Risk factors and screening for neurocognitive impacts of therapy

Neuropsychological Performance and Its Predictors in the Early Treatment Phase of Non-CNS Pediatric Cancer

BACKGROUND

Pediatric cancer survivors can experience neuropsychological problems in the long term. Less is known about neuropsychological performance and its possible predictors in the early treatment phase of non-central nervous system (CNS) cancers.

PROCEDURE

This study describes the neuropsychological performance of 104 children with leukemia (n = 43), lymphoma (n = 29), or a non-CNS solid tumor (n = 33) aged 5-18 years at diagnosis (M = 11.78, SD = 3.71, 48% female), 4.52 months (SD = 0.77) after diagnosis. Using one-sample t-tests, measures of IQ, attention, memory, working memory, verbal fluency, processing speed, and reading were compared to age-matched norm scores. Individual comparisons were performed with paired t-tests, comparing participants' neuropsychological scores to their estimated IQ (EIQ). Multiple regression analyses related medical factors, pre-existing developmental vulnerabilities, and family psychosocial risk to neuropsychological outcomes, corrected for age at diagnosis, sex, and EIQ.

RESULTS

EIQ was significantly above the population mean (M = 105.25, SD = 12.15, p < 0.05), and most neuropsychological outcomes were within the average range compared to age-matched norms. Compared to their EIQ, however, participants' scores were on average significantly lower for almost all neuropsychological outcomes (p < 0.05). Medical factors, developmental vulnerabilities, and family psychosocial risk were not associated with neuropsychological outcomes (p > 0.05) in multivariable models. In a follow-up analysis, family psychosocial risk was related to memory (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Children with non-CNS cancers perform within the average range on most neuropsychological tests. However, most scores are lower than participants' EIQ, revealing potential vulnerabilities. Family psychosocial risk may relate to memory. Future studies should include longitudinal follow-up and alternative predictors to clarify what contributes to early neuropsychological difficulties.

Severe Sepsis During Treatment for Childhood Leukemia and Sequelae Among Adult Survivors

Importance

Children undergoing treatment for leukemia are at increased risk of severe sepsis, a dysregulated immune response to infection leading to acute organ dysfunction. As cancer survivors, they face a high burden of long-term adverse effects. The association between sepsis during anticancer therapy and long-term organ dysfunction in adult survivors of childhood cancer has not been examined.

Objective

To determine whether severe sepsis during therapy for leukemia in childhood is associated with subsequent chronic health conditions in adult survivors.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study included 644 adult survivors of childhood leukemia who were diagnosed between January 1, 1985, and July 19, 2010, and participated in the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study. Participants were excluded if they received hematopoietic cell transplant or had relapsed leukemia. Data collection ended June 30, 2017. Data were analyzed from July 1, 2020, to January 5, 2024.

Exposures

Severe sepsis episodes, defined according to consensus criteria as septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or multiorgan dysfunction associated with infection occurring during anticancer therapy, were abstracted by medical record review for all participants.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events-defined chronic health condition outcomes were independently abstracted. Associations between sepsis and cumulative incidence of chronic health conditions (eg, cardiovascular, pulmonary, kidney, neurological, and neurocognitive outcomes) were compared by adjusted hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazards logistic regression. Inverse propensity score weighting was used to adjust for potential confounders, including age, year of diagnosis, and leukemia type.

Results

The study sample consisted of 644 adult survivors of pediatric leukemia (329 women [51.1%] and 315 men [48.9%]; including 56 with a history of acute myeloid leukemia and 585 with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia) who were most recently evaluated at a median age of 24.7 (IQR, 21.2-28.3) years at a median time after leukemia diagnosis of 17.3 (IQR, 13.7-21.9) years. Severe sepsis during treatment of acute childhood leukemia occurred in 46 participants (7.1%). Participants who experienced severe sepsis during treatment were more likely to develop moderate to severe neurocognitive impairment (29 of 46 [63.0%] vs 310 of 598 [51.8%]; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.61-2.16]; P < .001) significantly affecting attention, executive function, memory and visuospatial domains. Sepsis was not associated with long-term risk of cardiovascular, pulmonary, kidney, or neurological chronic health conditions.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of long-term outcomes in survivors of pediatric leukemia, severe sepsis during anticancer therapy for leukemia was associated with a selectively increased risk for development of serious neurocognitive sequelae. Efforts to reduce the effects of anticancer therapy on long-term function and quality of life in survivors might include prevention of severe sepsis during therapy and early detection or amelioration of neurocognitive deficits in survivors of sepsis.

Long-term follow-up of CD19-CAR T-cell therapy in children and young adults with B-ALL

The tremendous successes of CD19-directed CAR T cells in children and young adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) has led to the more widespread use of this important treatment modality. With an ability to induce remission and potentially lead to long-term survival in patients with multiply relapsed/chemotherapy refractory disease, more children are now receiving this therapy with the hope of inducing a long-term durable remission (with or without consolidative hematopoietic cell transplantation). While overcoming the acute toxicities was critical to its broad implementation, the emerging utilization requires close evaluation of subacute and delayed toxicities alongside a consideration of late effects and issues related to survivorship following CAR T cells. In this underexplored area of toxicity monitoring, this article reviews the current state of the art in relationship to delayed toxicities while highlighting areas of future research in the study of late effects in children and young adults receiving CAR T cells.