic organs into the periphery under conditions of increased erythropoietic rate. Here we have thoroughly addressed this hypothesis and further examined the expression profile of podocalyxin during Epo-induced erythroblast expansion and stress erythropoiesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following Epo induction, progenitor cells were sorted to characterize podocalyxin expression during stress. In addition, as podocalyxin-deficient mice die perinatally, we used chimeric mice reconstituted with wild-type or podocalyxin-deficient hematopoietic cells to analyze differences in response to high dose Epo administration and chemically induced anemia. RESULTS Podocalyxin surface expression is rapidly upregulated in response to stress and marks early erythroid progenitors and erythroblasts. Despite loss of podocalyxin, chimeras exhibit normal basal erythropoiesis and no differences in erythroid progenitor proportions in the spleen and marrow in response to Epo. Further, podocalyxin is dispensable for efficient recovery from models of anemia. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that podocalyxin is a highly specific marker of stress-induced blast-forming unit erythroid and colony-forming unit erythroid progenitors in mouse bone marrow and spleen. In addition, our findings suggest that podocalyxin is not necessary for efficient erythroblast expansion, erythroid differentiation, or reticulocyte release in response to Epo stimulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Maltby
- The Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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The CD34-like protein PODXL and alpha6-integrin (CD49f) identify early progenitor MSCs with increased clonogenicity and migration to infarcted heart in mice. Blood 2008; 113:816-26. [PMID: 18818395 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-12-128702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We screened for surface proteins expressed only by the early progenitor cells present in low-passage, low-density cultures of the adult stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow referred to as mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent stromal cells (MSCs). Six proteins were identified that were selectively expressed in the early progenitors: podocalyxin-like protein (PODXL), alpha6-integrin (CD49f), alpha4-integrin (CD49d), c-Met, CXCR4, and CX3CR1. All were previously shown to be involved in cell trafficking or tumor progression. Antibodies to CD49f and PODXL, a sialomucin in the CD34 family, were the most robust for FACScan assays. PODXL(hi)/CD49f(hi) MSCs were more clonogenic and differentiated more efficiently than PODXL(lo)/CD49f(lo) cells. Inhibition of expression of PODXL with RNA interference caused aggregation of the cells. Furthermore, PODXL(hi)/CD49f(hi) MSCs were less prone to produce lethal pulmonary emboli, and larger numbers were recovered in heart and kidney after intravenous infusion into mice with myocardial infarcts.
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Sims NA, Gooi JH. Bone remodeling: Multiple cellular interactions required for coupling of bone formation and resorption. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 19:444-51. [PMID: 18718546 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic nature of the skeleton is achieved by a process called "remodeling" which involves the co-ordinated actions of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes within the bone matrix and osteoblast-derived lining cells that cover the surface of bone. Remodeling commences with signals that initiate osteoclast formation followed by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, a reversal period, and then a long period of bone matrix formation mediated by osteoblasts, followed by mineralisation of the matrix. This review will discuss each of these steps with particular emphasis on the communication pathways between each cell type involved and the roles of ephrins, sclerostin, RANKL and PTHrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute and the Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present study review examines the current understanding of the ontogeny of erythropoiesis with a focus on the emergence of the embryonic (primitive) erythroid lineage and on the similarities and differences between the primitive and the fetal/adult (definitive) forms of erythroid cell maturation. RECENT FINDINGS Primitive erythroid precursors in the mouse embryo and cultured in vitro from human embryonic stem cells undergo 'maturational' globin switching as they differentiate terminally. The appearance of a transient population of primitive 'pyrenocytes' (extruded nuclei) in the fetal bloodstream indicates that primitive erythroblasts enucleate by nuclear extrusion. In-vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells recapitulates hematopoietic ontogeny reminiscent of the murine yolk sac, including overlapping waves of hemangioblast, primitive, erythroid, and definitive erythroid progenitors. Definitive erythroid potential in zebrafish embryos, like that in mice, initially arises prior to, and independent of, hematopoietic stem cell emergence in the region of the aorta. Maturation of definitive erythroid cells within macrophage islands promotes erythroblast-erythroblast and erythroblast-stromal interactions that regulate red cell output. SUMMARY The study of embryonic development in several different model systems, as well as in cultured human embryonic stem cells, continues to provide important insights into the ontogeny of erythropoiesis. Contrasting the similarities and differences between primitive and definitive erythropoiesis will lead to an improved understanding of erythroblast maturation and the terminal steps of erythroid differentiation.
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Abstract
The adult erythron is maintained via dynamic modulation of erythroblast survival potentials. Toward identifying novel regulators of this process, murine splenic erythroblasts at 3 developmental stages were prepared, purified and profiled. Stage-to-stage modulated genes were then functionally categorized, with a focus on apoptotic factors. In parallel with BCL-X and NIX, death-associated protein kinase-2 (DAPK2) was substantially up-modulated during late erythropoiesis. Among hematopoietic lineages, DAPK2 was expressed predominantly in erythroid cells. In a Gata1-IE3.9int-DAPK2 transgenic mouse model, effects on steady-state reticulocyte and red blood cell (RBC) levels were limited. During hemolytic anemia, however, erythropoiesis was markedly deficient. Ex vivo ana-lyses revealed heightened apoptosis due to DAPK2 at a Kit(-)CD71(high)Ter119(-) stage, together with a subsequent multifold defect in late-stage Kit(-)CD71(high)Ter119(+) cell formation. In UT7epo cells, siRNA knock-down of DAPK2 enhanced survival due to cytokine withdrawal, and DAPK2's phosphorylation and kinase activity also were erythropoietin (EPO)-modulated. DAPK2 therefore comprises a new candidate attenuator of stress erythropoiesis.
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Li F, Shang YC. Erythropoietin: elucidating new cellular targets that broaden therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85:194-213. [PMID: 18396368 PMCID: PMC2441910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Given that erythropoietin (EPO) is no longer believed to have exclusive biological activity in the hematopoietic system, EPO is now considered to have applicability in a variety of nervous system disorders that can overlap with vascular disease, metabolic impairments, and immune system function. As a result, EPO may offer efficacy for a broad number of disorders that involve Alzheimer's disease, cardiac insufficiency, stroke, trauma, and diabetic complications. During a number of clinical conditions, EPO is robust and can prevent metabolic compromise, neuronal and vascular degeneration, and inflammatory cell activation. Yet, use of EPO is not without its considerations especially in light of frequent concerns that may compromise clinical care. Recent work has elucidated a number of novel cellular pathways governed by EPO that can open new avenues to avert deleterious effects of this agent and offer previously unrecognized perspectives for therapeutic strategies. Obtaining greater insight into the role of EPO in the nervous system and elucidating its unique cellular pathways may provide greater cellular viability not only in the nervous system but also throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Abstract
Unmitigated oxidative stress can lead to diminished cellular longevity, accelerated aging, and accumulated toxic effects for an organism. Current investigations further suggest the significant disadvantages that can occur with cellular oxidative stress that can lead to clinical disability in a number of disorders, such as myocardial infarction, dementia, stroke, and diabetes. New therapeutic strategies are therefore sought that can be directed toward ameliorating the toxic effects of oxidative stress. Here we discuss the exciting potential of the growth factor and cytokine erythropoietin for the treatment of diseases such as cardiac ischemia, vascular injury, neurodegeneration, and diabetes through the modulation of cellular oxidative stress. Erythropoietin controls a variety of signal transduction pathways during oxidative stress that can involve Janus-tyrosine kinase 2, protein kinase B, signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways, Wnt proteins, mammalian forkhead transcription factors, caspases, and nuclear factor kappaB. Yet, the biological effects of erythropoietin may not always be beneficial and may be poor tolerated in a number of clinical scenarios, necessitating further basic and clinical investigations that emphasize the elucidation of the signal transduction pathways controlled by erythropoietin to direct both successful and safe clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Abstract
Global use of erythropoietin (EPO) continues to increase as a proven agent for the treatment of anemia. Yet, EPO is no longer believed to have exclusive biological activity in the hematopoietic system and is now considered applicable for a variety of disorders such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular disease. Treatment with EPO is considered to be robust and can prevent metabolic compromise, neuronal and vascular degeneration, and inflammatory cell activation. On the converse side, observations that EPO administration is not without risk have fueled controversy. Here we present recent advances that have elucidated a number of novel cellular pathways governed by EPO to open new therapeutic avenues for this agent and avert its potential deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Abstract
EPO functions primarily as an erythroblast survival factor, and its antiapoptotic actions have been proposed to involve predominantly PI3-kinase and BCL-X pathways. Presently, the nature of EPO-regulated survival genes has been investigated through transcriptome analyses of highly responsive, primary bone marrow erythroblasts. Two proapoptotic factors, Bim and FoxO3a, were rapidly repressed not only via the wild-type EPOR, but also by PY-deficient knocked-in EPOR alleles. In parallel, Pim1 and Pim3 kinases and Irs2 were induced. For this survival gene set, induction failed via a PY-null EPOR-HM allele, but was restored upon reconstitution of a PY343 STAT5-binding site within a related EPOR-H allele. Notably, EPOR-HM supports erythropoiesis at steady state but not during anemia, while EPOR-H exhibits near wild-type EPOR activities. EPOR-H and the wild-type EPOR (but not EPOR-HM) also markedly stimulated the expression of Trb3 pseudokinase, and intracellular serpin, Serpina-3G. For SERPINA-3G and TRB3, ectopic expression in EPO-dependent progenitors furthermore significantly inhibited apoptosis due to cytokine withdrawal. BCL-XL and BCL2 also were studied, but in highly responsive Kit(pos)CD71(high)Ter119(neg) erythroblasts, neither was EPO modulated. EPOR survival circuits therefore include the repression of Bim plus FoxO3a, and EPOR/PY343/STAT5-dependent stimulation of Pim1, Pim3, Irs2 plus Serpina-3G, and Trb3 as new antiapoptotic effectors.
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Abstract
Erythropoiesis requires erythropoietin (Epo) and stem cell factor (SCF) signaling via their receptors EpoR and c-Kit. EpoR, like many other receptors involved in hematopoiesis, acts via the kinase Jak2. Deletion of EpoR or Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) causes embryonic lethality as a result of defective erythropoiesis. The contribution of distinct EpoR/Jak2-induced signaling pathways (mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 [Stat5]) to functional erythropoiesis is incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that expression of a constitutively activated Stat5a mutant (cS5) was sufficient to relieve the proliferation defect of Jak2(-/-) and EpoR(-/-) cells in an Epo-independent manner. In addition, tamoxifen-induced DNA binding of a Stat5a-estrogen receptor (ER)* fusion construct enabled erythropoiesis in the absence of Epo. Furthermore, c-Kit was able to enhance signaling through the Jak2-Stat5 axis, particularly in lymphoid and myeloid progenitors. Although abundance of hematopoietic stem cells was 2.5-fold reduced in Jak2(-/-) fetal livers, transplantation of Jak2(-/-)-cS5 fetal liver cells into irradiated mice gave rise to mature erythroid and myeloid cells of donor origin up to 6 months after transplantation. Cytokine- and c-Kit pathways do not function independently of each other in hematopoiesis but cooperate to attain full Jak2/Stat5 activation. In conclusion, activated Stat5 is a critical downstream effector of Jak2 in erythropoiesis/myelopoiesis, and Jak2 functionally links cytokine- with c-Kit-receptor tyrosine kinase signaling.
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