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Azlan A, Khor KZ, Rajasegaran Y, Rosli AA, Said MSM, Yusoff NM, Moses EJ. RUNX1/ETO regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in t(8,21) acute myeloid leukaemia via FLT3 and RAC1. Med Oncol 2023; 40:208. [PMID: 37341821 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis is crucial for leukaemogenesisand deregulation would hamper leukaemic progression. Although the regulatory effects of RUNX1/ETO has been extensively studied, its underlying molecular mechanims in ROS production in t(8,21) AML is yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we report that RUNX1/ETO could directly control FLT3 by occupying several DNA elements on FLT3 locus. The possible hijacking mechanism by RUNX1/ETO over FLT3 mediated ROS modulation in AML t(8;21) was made apparent when suppression of RUNX1/ETO led to decrement in ROS levels and the direct oxidative marker FOXO3 but not in FLT3 and RAC1 suppressed t(8,21) AML cell line Furthermore, nuclear import of RUNX1/ETO was aberrated following RUNX1/ETO and RAC1 suppression suggesting association in ROS control. A different picture was depicted in non t(8;21) cells where suppression of RAC1 and FLT3 led to decreased levels of FOXO3a and ROS. Results alltogether indicate a possible dysregulation of ROS levels by RUNX1/ETO in t(8,21) AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Azlan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Kang Zi Khor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Yaashini Rajasegaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Aliaa Arina Rosli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | | | - Narazah Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Emmanuel Jairaj Moses
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia.
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Moses EJ, Azlan A, Khor KZ, Mot YY, Mohamed S, Seeni A, Barneh F, Heidenreich O, Yusoff N. A RUNX1/ETO-SKP2-CDKN1B axis regulates expression of telomerase in t (8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:70. [PMID: 36820913 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The fusion oncoprotein RUNX1/ETO which results from the chromosomal translocation t (8;21) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an essential driver of leukemic maintenance. We have previously shown that RUNX1/ETO knockdown impairs expression of the protein component of telomerase, TERT. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of how RUNX1/ETO controls TERT expression has not been fully elucidated. Here we show that RUNX1/ETO binds to an intergenic region 18 kb upstream of the TERT transcriptional start site and to a site located in intron 6 of TERT. Loss of RUNX1/ETO binding precedes inhibition of TERT expression. Repression of TERT expression is also dependent on the destabilization of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP2 and the resultant accumulation of the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1B, that are both associated with RUNX1/ETO knockdown. Increased CDKN1B protein levels ultimately diminished TERT transcription with E2F1/Rb involvement. Collectively, our results show that RUNX1/ETO controls TERT expression directly by binding to its locus and indirectly via a SKP2-CDKN1B-E2F1/Rb axis.
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Kellaway S, Chin PS, Barneh F, Bonifer C, Heidenreich O. t(8;21) Acute Myeloid Leukemia as a Paradigm for the Understanding of Leukemogenesis at the Level of Gene Regulation and Chromatin Programming. Cells 2020; 9:E2681. [PMID: 33322186 PMCID: PMC7763303 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease with multiple sub-types which are defined by different somatic mutations that cause blood cell differentiation to go astray. Mutations occur in genes encoding members of the cellular machinery controlling transcription and chromatin structure, including transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, DNA-methyltransferases, but also signaling molecules that activate inducible transcription factors controlling gene expression and cell growth. Mutant cells in AML patients are unable to differentiate and adopt new identities that are shaped by the original driver mutation and by rewiring their gene regulatory networks into regulatory phenotypes with enhanced fitness. One of the best-studied AML-subtypes is the t(8;21) AML which carries a translocation fusing the DNA-binding domain of the hematopoietic master regulator RUNX1 to the ETO gene. The resulting oncoprotein, RUNX1/ETO has been studied for decades, both at the biochemical but also at the systems biology level. It functions as a dominant-negative version of RUNX1 and interferes with multiple cellular processes associated with myeloid differentiation, growth regulation and genome stability. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of how this protein reprograms normal into malignant cells and how our current knowledge could be harnessed to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kellaway
- Institute of Cancer and Genomica Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Paulynn S. Chin
- Institute of Cancer and Genomica Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Farnaz Barneh
- Princess Máxima Centrum for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomica Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Olaf Heidenreich
- Princess Máxima Centrum for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Martinez-Soria N, McKenzie L, Draper J, Ptasinska A, Issa H, Potluri S, Blair HJ, Pickin A, Isa A, Chin PS, Tirtakusuma R, Coleman D, Nakjang S, Assi S, Forster V, Reza M, Law E, Berry P, Mueller D, Osborne C, Elder A, Bomken SN, Pal D, Allan JM, Veal GJ, Cockerill PN, Wichmann C, Vormoor J, Lacaud G, Bonifer C, Heidenreich O. The Oncogenic Transcription Factor RUNX1/ETO Corrupts Cell Cycle Regulation to Drive Leukemic Transformation. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:626-642.e8. [PMID: 30300583 PMCID: PMC6179967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic transcription factors such as the leukemic fusion protein RUNX1/ETO, which drives t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), constitute cancer-specific but highly challenging therapeutic targets. We used epigenomic profiling data for an RNAi screen to interrogate the transcriptional network maintaining t(8;21) AML. This strategy identified Cyclin D2 (CCND2) as a crucial transmitter of RUNX1/ETO-driven leukemic propagation. RUNX1/ETO cooperates with AP-1 to drive CCND2 expression. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of CCND2 by an approved drug significantly impairs leukemic expansion of patient-derived AML cells and engraftment in immunodeficient murine hosts. Our data demonstrate that RUNX1/ETO maintains leukemia by promoting cell cycle progression and identifies G1 CCND-CDK complexes as promising therapeutic targets for treatment of RUNX1/ETO-driven AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martinez-Soria
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Lynsey McKenzie
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Julia Draper
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Anetta Ptasinska
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hasan Issa
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Sandeep Potluri
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Helen J Blair
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anna Pickin
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Asmida Isa
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Paulynn Suyin Chin
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ricky Tirtakusuma
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Daniel Coleman
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sirintra Nakjang
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Salam Assi
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Victoria Forster
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Mojgan Reza
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ed Law
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Philip Berry
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Dorothee Mueller
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Cameron Osborne
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Alex Elder
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Simon N Bomken
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Deepali Pal
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - James M Allan
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gareth J Veal
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christian Wichmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Josef Vormoor
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584CS, the Netherlands
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Olaf Heidenreich
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584CS, the Netherlands.
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Ponnusamy K, Chen-Wichmann L, Kuvardina ON, Lausen J, Henschler R, Wichmann C. The truncated RUNX1/ETO activates VLA-4-dependent adhesion and migration of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Haematologica 2014; 99:e253-6. [PMID: 25107889 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.106088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraju Ponnusamy
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich; Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University, Frankfurt; and
| | - Linping Chen-Wichmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olga N Kuvardina
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jörn Lausen
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Reinhard Henschler
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich; Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University, Frankfurt; and
| | - Christian Wichmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
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Faridi F, Ponnusamy K, Quagliano-Lo Coco I, Chen-Wichmann L, Grez M, Henschler R, Wichmann C. Aberrant epigenetic regulators control expansion of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Front Genet 2013; 4:254. [PMID: 24348510 PMCID: PMC3842847 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription is a tightly regulated process ensuring the proper expression of numerous genes regulating all aspects of cellular behavior. Transcription factors regulate multiple genes including other transcription factors that together control a highly complex gene network. The transcriptional machinery can be “hijacked” by oncogenic transcription factors, thereby leading to malignant cell transformation. Oncogenic transcription factors manipulate a variety of epigenetic control mechanisms to fulfill gene regulatory and cell transforming functions. These factors assemble epigenetic regulators at target gene promoter sequences, thereby disturbing physiological gene expression patterns. Retroviral vector technology and the availability of “healthy” human hematopoietic CD34+ progenitor cells enable the generation of pre-leukemic cell models for the analysis of aberrant human hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion mediated by leukemogenic transcription factors. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the mechanism by which leukemogenic gene products control human hematopoietic CD34+ progenitor cell expansion by disrupting the normal epigenetic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Faridi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostasis, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Kanagaraju Ponnusamy
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostasis, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital Munich, Germany ; Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Linping Chen-Wichmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostasis, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Grez
- Institute for Biomedical Research Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Reinhard Henschler
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostasis, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wichmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostasis, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital Munich, Germany
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