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Anderson EM, Anderson SK. Economy of Effort or Sophisticated Programming? The Prevalence of Bidirectional Promoter Complexes in the Human Genome. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:252. [PMID: 38397241 PMCID: PMC10887517 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
An abundance of antisense promoters in the vicinity of the transcriptional start site of coding genes suggests that they play an important role in gene regulation. The divergent transcription of housekeeping genes by a common central promoter region allows for coordinated regulation of genes in related pathways and is also linked to higher promoter activity. However, closely positioned transcription start sites can also result in competition between overlapping promoter elements and generate a binary switch element. Furthermore, the direct competition resulting from the presence of an antisense promoter immediately downstream of the transcription start site of the gene produces an element that can exist in only one of two stable transcriptional states: sense or antisense. In this review, we summarize analyses of the prevalence of antisense transcription in higher eukaryotes and viruses, with a focus on the antisense promoters competing with the promoters of coding genes. The structures of bidirectional promoters driving the simultaneous expression of housekeeping genes are compared with examples of human bidirectional elements that have been shown to act as switches. Since many bidirectional elements contain a noncoding RNA as the divergent transcript, we describe examples of functional noncoding antisense transcripts that affect the epigenetic landscape and alter the expression of their host gene. Finally, we discuss opportunities for additional research on competing sense/antisense promoters, uncovering their potential role in programming cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M. Anderson
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Stephen K. Anderson
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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2
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Martinez TC, McNerney ME. Haploinsufficient Transcription Factors in Myeloid Neoplasms. Annu Rev Pathol 2024; 19:571-598. [PMID: 37906947 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051222-013421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Many transcription factors (TFs) function as tumor suppressor genes with heterozygous phenotypes, yet haploinsufficiency generally has an underappreciated role in neoplasia. This is no less true in myeloid cells, which are normally regulated by a delicately balanced and interconnected transcriptional network. Detailed understanding of TF dose in this circuitry sheds light on the leukemic transcriptome. In this review, we discuss the emerging features of haploinsufficient transcription factors (HITFs). We posit that: (a) monoallelic and biallelic losses can have distinct cellular outcomes; (b) the activity of a TF exists in a greater range than the traditional Mendelian genetic doses; and (c) how a TF is deleted or mutated impacts the cellular phenotype. The net effect of a HITF is a myeloid differentiation block and increased intercellular heterogeneity in the course of myeloid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner C Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Megan E McNerney
- Department of Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
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Thoms JAI, Koch F, Raei A, Subramanian S, Wong JH, Vafaee F, Pimanda J. BloodChIP Xtra: an expanded database of comparative genome-wide transcription factor binding and gene-expression profiles in healthy human stem/progenitor subsets and leukemic cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D1131-D1137. [PMID: 37870453 PMCID: PMC10767868 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The BloodChIP Xtra database (http://bloodchipXtra.vafaeelab.com/) facilitates genome-wide exploration and visualization of transcription factor (TF) occupancy and chromatin configuration in rare primary human hematopoietic stem (HSC-MPP) and progenitor (CMP, GMP, MEP) cells and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines (KG-1, ME-1, Kasumi1, TSU-1621-MT), along with chromatin accessibility and gene expression data from these and primary patient AMLs. BloodChIP Xtra features significantly more datasets than our earlier database BloodChIP (two primary cell types and two cell lines). Improved methodologies for determining TF occupancy and chromatin accessibility have led to increased availability of data for rare primary cell types across the spectrum of healthy and AML hematopoiesis. However, there is a continuing need for these data to be integrated in an easily accessible manner for gene-based queries and use in downstream applications. Here, we provide a user-friendly database based around genome-wide binding profiles of key hematopoietic TFs and histone marks in healthy stem/progenitor cell types. These are compared with binding profiles and chromatin accessibility derived from primary and cell line AML and integrated with expression data from corresponding cell types. All queries can be exported to construct TF-gene and protein-protein networks and evaluate the association of genes with specific cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A I Thoms
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Forrest C Koch
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alireza Raei
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shruthi Subramanian
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason W H Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- UNSW Data Science Hub, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John E Pimanda
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Haematology Department, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Azlan A, Khor KZ, Rajasegaran Y, Rosli AA, Said MSM, Yusoff NM, Moses EJ. RUNX1/ETO regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in t(8,21) acute myeloid leukaemia via FLT3 and RAC1. Med Oncol 2023; 40:208. [PMID: 37341821 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis is crucial for leukaemogenesisand deregulation would hamper leukaemic progression. Although the regulatory effects of RUNX1/ETO has been extensively studied, its underlying molecular mechanims in ROS production in t(8,21) AML is yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we report that RUNX1/ETO could directly control FLT3 by occupying several DNA elements on FLT3 locus. The possible hijacking mechanism by RUNX1/ETO over FLT3 mediated ROS modulation in AML t(8;21) was made apparent when suppression of RUNX1/ETO led to decrement in ROS levels and the direct oxidative marker FOXO3 but not in FLT3 and RAC1 suppressed t(8,21) AML cell line Furthermore, nuclear import of RUNX1/ETO was aberrated following RUNX1/ETO and RAC1 suppression suggesting association in ROS control. A different picture was depicted in non t(8;21) cells where suppression of RAC1 and FLT3 led to decreased levels of FOXO3a and ROS. Results alltogether indicate a possible dysregulation of ROS levels by RUNX1/ETO in t(8,21) AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Azlan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Kang Zi Khor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Yaashini Rajasegaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Aliaa Arina Rosli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | | | - Narazah Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Emmanuel Jairaj Moses
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia.
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Zhang YF, Wang XL, Xu CH, Liu N, Zhang L, Zhang YM, Xie YY, Zhang YL, Huang QH, Wang L, Chen Z, Chen SJ, Roeder RG, Shen S, Xue K, Sun XJ. A direct comparison between AML1-ETO and ETO2-GLIS2 leukemia fusion proteins reveals context-dependent binding and regulation of target genes and opposite functions in cell differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:992714. [PMID: 36158200 PMCID: PMC9490184 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.992714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ETO-family transcriptional corepressors, including ETO, ETO2, and MTGR1, are all involved in leukemia-causing chromosomal translocations. In every case, an ETO-family corepressor acquires a DNA-binding domain (DBD) to form a typical transcription factor—the DBD binds to DNA, while the ETO moiety manifests transcriptional activity. A directly comparative study of these “homologous” fusion transcription factors may clarify their similarities and differences in regulating transcription and leukemogenesis. Here, we performed a side-by-side comparison between AML1-ETO and ETO2-GLIS2, the most common fusion proteins in M2-and M7-subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia, respectively, by inducible expression of them in U937 leukemia cells. We found that, although AML1-ETO and ETO2-GLIS2 can use their own DBDs to bind DNA, they share a large proportion of genome-wide binding regions dependent on other cooperative transcription factors, including the ETS-, bZIP- and bHLH-family proteins. AML1-ETO acts as either transcriptional repressor or activator, whereas ETO2-GLIS2 mainly acts as activator. The repressor-versus-activator functions of AML1-ETO might be determined by the abundance of cooperative transcription factors/cofactors on the target genes. Importantly, AML1-ETO and ETO2-GLIS2 differentially regulate key transcription factors in myeloid differentiation including PU.1 and C/EBPβ. Consequently, AML1-ETO inhibits, but ETO2-GLIS2 facilitates, myeloid differentiation of U937 cells. This function of ETO2-GLIS2 is reminiscent of a similar effect of MLL-AF9 as previously reported. Taken together, this directly comparative study between AML1-ETO and ETO2-GLIS2 in the same cellular context provides insights into context-dependent transcription regulatory mechanisms that may underlie how these seemingly “homologous” fusion transcription factors exert distinct functions to drive different subtypes of leukemia.
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Peltier DC, Roberts A, Reddy P. LNCing RNA to immunity. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:478-495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mishra S, Liu J, Chai L, Tenen DG. Diverse functions of long noncoding RNAs in acute myeloid leukemia: emerging roles in pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment resistance. Curr Opin Hematol 2022; 29:34-43. [PMID: 34854833 PMCID: PMC8647777 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advancements in the next-generation sequencing technologies have identified rare transcripts of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the genome of cancers, including in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The purpose of this review is to highlight the contribution of lncRNAs in AML pathogenesis, prognosis, and chemoresistance. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have recently reported that deregulated lncRNAs are novel key players in the development of AML and are associated with AML pathophysiology and may serve as prognostic indicators. A few aberrantly expressed lncRNAs that correlated with the recurrent genetic mutations in AML such as NPM1 and RUNX1 have recently been characterized. Moreover, a few lncRNAs in MLL-rearranged leukemia have been described. Additionally, the involvement of lncRNAs in AML chemoresistance has been postulated. SUMMARY Investigating the functional roles of the noncoding regions including lncRNAs, may provide novel insights into the pathophysiology, refine the prognostic schema, and provide novel therapeutic treatment strategies in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Mishra
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Thoms JAI, Pimanda JE, Heidenreich O. To switch or not to switch: PU.1 expression is the question. Blood 2021; 138:1289-91. [PMID: 34647985 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Talami A, Bettelli F, Pioli V, Giusti D, Gilioli A, Colasante C, Galassi L, Giubbolini R, Catellani H, Donatelli F, Maffei R, Martinelli S, Barozzi P, Potenza L, Marasca R, Trenti T, Tagliafico E, Comoli P, Luppi M, Forghieri F. How to Improve Prognostication in Acute Myeloid Leukemia with CBFB-MYH11 Fusion Transcript: Focus on the Role of Molecular Measurable Residual Disease (MRD) Monitoring. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080953. [PMID: 34440157 PMCID: PMC8391269 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) carrying inv(16)/t(16;16), resulting in fusion transcript CBFB-MYH11, belongs to the favorable-risk category. However, even if most patients obtain morphological complete remission after induction, approximately 30% of cases eventually relapse. While well-established clinical features and concomitant cytogenetic/molecular lesions have been recognized to be relevant to predict prognosis at disease onset, the independent prognostic impact of measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), mainly in predicting relapse, actually supersedes other prognostic factors. Although the ELN Working Party recently indicated that patients affected with CBFB-MYH11 AML should have MRD assessment at informative clinical timepoints, at least after two cycles of intensive chemotherapy and after the end of treatment, several controversies could be raised, especially on the frequency of subsequent serial monitoring, the most significant MRD thresholds (most commonly 0.1%) and on the best source to be analyzed, namely, bone marrow or peripheral blood samples. Moreover, persisting low-level MRD positivity at the end of treatment is relatively common and not predictive of relapse, provided that transcript levels remain stably below specific thresholds. Rising MRD levels suggestive of molecular relapse/progression should thus be confirmed in subsequent samples. Further prospective studies would be required to optimize post-remission monitoring and to define effective MRD-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Talami
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Francesca Bettelli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Valeria Pioli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Davide Giusti
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Andrea Gilioli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Corrado Colasante
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Laura Galassi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Rachele Giubbolini
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Hillary Catellani
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Francesca Donatelli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Rossana Maffei
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Silvia Martinelli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Patrizia Barozzi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Marasca
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Unità Sanitaria Locale, 41126 Modena, Italy;
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit and Cell Factory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Mario Luppi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (F.F.); Tel.: +39-059-4222447 (F.F.); Fax: +39-059-4222386 (F.F.)
| | - Fabio Forghieri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (V.P.); (D.G.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (R.G.); (H.C.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (S.M.); (P.B.); (L.P.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (F.F.); Tel.: +39-059-4222447 (F.F.); Fax: +39-059-4222386 (F.F.)
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