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Kim SA, Choi GH, Lee JY, Jang ES, Lee JO, Kim JW, Jeong SH, Bang SM. Apixaban for the treatment of acute splanchnic vein thrombosis: A pilot study. Thromb Res 2024; 237:181-183. [PMID: 38626593 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-A Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hyeon Choi
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Lee
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ok Lee
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Kim
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Hyang Jeong
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Mee Bang
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Mahé I, Mayeur D, Couturaud F, Scotté F, Benhamou Y, Benmaziane A, Bertoletti L, Laporte S, Girard P, Mismetti P, Sanchez O. [Translation into French and republication of: "Anticoagulant treatment of cancer-associated thromboembolism"]. Rev Med Interne 2024; 45:210-225. [PMID: 38677976 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequent and potentially fatal complication in patients with cancer. During the initial period after the thromboembolic event, a patient receiving anticoagulant treatment is exposed both to a risk of VTE recurrence and also to an elevated bleeding risk conferred by the treatment. For this reason, the choice of anticoagulant is critical. The choice should take into account patient-related factors (such as functional status, age, body mass index, platelet count and renal function), VTE-related factors (such as severity or site), cancer-related factors (such as activity and progression) and treatment related factors (such as drug-drug interactions), which all potentially influence bleeding risk, and patient preference. These should be evaluated carefully for each patient during a multidisciplinary team meeting. For most patients, apixaban or a low molecular-weight heparin is the most appropriate initial choice for anticoagulant treatment. Such treatment should be offered to all patients with active cancer for at least 6months. The patient and treatment should be re-evaluated regularly, and anticoagulant treatment changed when necessary. Continued anticoagulant treatment beyond 6months is justified if the cancer remains active or if the patient experienced recurrence of VTE in the first 6months. In other cases, the interest of continued anticoagulant treatment may be considered on an individual patient basis in collaboration with oncologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mahé
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital Louis-Mourier, AP-HP, 92700 Colombes, France; Inserm UMR S1140, Innovations thérapeutiques en hémostase, université Paris Cité, Paris, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - D Mayeur
- Département d'oncologie médicale, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - F Couturaud
- F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Étienne, France; Département de médecine interne, médecine vasculaire et pneumologie, Inserm U1304-Getbo, université de Brest, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - F Scotté
- Département interdisciplinaire d'organisation des parcours patients (DIOPP), institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Y Benhamou
- F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Étienne, France; UniRouen, U1096, service de médecine interne, CHU Charles-Nicolle, Normandie université, Rouen, France
| | - A Benmaziane
- Département d'oncologie et de soins de supports, hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - L Bertoletti
- F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Étienne, France; Service de médecine vasculaire et thérapeutique, Inserm, UMR1059, équipe dysfonction vasculaire et hémostase, université Jean-Monnet, Inserm CIC-1408, CHU de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - S Laporte
- F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Étienne, France; Sainbiose Inserm U1059, unité de Recherche clinique, innovation et pharmacologie, hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne, université Jean-Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - P Girard
- F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Étienne, France; Institut du thorax Curie-Montsouris, Institut mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - P Mismetti
- F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Étienne, France; Service de médecine vasculaire et thérapeutique, hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - O Sanchez
- Inserm UMR S1140, Innovations thérapeutiques en hémostase, université Paris Cité, Paris, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Étienne, France; Service de pneumologie et de soins intensifs, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Mühlberg KS. Diagnosis and Therapy of Visceral Vein Thrombosis: An Update Based on the Revised AWMF S2k Guideline. Hamostaseologie 2024; 44:135-142. [PMID: 37992729 DOI: 10.1055/a-2178-6670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Splanchnic or visceral vein thromboses (VVTs) are atypical thrombotic entities and include thrombosis of the portal vein, hepatic veins (Budd-Chiari syndrome), mesenteric veins, and splenic vein. All VVTs have in common high 30-day mortality up to 20% and it seems to be difficult to diagnose VVT early because of their rarity and their wide spectrum of unspecific symptoms. VVTs are often associated with myeloproliferative neoplasia, thrombophilia, and liver cirrhosis. VVT is primarily diagnosed by sonography and/or computed tomography. In contrast to venous thromboembolism, D-dimer testing is neither established nor helpful. Anticoagulation is the first-line therapy in patients with stable circulation and no evidence of organ complications. Anticoagulation improves significantly recanalization rates and stops the progress of thrombosis. Low-molecular-weight heparin, vitamin K antagonists, as well as direct-acting oral anticoagulants are possible anticoagulants, but it is noteworthy to be aware that all recommendations supporting the off-label use of anticoagulants are based on poor evidence and consist predominantly of case series, observational studies, or studies with small case numbers. When choosing a suitable anticoagulation, the individual risk of bleeding and thrombosis must be weighted very carefully. In cases of bleeding, bowel infarction, or other complications, the optimal therapy should be determined on a case-by-case basis by an experienced multidisciplinary team involving a surgeon. Besides anticoagulation, there are therapeutic options including thrombectomy, balloon angioplasty, stenting, transjugular placement of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, liver transplantation, and ischemic bowel resection. This article gives an overview of current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja S Mühlberg
- Department of Angiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Cohen O, Caiano LM, Levy-Mendelovich S. Cancer-associated splanchnic vein thrombosis: Clinical implications and management considerations. Thromb Res 2024; 234:75-85. [PMID: 38183815 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT), a thrombosis which involves the portal, mesenteric, and splenic veins, and the Budd-Chiari syndrome, represents an uncommon type of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Like with deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities and pulmonary embolism, ample evidence suggests a significant association between SVT and cancer, particularly intra-abdominal solid malignancies (e.g. hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Clinical symptoms of SVT in cancer patients can be ambiguous, and frequently attributed to the primary cancer itself. Alternatively, SVT may be asymptomatic and detected incidentally during cancer staging or follow-up evaluations. SVT can also precede the diagnosis of cancer and has been associated with poorer outcomes in patients with liver or pancreatic cancers. Therefore, an unprovoked SVT warrants a thorough evaluation for an underlying malignancy or MPN. Cancer-associated SVT carries a high risk of VTE extension, recurrence and bleeding. Extended anticoagulant treatment is often required in the absence of a high bleeding risk. Guidelines suggest treatment with either low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), although available data on the safety and effectiveness of DOACs in these patients is limited. This comprehensive review outlines the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and diagnosis of cancer-associated SVT and underscores the importance of comprehensive patient evaluation and evidence-based management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Cohen
- National Hemophilia Center, Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Lucia Maria Caiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Sarina Levy-Mendelovich
- National Hemophilia Center, Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Calcaterra I, Tufano A, Strano F, Rufolo P, Donnarumma S, Palermo V, De Ruberto F, Cimino E, Guerrino C, Conca P, Iannuzzo G, Di Minno M. Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in splanchnic vein thrombosis: a pooled analysis of literature studies. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:534-544. [PMID: 37926192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence is available on management of splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for SVT treatment. METHODS Studies were systematically searched in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases according to PRISMA guidelines. We assessed any recanalization, full recanalization, recurrence, mortality, and major bleeding as outcomes of interest. Results were reported as weighted mean prevalence (WMP) with 95% CI. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions have been performed to address heterogeneity and adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS We included a total of 16 studies (17 datasets) on 648 patients with SVT treated with DOACs. We found any recanalization in 60.3% (95% CI: 41.8%-76.3%; I2 = 84.9%; P < .001) and full recanalization in 51.7% (95% CI: 36.0%-67.0%; I2 = 87.4%; P < .001). Recurrent venous thromboembolism occurred in 2.8% (95% CI: 1.4%-5.9%; I2 = 0%; P = .787) and death in 3.4% (95% CI: 1.6%-7.3%; I2 = 13.2%; P = .318) of patients. Major bleeding was reported by 5.8% (95% CI: 3.7%-8.9%; I2 = 29.2%; P = .125) of patients. Results were consistent when separately analyzing prospective studies, retrospective studies, studies on cirrhotic patients, and studies enrolling patients with portal vein thrombosis. Meta-regression analyses showed that an increasing age and cancer impacted the rate of recanalization. Cirrhosis was associated with a higher rate of major bleeding and mortality. CONCLUSION The results of the present study, mostly based on observational studies, suggest good safety and efficacy profiles of DOACs in patients with SVT. Randomized studies are needed to corroborate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Calcaterra
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Tufano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Strano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Rufolo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Sofia Donnarumma
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Palermo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca De Ruberto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Cimino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Cornelia Guerrino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Conca
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Iannuzzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Minno
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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Mahé I, Mayeur D, Couturaud F, Scotté F, Benhamou Y, Benmaziane A, Bertoletti L, Laporte S, Girard P, Mismetti P, Sanchez O. Anticoagulant treatment of cancer-associated thromboembolism. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 117:29-44. [PMID: 38092578 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequent and potentially fatal complication in patients with cancer. During the initial period after the thromboembolic event, a patient receiving anticoagulant treatment is exposed both to a risk of VTE recurrence and also to an elevated bleeding risk conferred by the treatment. For this reason, the choice of anticoagulant is critical. The choice should take into account patient-related factors (such as functional status, age, body mass index, platelet count and renal function), VTE-related factors (such as severity or site), cancer-related factors (such as activity and progression) and treatment-related factors (such as drug-drug interactions), which all potentially influence bleeding risk, and patient preference. These should be evaluated carefully for each patient during a multidisciplinary team meeting. For most patients, apixaban or a low molecular-weight heparin is the most appropriate initial choice for anticoagulant treatment. Such treatment should be offered to all patients with active cancer for at least six months. The patient and treatment should be re-evaluated regularly and anticoagulant treatment changed when necessary. Continued anticoagulant treatment beyond six months is justified if the cancer remains active or if the patient experienced recurrence of VTE in the first six months. In other cases, the interest of continued anticoagulant treatment may be considered on an individual patient basis in collaboration with oncologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mahé
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Louis-Mourier, AP-HP, Colombes, France; Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR S1140, innovations thérapeutiques en hémostase, Paris, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Didier Mayeur
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Georges-François-Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Francis Couturaud
- Département de Médecine Interne, Médecine Vasculaire et Pneumologie, CHU de Brest, Inserm U1304 -GETBO, université de Brest, Brest, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Florian Scotté
- Département Interdisciplinaire d'Organisation des Parcours Patients (DIOPP), Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Ygal Benhamou
- UNI Rouen U1096, service de médecine interne, Normandie université, CHU Charles-Nicolle, Rouen, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Asmahane Benmaziane
- Département d'Oncologie et de Soins de Supports, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Laurent Bertoletti
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire et Thérapeutique, CHU de Saint-Étienne, INSERM, UMR1059, Equipe Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université Jean-Monnet, Inserm CIC-1408, Saint-Étienne, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Silvy Laporte
- SAINBIOSE INSERM U1059, unité de recherche clinique, innovation et pharmacologie, hôpital Nord, université Jean-Monnet, CHU de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Girard
- Institut du Thorax Curie-Montsouris, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire et Thérapeutique, CHU Saint-Etienne, Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Olivier Sanchez
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR S1140, innovations thérapeutiques en hémostase, Paris, France; Service de Pneumologie et de Soins Intensifs, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE network, Saint-Etienne, France
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Riva N, Ageno W. How to manage splanchnic vein thrombosis in patients with liver disease. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2023; 2023:281-288. [PMID: 38066910 PMCID: PMC10727061 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2023000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis and splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) are strictly correlated. Portal vein thrombosis, the most common location of SVT, is frequently diagnosed in liver cirrhosis (pooled incidence 4.6 per 100 patient-years), and liver cirrhosis is a common risk factor for SVT (reported in 24%-28% of SVT patients). In cirrhosis-associated SVT, anticoagulant treatment reduces mortality rates, thrombosis extension, and major bleeding, and increases the rates of recanalization, compared to no treatment. Achieving vessel recanalization improves the prognosis of cirrhotic patients by reducing liver-related complications (such as variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy). Anticoagulation should be therefore routinely prescribed to cirrhotic patients with acute SVT unless contraindicated by active bleeding associated with hemodynamic impairment or by excessively high bleeding risk. Of note, early treatment is associated with higher probability of achieving vessel recanalization. The standard treatment consists of low-molecular-weight heparin, followed by oral anticoagulants (eg, vitamin K antagonists or direct oral anticoagulants), if not contraindicated by severe liver dysfunction. Cirrhotic patients with SVT should be treated long-term (especially if candidate for liver transplantation) since liver cirrhosis is a persistent risk factor for recurrent thrombosis. In this review, we discuss the management of SVT in patients with liver cirrhosis, with a focus on the anticoagulant treatment in terms of indications, timing, drugs, duration, and particular scenarios, such as gastroesophageal varices and thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Riva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Senzolo M, Garcia-Pagan JC. A major research gap: The use of anticoagulants in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1566-1570. [PMID: 37302580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Historically, anticoagulants were contraindicated in patients with cirrhosis owing to concerns about bleeding risks. However, recent studies have shown that patients with cirrhosis are not naturally anticoagulated and are at increased risk of prothrombotic events, such as portal venous thrombosis. In this article, we review preclinical and clinical data on the effects of anticoagulants in cirrhosis, including their potential benefits in reducing liver fibrosis, portal hypertension, and improving survival. Despite promising preclinical evidence, clinical translation has proven challenging. Nevertheless, we discuss the use of anticoagulation in specific clinical scenarios, such as patients with atrial fibrillation and portal vein thrombosis, and highlight the need for further research, including randomised-controlled trials, to determine the optimal role of anticoagulants in the management of patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Senzolo
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedale - Università Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN-Liver), Germany.
| | - Juan Carlos Garcia-Pagan
- Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN-Liver), Germany; Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Spain.
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9
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García-Villa A, Criado-Álvarez JJ, Carnevali M, Aramberri M, Font C, Díaz-Pedroche C. Cancer-associated splanchnic vein thrombosis: Clinical features upon diagnosis and short-term outcomes. Thromb Res 2023; 231:84-90. [PMID: 37832365 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) in cancer patients has increased in recent years and its real clinical significance and management can be challenging. This study aimed to describe the clinical presentation and short-term outcomes of patients with cancer-associated SVT. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective observational study of consecutive patients with cancer-associated SVT diagnosed during the period 2015-2020. The primary objective was to describe the clinical presentation of SVT. Patients were clinically classified into two groups based on the presence of symptoms on SVT diagnosis. The main outcomes were overall and SVT-related mortality, major and non-major bleeding rates, and the thrombosis recurrence rate in the first 30 days of follow-up. RESULTS This study enrolled 203 patients. Intra-abdominal tumors (76 %) and metastatic disease (68 %) predominated. A total of 79 (39 %) patients without symptoms were diagnosed with SVT during a scheduled radiological test and were classified as "asymptomatic", while 124 (61 %) patients presented some potential SVT symptoms and were considered as "symptomatic". Although the 30-day outcomes showed no significant differences between the two groups, mortality in the asymptomatic group was slightly lower compared to the symptomatic group (3 % vs. 10 %, p = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS Almost 40 % of cases of cancer-associated SVT are asymptomatic. There were no significant differences in short-term outcomes between the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. More studies are required to better define long-term management and outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián García-Villa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Virgen del Puerto. Paraje Valcorchero S/N, 10600 Plasencia, Spain.
| | - Juan José Criado-Álvarez
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Castilla-La Mancha University. Avenida Real Fábrica de Sedas S/N, 45600 Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | - María Carnevali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Avenida de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Aramberri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo. Labeaga Auzoa, 48960 Galdakao, Spain
| | - Carme Font
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona. Carrer Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Díaz-Pedroche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Avenida de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Li A, Zhang MC, Li P, Eshaghpour A, Li K, Carrier M, Wells P, Crowther MA. Direct oral anticoagulants for the treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2023; 229:209-218. [PMID: 37544136 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) is an uncommon manifestation of venous thromboembolism in the splanchnic venous system, with scarce evidence surrounding its management. We assessed the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) to low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH), vitamin-k antagonists (VKAs), or no anticoagulation. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with the primary efficacy outcome being complete recanalization of affected vessels and primary safety outcome being major bleeding. Meta-analysis was done using a random-effects model, with dichotomous outcomes being synthesized with odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95 % CIs. RESULTS Seven non-randomized and one randomized study involving 883 participants were included for analysis. DOACs were more effective than VKAs (OR = 4.33; 95 % CI: 2.4, 7.83; n = 1 study) in non-cirrhotic patients and no anticoagulation in cirrhotic patients (OR = 3.86; 95 % CI: 1.49, 10.03; n = 3 studies). DOACs had a statistically significant reduction in major bleeding compared to observation [OR = 0.09; 95 % CI: 0.03, 0.29; n = 3 studies], LMWHs [OR = 0.13; 95 % CI: 0.03, 0.29; n = 1 study] and VKAs [OR = 0.12; 95 % CI: 0.02, 0.69; n = 2 studies] in non-cirrhotic patients. No difference in major bleeding was found between DOACs and observation, LMWH, or VKAs in cirrhotic patients. CONCLUSION DOACs appear to be a favorable alternative to VKAs and LMWHs in non-cirrhotic patients. This avenue of research would benefit from larger studies that adjust for SVT etiologies, patient risk factors, and overall bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Li
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ming Chan Zhang
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pei Li
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Eshaghpour
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Li
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Carrier
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Wells
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Mitev S, Topalova-Dimitrova A, Varlyakov A, Popov D. Acute mesenteric ischemia secondary to superior mesenteric vein thrombosis in a patient with liver cirrhosis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34549. [PMID: 37565896 PMCID: PMC10419507 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute mesenteric ischemia due to superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thrombosis is a rare yet potentially life-threatening emergency. Our case report explores this condition in the context of a patient with liver cirrhosis due to Wilson disease. We specifically highlight the complex derangement of the coagulative balance in liver cirrhosis. PATIENT CONCERNS A 34-year-old female with Wilson disease-related cirrhosis presented with intractable abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting that showed no response to antispasmodic medication. DIAGNOSES A contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scan and Doppler ultrasound confirmed an intraluminal filling defect in the SMV, leading to the diagnosis of SMV thrombosis. INTERVENTIONS Prompt anticoagulation, intravenous fluids, and an antibiotic were initiated. Surgical consultation recommended conservative therapy with close monitoring. OUTCOMES Over the following 2 days, the patient's condition improved considerably, with almost complete resolution of her symptoms. Genetic testing identified a 4G/4G homozygous genotype of the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene, associated with a higher risk of thrombosis in the vessels of internal organs. After 2 months of sustained anticoagulant therapy, a follow-up contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan revealed near-complete recanalization of the SMV, and the patient remained symptom-free. LESSONS This case underscores the importance of early detection and treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia in patients with liver cirrhosis, as well as the potential role of genetic factors in thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mitev
- Gastroenterology Clinic, University Hospital Sv Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Anton Varlyakov
- Radiology Department, University Hospital Sv Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Popov
- Gastroenterology Clinic, University Hospital Sv Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
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12
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Valeriani E, Pignatelli P, Senzolo M, Ageno W. Timing of anticoagulation for the management of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:102-105. [PMID: 37408576 PMCID: PMC10318919 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Valeriani
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome00185, Italy
- Department of Infectious Disease, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, Roma00161, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome00185, Italy
| | - Marco Senzolo
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit-Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova, Padova35128, Italy
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese21100, Italy
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13
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Rautou PE, Caldwell SH, Villa E. Bleeding and Thrombotic Complications in Patients With Cirrhosis: A State-of-the-Art Appraisal. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21:2110-2123. [PMID: 37121529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Much has evolved over the past 25 years regarding our understanding of the coagulopathy of liver disease. Paradoxically, this form of coagulopathy is relatively hypercoagulability despite the common clinical impression of a hemorrhagic tendency. The latter is largely driven by portal-mesenteric venous pressure (ie, portal hypertension) and has little to do with hemostatic pathways. It cannot be emphasized enough that the INR does not offer a meaningful measure in this situation and may lead to interventions such as fresh frozen plasma that can actually worsen portal pressure and hence pressure-driven bleeding. With regard to procedure-related bleeding, we point out substantial differences in the definition of high-risk procedures and propose a new operational definition dependent on the applicability of local hemostatic measures, although this requires further investigation. The common occurrence of venous thrombosis in these patients requires careful consideration of hemostatic pathways and overall risk and benefit of intervention. The decision regarding anticoagulation therapy needs to be driven not only by a global assessment including history of non-portal hypertensive-related bleeding, but also by fall risk which can result in head trauma in patients prone to encephalopathy. This is probably best estimated by frailty but has yet to be adequately investigated. In the background of these concerns, several superimposed and complex conditions including infections and renal dysfunction should be taken into account. Inherited forms of thrombophilia in the setting of cirrhosis perhaps do not outweigh the thrombophilia inherent to liver disease but warrant further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Université Paris-Cité, Inserm, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, UMR 1149, Paris, France; Service d'Hépatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, DMU DIGEST, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, FILFOIE, ERN RARE-LIVER, Clichy, France
| | - Stephen H Caldwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
| | - Erica Villa
- Gastroenterology Unit, CHIMOMO Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; IRCCS Saverio de Bellis, Castellana Grotte, Italy
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14
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Oktaviana J, Lui B, Ho P, Lim HY. A 10-year Australian experience of rare intraabdominal venous thrombosis with comparison to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2023; 34:191-198. [PMID: 36966765 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intra-abdominal venous thromboembolism is rare with heterogeneous management. We aim to evaluate these thrombosis and compare them to deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. METHOD A 10-year retrospective evaluation of consecutive venous thromboembolism presentations (January 2011-December 2020) at Northern Health, Australia, was conducted. A subanalysis of intraabdominal venous thrombosis involving splanchnic, renal and ovarian veins was performed. RESULTS There were 3343 episodes including 113 cases of intraabdominal venous thrombosis (3.4%) - 99 splanchnic vein thrombosis, 10 renal vein thrombosis and 4 ovarian vein thrombosis. Of the splanchnic vein thrombosis presentations, 34 patients (35 cases) had known cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis were numerically less likely to be anticoagulated compared to noncirrhotic patients (21/35 vs. 47/64, P = 0.17). Noncirrhotic patients ( n = 64) were more likely to have malignancy compared to those with deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism (24/64 vs. 543/3230, P < 0.001), including 10 patients diagnosed at time of splanchnic vein thrombosis presentation. Cirrhotic patients reported more recurrent thrombosis/clot progression (6/34) compared to noncirrhotic patients (3/64) (15.6 vs. 2.3 events/100-person-years; hazard ratio 4.7 (95% confidence interval 1.2-18.9), P = 0.030) and other venous thromboembolism patients (2.6/100-person-years; hazard ratio 4.7, 95% confidence interval 2.1-10.7; P < 0.001) with comparable major bleeding rates. All renal vein thrombosis were provoked including five malignant-related cases while three ovarian vein thrombosis occurred postpartum. No recurrent thrombotic or bleeding complications were reported in renal vein thrombosis and ovarian vein thrombosis. CONCLUSION These rare intraabdominal venous thromboses are often provoked. Splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) patients with cirrhosis have a higher rate of thrombotic complications, while SVT without cirrhosis was associated with more malignancy. Given the concurrent comorbidities, careful assessment and individualized anticoagulation decision is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica Oktaviana
- Northern Clinical Pathology, Thrombosis and Radiology (NECTAR) Research Group (Northern Pathology Victoria), Department of Haematology, Northern Health, Epping
| | - Brandon Lui
- Northern Clinical Pathology, Thrombosis and Radiology (NECTAR) Research Group (Northern Pathology Victoria), Department of Haematology, Northern Health, Epping
| | - Prahlad Ho
- Northern Clinical Pathology, Thrombosis and Radiology (NECTAR) Research Group (Northern Pathology Victoria), Department of Haematology, Northern Health, Epping
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne
- Department of Medicine (Northern Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui Y Lim
- Northern Clinical Pathology, Thrombosis and Radiology (NECTAR) Research Group (Northern Pathology Victoria), Department of Haematology, Northern Health, Epping
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne
- Department of Medicine (Northern Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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15
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Caiano LM, Riva N, Ageno W. Anticoagulant therapy for splanchnic vein thrombosis: recent updates for patients with liver cirrhosis. Expert Rev Hematol 2023; 16:121-129. [PMID: 36820873 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2023.2184340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver cirrhosis is accompanied by several hemostatic alterations, which contribute to the current theory of "rebalanced hemostasis." Splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) is a frequent complication of liver cirrhosis (17-26% of the cirrhotic patients), and liver cirrhosis is a common risk factor for SVT (24-28% of SVT cases). AREAS COVERED This narrative review aims to describe the current state of the art on the anticoagulant treatment of cirrhotic SVT, with a particular focus on the possible role of the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and recent guidelines on this topic. EXPERT OPINION Early anticoagulant therapy is recommended in cirrhotic patients with acute SVT, to obtain vessel recanalization and decrease the rates of portal hypertension-related complications. Gastroesophageal varices do not represent a contraindication to anticoagulation, if adequate prophylaxis of variceal bleeding is established, and varices band ligation can be safely performed without the need to stop the anticoagulant treatment. The conventional treatment of cirrhotic SVT consisted of low molecular weight heparin, as initial treatment of choice, eventually followed by vitamin K antagonists, but the DOACs can be considered as a reasonable alternative in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Caiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Riva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Acute Mesenteric Ischemia Secondary to Superior Mesenteric Vein Thrombosis. Cureus 2022; 14:e30819. [PMID: 36451637 PMCID: PMC9703029 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) can result in ischemia of the intestine. A 71-year-old male presented with pain in the abdomen and a black tarry stool. The findings from computed tomography (CT) with the contrast of the abdomen suggest the thrombosis of the SMV. Heparin was administered, followed by thrombectomy and stenting of the SMV. The patient reported no complications and was shifted from heparin to apixaban and then discharged after a five-day hospital stay.
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