How can we minimise the use of regular oral corticosteroids in asthma?

Costs of Oral Corticosteroid Use in Patients with Severe Asthma With/Without Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Data from the Italian SANI Registry

INTRODUCTION

The burden of severe asthma on patients, especially on those with concomitant chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), is substantial. Treatment intensification with oral corticosteroids is a common strategy for managing severe asthma exacerbations; however, prolonged exposure to systemic corticosteroids is associated with multisystem toxicity. This study aimed to quantify the association between oral corticosteroid use and annual asthma-related costs in patients with severe asthma with or without CRSwNP.

METHODS

This pharmacoeconomic analysis was based on data from the Severe Asthma Network in Italy (SANI) registry. Asthma-related costs were estimated in the context of the Italian healthcare system and included exacerbations requiring treatment intensification, unplanned visits, admissions to hospital and emergency/intensive care units, and lost workdays. For each item, the mean annual cost per patient was estimated based on national tariffs and the frequency of the event. To quantify the association between oral corticosteroid treatment and costs, the study cohort was stratified according to oral corticosteroid use in the 1-year preceding inclusion in the SANI registry.

RESULTS

A total of 669 patients from the SANI registry were included in the present analysis, 255 of whom had concomitant CRSwNP. Corticosteroid use was associated with significantly higher annual disease-related costs per patient compared with no corticosteroid use. Compared with the overall study cohort and patients without CRSwNP, patients with CRSwNP had higher disease-related costs (higher by €1307 and €1869, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Use of corticosteroids, in particular systemic corticosteroids, is associated with an increase in asthma-related costs. The concomitant presence of CRSwNP impacts negatively on costs. This study suggests that a thorough analysis of costs, expected benefits, and occurrence of adverse events is required when selecting treatment intensification strategies for managing uncontrolled severe asthma.

Non-episodic angioedema with eosinophilia as a differential diagnosis of eosinophilia in young females

Background

Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia, also known as Gleich's syndrome, is a differential diagnosis in patients with recurrent angioedema with higher blood eosinophils. Meanwhile, less has been elucidated regarding non-episodic angioedema with eosinophilia (NEAE). This study aimed to examine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and disease course of NEAE.

Methods

By reviewing the electronic medical records, we identified patients with NEAE among those referred to allergy clinics due to eosinophilia from January 2021 to December 2023 at Asan Medical Center.

Results

Among 687 patients with eosinophilia, 58 (8.4%) were diagnosed with and treated for NEAE. All patients were females, with a mean age of 31.79 years. The mean absolute blood eosinophil count was 4468.76 cells/μL. All patients reported symmetric angioedema of the lower legs, and 37 (63.8%) had additional angioedema of the upper arms. Twenty-five (43.1%) patients reported a preceding event prior to onset of angioedema. Systemic corticosteroids (mean total dose 1745 ± 508.49 mg) were prescribed to all patients, with a treatment duration of approximately 40 days to achieve resolution. Following the resolution of angioedema, 6 patients experienced persistent arthralgia, 1 developed chronic spontaneous urticaria, and 1 developed hypereosinophilic syndrome.

Conclusions

NEAE is an essential differential diagnosis in young female patients with eosinophilia, particularly those presenting with symmetric peripheral angioedema.

[Efficacy and toxicity of short-course corticosteroid therapy in chronic bronchial diseases]

Chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterized by airway inflammation. While corticosteroids (CS) are frequently prescribed during exacerbations of these conditions, their repeated use is associated with numerous side effects. The aim of this review is to synthesize the recent literature on the indications, benefits, and risks of short-term CS therapy for these two diseases. French guidelines recommend short-term CS as a first-line treatment during asthma exacerbation (0,5 to 1mg/kg/day, not exceeding 60mg/day, for at least 5 to 7 days) or as a second-line treatment for COPD exacerbation (5 days, 30 to 40mg/day). However, these recommendations are not without limitations; they are primarily based on studies conducted in hospital settings, raising questions about the generalizability of their results to primary care, and as they employ a "one size fits all" strategy, they do not take into account the phenotypic heterogeneity of different patients. Moreover, repeated short-term CS courses generate side effects that even at low doses can appear early in young asthma patients, and they can exacerbate pre-existing comorbidities in COPD patients. The concept of a threshold dose should be employed in routine practice in view of accurately assessing the risk of side effects. In the near future, it will be important to consider recently published data supporting the use of predictive biomarkers for responses to CS, particularly in COPD cases.

Recommendations for asthma monitoring in children: A PeARL document endorsed by APAPARI, EAACI, INTERASMA, REG, and WAO

Monitoring is a major component of asthma management in children. Regular monitoring allows for diagnosis confirmation, treatment optimization, and natural history review. Numerous factors that may affect disease activity and patient well-being need to be monitored: response and adherence to treatment, disease control, disease progression, comorbidities, quality of life, medication side-effects, allergen and irritant exposures, diet and more. However, the prioritization of such factors and the selection of relevant assessment tools is an unmet need. Furthermore, rapidly developing technologies promise new opportunities for closer, or even "real-time," monitoring between visits. Following an approach that included needs assessment, evidence appraisal, and Delphi consensus, the PeARL Think Tank, in collaboration with major international professional and patient organizations, has developed a set of 24 recommendations on pediatric asthma monitoring, to support healthcare professionals in decision-making and care pathway design.

Dupilumab Improves Lung Function Parameters in Pediatric Type 2 Asthma: VOYAGE Study

BACKGROUND

Uncontrolled asthma in growing children can impair lung growth that may lead to adverse complications in later life. Dupilumab, a human monoclonal antibody, blocks the shared receptor for IL-4 and IL-13, key drivers of type 2 inflammation.

OBJECTIVE

To extensively evaluate the effect of dupilumab on lung function in children (6-11 years) with moderate-to-severe asthma enrolled in phase 3 LIBERTY ASTHMA VOYAGE (NCT02948959).

METHODS

Children with asthma were randomized 2:1 to add-on dupilumab 100/200 mg by bodyweight or placebo every 2 weeks, for 52 weeks. We analyzed spirometry parameters in children with type 2 asthma (blood eosinophils ≥150 cells/μL or fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO] ≥20 parts per billion [ppb] at baseline) and within subgroups defined by baseline blood eosinophils or FeNO values.

RESULTS

A total of 116 (49%) dupilumab-treated children and 59 (52%) on placebo had impaired lung function (prebronchodilator percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second [ppFEV1] <80%) at baseline. Dupilumab improved pre- and postbronchodilator ppFEV1 as early as week 2, sustained for up to 52 weeks (least-squares mean difference vs placebo at week 52: 7.79 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.36-11.22; P < .001 and 4.37 points; 95% CI: 0.95-7.78; P = .01, respectively). Sustained improvements were also observed in other lung function parameters, including pre- and postbronchodilator forced vital capacity (FVC), prebronchodilator forced expiratory flow, and FEV1/FVC ratio across all populations.

CONCLUSIONS

Dupilumab led to significant, sustained lung function improvements across a range of lung function measures in children (6-11 years) with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe type 2 asthma.

Expert consensus on the use of systemic glucocorticoids for managing eosinophil-related diseases

Eosinophil-related diseases represent a group of pathologic conditions with highly heterogeneous clinical presentation and symptoms ranging from mild to critical. Both systemic and localized forms of disease are typically treated with glucocorticoids. The approval of novel biologic therapies targeting the interleukin-5 pathway can help reduce the use of systemic glucocorticoids (SGC) in eosinophilic diseases and reduce the risk of SGC-related adverse effects (AEs). In this article, a panel of experts from different medical specialties reviewed current evidence on the use of SGC in two systemic eosinophilic diseases: Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with PolyAngiitis (EGPA) and HyperEosinophilic Syndrome (HES); and in two single-organ (respiratory) eosinophilic diseases: Chronic RhinoSinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) and Severe Asthma with Eosinophil Phenotype (SA-EP), and contrasted it with their experience in clinical practice. Using nominal group technique, they reached consensus on key aspects related to the dose and tapering of SGC as well as on the initiation of biologics as SGC-sparing agents. Early treatment with biologics could help prevent AEs associated with medium and long-term use of SGC.

Multiple Biologics for Multiple T2 Diseases: A Pharmacoepidemiological Algorithm for Sorting Out Patients by Indication

Background

Several biologics (Bx) and targeted synthetic drugs (TSD) exist to treat T2 diseases, including chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), severe asthma (SA), chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) or atopic dermatitis (AD).

Objective

To identify patients treated with Bx/TSD from a dynamic dispensing database using an algorithm-based methodology.

Methods

We used the LRx database (Lifelink Treatment dynamics, IQVIA) which covers nearly 45% of the French retail pharmacies. Patients who had at least one Bx/TSD dispensing from April 2021 to March 2022 were included. An algorithm was designed to determine the indication of the Bx/TSD prescription analyzing all previous drug dispensation since March 2012 following a 3-steps procedure.

Results

A total of 21,677 patients received at least one Bx/TSD between March 2021 and April 2022. The algorithm identified 91.7% (n = 19,884) patients with a T2 disease (AD = 18.4%, CRSwNP = 1.5%, SA = 59.5%, and CSU = 12.4%), the rest having either an association of diseases (1%) or an undetermined one (7.3%). SA was the main reason for Bx/TSD initiation (52%), followed by AD (29%), CSU (14%) and CRSwNP (5%). For SA patients already under biologic at entry, omalizumab was the most frequently prescribed (48%) followed by benralizumab, mepolizumab (22% each) and dupilumab (8%). Dupilumab was mostly prescribed for AD patients (89% for patient-initiated vs 96% for patient-renewed) followed by baricitinib.

Conclusion

The algorithm was able to identify patients with T2 diseases under Bx/TSD treatments. This tool may help to follow the evolution of prescription patterns in the future.

Consensus on the management of united airways disease with type 2 inflammation: a multidisciplinary Delphi study

BACKGROUND

Scientific evidence on patients with multimorbid type 2 asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) from a united airways disease (UAD) perspective remains scarce, despite the frequent coexistence of these entities. We aimed to generate expert consensus-based recommendations for the management of UAD patients.

METHODS

Using a two-round Delphi method, Spanish expert allergists, pulmonologists and otolaryngologists expressed their agreement on 32 statements (52 items) on a 9-point Likert scale, classified as appropriate (median 7-9), uncertain (4-6) or inappropriate (1-3). Consensus was considered when at least two-thirds of the panel scored within the range containing the median.

RESULTS

A panel of 30 experts reached consensus on the appropriateness of 43 out of the 52 (82.7%) items. The usefulness of certain biomarkers (tissue and peripheral blood eosinophil count, serum total IgE, and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO]) in the identification and follow-up of type 2 inflammation, and assessment of the response to biologics, were agreed. Some of these biomarkers were also associated with disease severity and/or recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Consensus was achieved on treatment strategies related to the prescription of anti-IL-4/IL-13 or anti-IgE agents, concomitant treatment with systemic corticosteroids, and combining or switching to biologics with a different mechanism of action, considering a number of UAD clinical scenarios.

CONCLUSION

We provide expert-based recommendations to assist in clinical decision-making for the management of patients with multimorbid type 2 asthma and CRSwNP. Specific clinical trials and real-world studies focusing on the single-entity UAD are required to address controversial items.

Cutoff Values of MASK-air Patient-Reported Outcome Measures

BACKGROUND

In clinical and epidemiological studies, cutoffs of patient-reported outcome measures can be used to classify patients into groups of statistical and clinical relevance. However, visual analog scale (VAS) cutoffs in MASK-air have not been tested.

OBJECTIVE

To calculate cutoffs for VAS global, nasal, ocular, and asthma symptoms.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional study design of all MASK-air participants, we compared (1) approaches based on the percentiles (tertiles or quartiles) of VAS distributions and (2) data-driven approaches based on clusters of data from 2 comparators (VAS work and VAS sleep). We then performed sensitivity analyses for individual countries and for VAS levels corresponding to full allergy control. Finally, we tested the different approaches using MASK-air real-world cross-sectional and longitudinal data to assess the most relevant cutoffs.

RESULTS

We assessed 395,223 days from 23,201 MASK-air users with self-reported allergic rhinitis. The percentile-oriented approach resulted in lower cutoff values than the data-driven approach. We obtained consistent results in the data-driven approach. Following the latter, the proposed cutoff differentiating "controlled" and "partly-controlled" patients was similar to the cutoff value that had been arbitrarily used (20/100). However, a lower cutoff was obtained to differentiate between "partly-controlled" and "uncontrolled" patients (35 vs the arbitrarily-used value of 50/100).

CONCLUSIONS

Using a data-driven approach, we were able to define cutoff values for MASK-air VASs on allergy and asthma symptoms. This may allow for a better classification of patients with rhinitis and asthma according to different levels of control, supporting improved disease management.

Allergic Sensitization Driving Immune Phenotyping and Disease Severity in a Mouse Model of Asthma

PURPOSE

Asthma is a frequent chronic inflammatory bronchial disease affecting more than 300 million patients worldwide, 70% of whom are secondary to allergy. The diversity of asthmatic endotypes contributes to their complexity. The inter-relationship between allergen and other exposure and the airway microbiome adds to the phenotypic diversity and defines the natural course of asthma. Here, we compared the mouse models of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma. Allergic sensitization was performed via various routes and associated with outcomes.

METHODS

Mice were sensitized with HDM via the oral, nasal or percutaneous routes. Lung function, barrier integrity, immune response and microbiota composition were analyzed.

RESULTS

Severe impairment of respiratory function was observed in the mice sensitized by the nasal and cutaneous paths. It was associated with epithelial dysfunction characterized by an increased permeability secondary to junction protein disruption. Such sensitization paths induced a mixed eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammatory response with high interleukin (IL)-17 airway secretion. In contrast, orally sensitized mice showed a mild impairment of respiratory function. Epithelial dysfunction was mild with increased mucus production, but preserved epithelial junctions. Regarding lung microbiota, sensitization provoked a significant loss of diversity. At the genus level, Cutibacterium, Acinetobacter, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were found to be modulated according to the sensitization pathway. An increase in theanti-inflammatory microbiota metabolites was observed in the oral-sensitization group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study highlights the strong impact of the sensitization route on the pathophysiology and the critical phenotypic diversity of allergic asthma in a mouse model.

Long-term effect of asthma on the development of obesity among adults: an international cohort study, ECRHS

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a known risk factor for asthma. Although some evidence showed asthma causing obesity in children, the link between asthma and obesity has not been investigated in adults.

METHODS

We used data from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS), a cohort study in 11 European countries and Australia in 3 waves between 1990 and 2014, at intervals of approximately 10 years. We considered two study periods: from ECRHS I (t) to ECRHS II (t+1), and from ECRHS II (t) to ECRHS III (t+1). We excluded obese (body mass index≥30 kg/m²) individuals at visit t. The relative risk (RR) of obesity at t+1 associated with asthma at t was estimated by multivariable modified Poisson regression (lag) with repeated measurements. Additionally, we examined the association of atopy and asthma medication on the development of obesity.

RESULTS

We included 7576 participants in the period ECRHS I-II (51.5% female, mean (SD) age of 34 (7) years) and 4976 in ECRHS II-III (51.3% female, 42 (8) years). 9% of participants became obese in ECRHS I-II and 15% in ECRHS II-III. The risk of developing obesity was higher among asthmatics than non-asthmatics (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.38), and particularly higher among non-atopic than atopic (1.47; 1.17 to 1.86 vs 1.04; 0.86 to 1.27), those with longer disease duration (1.32; 1.10 to 1.59 in >20 years vs 1.12; 0.87 to 1.43 in ≤20 years) and those on oral corticosteroids (1.99; 1.26 to 3.15 vs 1.15; 1.03 to 1.28). Physical activity was not a mediator of this association.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study showing that adult asthmatics have a higher risk of developing obesity than non-asthmatics, particularly those non-atopic, of longer disease duration or on oral corticosteroids.

Corticosteroid Responsiveness Following Mepolizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma-A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial (MAPLE)

BACKGROUND

Mepolizumab inhibits IL-5 activity and reduces exacerbation frequency and maintenance oral corticosteroid (OCS) dosage in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA). Some patients remain dependent on OCS despite anti-IL-5 treatment, suggesting residual corticosteroid-responsive mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the clinical and anti-inflammatory effects of OCS in patients with SEA on mepolizumab.

METHODS

We conducted a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/d, maximum 40 mg/d, for 14 ± 2 days) in adults with SEA after 12 or more weeks of mepolizumab. We compared change in asthma symptoms, quality of life, lung function measured by spirometry and airwave oscillometry, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and blood and sputum eosinophil cell count after prednisolone and placebo treatment.

RESULTS

A total of 27 patients completed the study. Prednisolone did not improve 5-item Asthma Control Questionnaire (mean difference in change for prednisolone vs placebo, -0.23; 95% CI, -0.58 to 0.11), mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (0.03; 95% CI, -0.26 to 0.42), St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (0.24; 95% CI, -3.20 to 3.69), or Visual Analogue Scale scores for overall asthma symptoms (0.11; 95% CI, -0.58 to 0.80). The mean difference for FEV₁ in favor of prednisolone was 105 mL (95% CI, -4 to 213 mL); forced expiratory flow at 25% and 75% 484 mL/s (95% CI, 151 to 816 mL/s); fractional exhaled nitric oxide reduction 41% (95% CI, 25% to 54%); blood eosinophil count reduction 49% (95% CI, 31% to 62%); and percentage of sputum eosinophil reduction 71% (95% CI, 26% to 89%).

CONCLUSIONS

OCS improved small-airway obstruction and reduced biomarkers of type 2 inflammation but had no significant effect on symptoms or quality of life in patients with SEA receiving treatment with mepolizumab.

Characterization of Selective and Potent JAK1 Inhibitors Intended for the Inhaled Treatment of Asthma

Purpose

Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) is implicated in multiple inflammatory pathways that are critical for the pathogenesis of asthma, including the interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin cytokine signaling pathways, which have previously been targeted to treat allergic asthma. Here, we describe the development of AZD0449 and AZD4604, two novel and highly selective JAK1 inhibitors with promising properties for inhalation.

Methods

The effects of AZD0449 and AZD4604 in JAK1 signaling pathways were assessed by measuring phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins and chemokine release using immunoassays of whole blood from healthy human volunteers and rats. Pharmacokinetic studies performed on rats evaluated AZD0449 at a lung deposited dose of 52 μg/kg and AZD4604 at 30 µg/kg. The efficacy of AZD0449 and AZD4604 was assessed by evaluating lung inflammation (cell count and cytokine levels) and the late asthmatic response (average enhanced pause [Penh]).

Results

Both compounds inhibited JAK1-dependent cytokine signaling pathways in a dose-dependent manner in human and rat leukocytes. After intratracheal administration in rats, both compounds exhibited low systemic exposures and medium-to-long terminal lung half-lives (AZD0449, 34 hours; AZD4604, 5 hours). Both compounds inhibited STAT3 and STAT5 phosphorylation in lung tissue from ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged rats. AZD0449 and AZD4604 also inhibited eosinophilia in the lung and reduced the late asthmatic response, measured as Penh in the OVA rat model.

Conclusion

AZD0449 and AZD4604 show potential as inhibitors of signaling pathways involved in asthmatic immune responses, with target engagement demonstrated locally in the lung. These findings support the clinical development of AZD0449 and AZD4604 for the treatment of patients with asthma.

Over-prescription of short-acting β2-agonists and asthma management in the Gulf region: a multicountry observational study

Background

The overuse of short-acting β₂-agonists (SABA) is associated with poor asthma control. However, data on SABA use in the Gulf region are limited. Herein, we describe SABA prescription practices and clinical outcomes in patients with asthma from the Gulf cohort of the SABA use IN Asthma (SABINA) III study.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study conducted at 16 sites across Kuwait, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates, eligible patients (aged ≥ 12 years) with asthma were classified based on investigator-defined disease severity guided by the 2017 Global Initiative for Asthma report and by practice type, i.e., respiratory specialist or primary care physician. Data on demographics, disease characteristics, and prescribed asthma treatments, including SABA, in the 12 months prior to a single, prospective, study visit were transcribed onto electronic case report forms (eCRFs). All analyses were descriptive in nature. Continuous variables were summarized by the number of non-missing values, given as mean (standard deviation [SD]) and median (range). Categorical variables were summarized by frequency counts and percentages.

Results

This study analyzed data from 301 patients with asthma, 54.5% of whom were treated by respiratory specialists. Most patients were female (61.8%), with a mean age of 43.9 years, and 84.4% were classified with moderate-to-severe disease, with a mean (SD) asthma duration of 14.8 (10.8) years. Asthma was partly controlled or uncontrolled in 51.2% of patients, with 41.9% experiencing ≥ 1 severe exacerbation in the 12 months preceding their study visit. Overall, 58.5% of patients were prescribed ≥ 3 SABA canisters, 19.3% were prescribed ≥ 10 canisters, and 13.3% purchased SABA over-the-counter (OTC) in the 12 months before the study visit. Most patients who purchased OTC SABA (92.5%) also received SABA prescriptions. Inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β₂-agonist combinations and oral corticosteroid bursts were prescribed to 87.7% and 22.6% of patients, respectively.

Conclusions

SABA over-prescription was highly prevalent in the Gulf region, compounded by purchases of nonprescription SABA and suboptimal asthma-related outcomes. Increased awareness among policymakers and healthcare practitioners is needed to ensure implementation of current, evidence-based, treatment recommendations to optimize asthma management in this region.

Trial registration

NCT03857178 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40733-022-00085-5.

Personalized Management of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps in Clinical Practice: A Multidisciplinary Consensus Statement

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a sino-nasal chronic inflammatory disease, occurring in 5–15% of the general population. CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is present in up to 30% of the CRS population. One-third of CRSwNP patients suffer from disease that is uncontrolled by current standards of care. Biologics are an emerging treatment option for patients with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP, but their positioning in the treatment algorithm is under discussion. Effective endotyping of CRSwNP patients who could benefit from biologics treatment is required, as suggested by international guidelines. Other issues affecting management include comorbidities, such as allergy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug–exacerbated respiratory disease, and asthma. Therefore, the choice of treatment in CRSwNP patients depends on many factors. A multidisciplinary approach may improve CRSwNP management in patients with comorbidities, but currently there is no shared management model. We summarize the outcomes of a Delphi process involving a multidisciplinary panel of otolaryngologists, pulmonologists, and allergist-immunologists involved in the management of CRSwNP, who attempted to reach consensus on key statements relating to the diagnosis, endotyping, classification and management (including the place of biologics) of CRSwNP patients.

Pediatric Outpatient Prescriptions in Countries With Advanced Economies in the 21st Century: A Systematic Review

Importance

An international comparison of pediatric outpatient prescriptions (POPs) is pivotal to investigate inadequate practices at the national scale and guide corrective actions.

Objective

To compare annual POP prevalence among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries.

Evidence Review

Two independent reviewers systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and institutes of public health or drug agency websites for studies published since 2000 and reporting POP prevalence (expressed as number of patients aged <20 years with ≥1 POP per 1000 pediatric patients per year) in OECD member countries or large geographic areas within them. Risk of bias was assessed for exhaustiveness and representativeness. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were used to compare the highest and lowest POP prevalence among countries overall, by levels of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification for the overall pediatric population, and by age group (ie, ages <5-6 vs ≥5-6 years), stratifying on prescription-only drug (POD) status.

Findings

Among 11 studies performed on 3 regional and 8 national medicoadministrative databases in 11 countries, 35 552 550 pediatric patients were included. The overall risk of bias was low (10 studies were representative [90.9%], and the prevalence denominator included nonusers of health care for 9 studies [81.8%]). Prevalence of 1 or more POP per year ranged from 480 to 857 pediatric patients per 1000 in Sweden and France, respectively (PR, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.8-1.8]). Overall, among 8 studies reporting ATC level 1 drugs, Denmark had the lowest POP prevalence (eg, systemic hormonal preparations: 9 pediatric patients per 1000 per year) and France the highest (eg, systemic hormonal preparation: 216 pediatric patients per 1000 per year). Among 8 studies reporting ATC level 2 drugs for PODs, the PR between France and Denmark was 108.2 (95% CI, 108.2-108.2) for systemic corticosteroids and 2.1 (95% CI, 2.1-2.1) for drugs for obstructive airway disease. The PR for antibiotics was 3.4 (95% CI, 3.4-3.4) between New Zealand and Sweden. For pediatric patients aged 5 to 6 years or older, the PR for sex hormones was 2.1 (95% CI, 2.1-2.1) between Denmark and France. Among 7 studies reporting ATC level 5 drugs, the prevalence of the 10 most prevalent PODs was less than 100 pediatric patients per 1000 per year in Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands and less than 300 pediatric patients per 1000 per year in France and New Zealand.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study found large between-country variations in POPs, which may suggest substantial inappropriate prescriptions. The findings may suggest guidance for educational campaigns and regulatory decisions in some OECD member countries.

Reducing Tolerance for SABA and OCS towards the Extreme Ends of Asthma Severity

Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory airway disease that imposes a great burden on public health worldwide. In the past two years, fundamental changes have been addressed in the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) recommendations focusing mainly on the management of mild and severe asthma. The use of as-needed treatment containing inhaled corticosteroids plus fast-acting bronchodilators (either short or long-acting formoterol) in mild asthma has dominated the field, and both randomized and real-world studies favor such an approach and associate it with fewer exacerbations and good asthma control. At the same time, the effort to diminish the use of oral steroids (OCS) as maintenance treatment in severe asthma was substantially accomplished with the initiation of treatment with biologics. Still, these options are available at the moment only for severe asthmatics with a T2-high endotype, and relevant studies on biologics have yielded, as a primary outcome, the reduction or even cessation of OCS. Accordingly, OCS should be considered as a temporary option, mainly for the treatment of asthma exacerbations, and as a maintenance treatment only for a minority of patients with severe asthma, after ensuring good inhaler technique, modification of all possible contributory factors and comorbidities, and optimized pharmacotherapy using all other add-on treatments including biologics in the armamentarium of anti-asthma medication.

Effective Management of Severe Asthma with Biologic Medications in Adult Patients: A Literature Review and International Expert Opinion

Severe asthma often remains uncontrolled despite effective treatments and evidence-based guidelines. A group of global experts in asthma and biologic medications from 9 countries considered the most relevant clinical variables to manage severe asthma in adult patients and guide treatment choice. The resulting recommendations address the investigation of biomarker levels (blood eosinophil count along with fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO]), clinical features (oral corticosteroid [OCS] dependence, specific comorbid disease entities associated with severe type 2 asthma), and safety considerations. Current evidence suggests that biomarkers, including both blood or sputum eosinophil counts as well as FeNO, add prognostic and predictive value and should be measured in all patients with severe asthma. OCS use is an important factor in biologic selection, especially given the documented ability of some biologics to reduce OCS dependence. Comorbid diseases and relevant safety considerations to each biologic should also be considered. More data are needed to determine whether biomarker profiles identify patients suited to one biologic versus another as limited data support differential predictors of response. Further prospective head-to-head trials and post hoc analyses of clinical trial data are warranted. The authors believe that these recommendations have value as they offer expert opinion to assist health care providers in making difficult decisions regarding the quality of care in severe, type 2 asthma with biologic medications. They remain conditional and are based on limited data owing to a lack of head-to-head comparisons.

Clinical Characteristics and Disease Burden of Severe Asthma According to Oral Corticosteroid Dependence: Real-World Assessment From the Korean Severe Asthma Registry (KoSAR)

Purpose

Oral corticosteroids (OCS) are commonly used in patients with severe asthma, but they are associated with several adverse events. We estimated the prevalence of patients with OCS-dependent asthma in a large nationwide registry for severe asthma and delineated their clinical characteristics.

Methods

This cross-sectional study analyzed enrollment data of the patients recruited in the Korean Severe Asthma Registry (KoSAR) from 2010 to 2019. The clinical characteristics of patients were compared according to OCS dependency, which was defined as maintenance OCS treatment lasting at least 6 months during the 12 months prior to enrollment.

Results

Among the 562 patients with severe asthma, 121 (21.5%) patients were defined as having OCS-dependent asthma. Compared with the OCS-independent group, the OCS-dependent group was older at symptom onset and had a higher prevalence of anxiety, worse lung function, and used more medication than the control group. Despite the higher doses of daily ICS and 6-month cumulative OCS, the OCS-dependent group reported greater consumption of relievers and a higher prevalence of unscheduled emergency room visits and repeated OCS bursts. Although anti-interleukin-5 was more commonly prescribed for patients with OCS-dependent asthma, only a limited proportion of patients with severe asthma received biologics.

Conclusions

One-fifth of patients with severe asthma had OCS-dependency, which was associated with a greater disease burden compared to those with OCS-independent asthma. Active intervention including initiation of biologics and regular assessment of OCS-induced morbidities is warranted to reduce the use of OCS and its potential adverse effects.

Changes in oral corticosteroid use in asthma treatment-A 20-year Danish nationwide drug utilisation study

Oral corticosteroids (OCS) are used in asthma management but can cause serious adverse effects. We aimed to investigate the usage trends in a nationwide asthma cohort in Denmark from 1999 to 2018. Using national registers, we identified young adults (18-45 years) with two or more asthma drug collections within 12 months since the age of 15 years as indicative of active asthma. OCS exposure level was stratified as high use (≥5 mg prednisolone/day/year) and low use (<5 mg/day/year). Lorenz curves were computed to illustrate potential skewness of consumption among the OCS users. We identified 318 950 individuals with a median age of 29 years (IQR 20-38 years) whereof 57% were women. The 1-year prevalence of OCS users was stable at 4.8% (median, IQR 4.7%-4.8%), but with nearly 40% decrease in high-users from 0.54% in 1999 to 0.33% in 2018. The median annual exposure decreased from 500 mg/year (1999) to 250 mg/year (2018). We found a substantial skewness in the distribution of OCS usage with 10% of users accounting for almost 50% of all OCS use. The prevalence of OCS users among young adults with active asthma has been relatively stable from 1999 to 2018, but with a decreasing prevalence of high-users and annual consumption.

Anti-interleukin 5 therapies failure criteria in severe asthma: a Delphi-consensus study

Background:

Current practices for assessing response to anti-interleukin 5/R treatment in severe asthma patients are heterogeneous. The objective of this study was to achieve an expert consensus defining failure criteria for anti-interleukin 5/R treatment in severe asthma patients.

Methods:

Experts were invited to a 5-round Delphi exercise if they were pulmonologists managing ⩾30 patients at a nationally recognized severe asthma expert centre. Following two rounds of statement-generating brainstorming, the expert panel ranked each statement according to a 5-point Likert-type scale during three additional rounds. Positive consensus was considered achieved when ⩾80% of experts agreed with a statement with >50% strong agreement and <15% disagreement.

Results:

Twenty experts participated in the study. All experts agreed that predefined treatment goals defining effectiveness should be personalized during shared decision making via a patient contract. Treatment failure was defined as (1) absence of a reduction in exacerbation rates by ⩾25% or (2) absence of a reduction in oral corticosteroid therapy by ⩾25% of the initial dosage or (3) occurrence of emergency room visits or hospitalizations after 6 months of treatment. Treatment failure should result in discontinuation. For partial responders, treatment discontinuation was not recommended unless an alternative from another therapeutic class exists and should be discussed in a multidisciplinary consultation.

Conclusion:

The present study provides objective criteria for anti IL5 or IL5R failure in severe asthma and suggests consensus based guidelines for prescription, evaluation and discontinuation decision-making.

Contribution of dipeptidyl peptidase 10 to airway dysfunction in patients with NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease

BACKGROUND

Genetic variants of dipeptidyl peptidase 10 (DPP10) have been suggested to contribute to the development of NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD). However, the mechanisms of how DPP10 contributes to NERD phenotypes remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To demonstrate the exact role of DPP10 in the pathogenesis of NERD.

METHODS

Patients with NERD (n = 110), those with aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA, n = 130) and healthy control subjects (HCs, n = 80) were enrolled. Clinical characteristics were analysed according to the serum DPP10 levels in both NERD and ATA groups. The function of DPP10 in airway inflammation and remodelling was investigated with in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

NERD patients had higher levels of serum DPP10 and TGF-β1 with lower FEV₁ than ATA patients or HCs (p < .05 for each). NERD patients with higher DPP10 levels had higher TGF-β1, but lower FEV₁ (p < .05 for all), whilst no differences were noted in ATA patients. Moreover, the seum DPP10 levels had a positive correlation with TGF-β1 (r = 0.384, p < .001), but a negative correlation with FEV₁ (r = -0.230, p = .016) in NERD patients. In in vitro studies, expression of DPP10 in airway epithelial cells was enhanced by TGF-β1 treatments. Furthermore, DPP10 was found to be produced from immune cells and this molecule induced the ERK phosphorylation in airway epithelial cells, which was suppressed by anti-DPP10 treatment. In asthmatic mouse models, increased levels of DPP10 in the serum and TGF-β1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were noted, which were suppressed by anti-DPP10 treatment. Moreover, anti-DPP10 treatment inhibited the ERK phosphorylation and extracellular matrix deposition in the lungs.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

These findings suggest that increased production of DPP10 may contribute to TGF-β1-mediated airway dysfunction in NERD patients, where blockade of DPP10 may have potential benefits.

Biologics for severe uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a change management approach. Consensus of the Joint Committee of Italian Society of Otorhinolaryngology on biologics in rhinology

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous inflammatory condition of nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses, predominantly mediated by type 2 inflammation and often associated with comorbid asthma and/or Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (N-ERD). The standard of care involves local and systemic corticosteroids and/or sinonasal surgery, although these options may be associated with recurrences and patients may require revision surgery. Difficult-to-treat patients, in fact, have a more severe disease requiring high systemic corticosteroid use and/or multiple sinonasal surgeries. Literature data suggests that biologic agents targeting specific key effectors of type 2 inflammation may offer supplemental therapy for patients with severe and uncontrolled CRSwNP, leading to significant improvement in several outcomes. For these reasons, over the years the endotyping of the disease has become increasingly important. Herein, we provide not only an update on the existing studies about the most promising biologics in CRSwNP, but also critical discussion on controversies about the use of biologics in severe uncontrolled CRSwNP. We finally provide consensus on strategic issues gathered among experts of the Joint Committee of Italian Society of Otorhinolaryngology on biologics in order to offer the best care for difficult to treat patients.

Biomarkers of asthma

Biomarkers may be diagnostic of asthma, they may predict or reflect response to therapy or they may identify patients at risk of asthma exacerbation. A biomarker is most often measured in biologic fluids that are sampled using relatively non-invasive sampling techniques such as blood, sputum, urine or exhaled breath. Biomarkers should be stable, readily quantifiable and their measurement should be reproducible and not confounded by other host factors, or the presence of comorbidities. However, asthma comprises multiple molecular endotypes and single, sensitive, specific, biomarkers reflecting these endotypes may not exist. Combining biomarkers may improve their predictive capability in asthma. The most well-established endotypes are those described as Type2 and non-Type2 asthma. Clinical trials established the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and blood eosinophil counts as key biomarkers of response to corticosteroid or targeted anti-inflammatory therapy in Type2 asthma. However, these biomarkers may have limited value in the management of asthma in real-life settings or routine clinical practise. Biomarkers for Type2 asthma are not well described or validated and more research is needed. Breathomics has provided evidence to propose a number of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as surrogate biomarkers for airway inflammatory phenotypes, disease activity and adherence to therapy. Analysis of urinary eicosanoids has identified eicosanoids related to Type2 and non-Type2 inflammation. Future clinical trials will be important in determining how exhaled VOCs or urinary eicosanoid profiles can be used to direct precision treatments. Their future clinical use will also depend on developing simplified instrumentation for biomarker analysis at the point-of-care.

Contemporary Concise Review 2020: Asthma

Bushfires and coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) were dominate features of 2020. Patients with asthma were significantly affected by the 2019/2020 bushfire season with an increased burden compared to the general population. Patients with controlled asthma do not appear to be at higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection or death than the general population. Personalized medicine is proposed as the next era for asthma management, with treatable traits as a strategy to implement personalized medicine into practice. Patient engagement in personalized medicine strategies is important and needs to be further explored. Oral corticosteroid (OCS) use in asthma is common and contributes a major burden. OCS stewardship is recommended. Biologic therapies reduce exacerbations of severe asthma and biomarkers can be used to predict treatment responders. Epithelia at mucosal and cutaneous surfaces are components in asthma pathogenesis, through airway immunity and inflammation. Dysregulation of resident microbial communities in the lung, gut and skin microbiome is relevant to asthma pathogenesis, but there are still many unknowns in this field.

Expert Consensus on the Tapering of Oral Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Asthma. A Delphi Study

Rationale: There is a need to minimize oral corticosteroid (OCS) use in patients with asthma to prevent their costly and burdensome adverse effects. Current guidelines do not provide recommendations for OCS tapering in patients with asthma.Objectives: To develop expert consensus on OCS tapering among international experts.Methods: A modified Delphi method was used to develop expert consensus statements relating to OCS use, tapering, adverse effects, adrenal insufficiency, and patient-physician shared decision-making. Initial statements proposed by experts were categorized, filtered for repetition, and presented back to experts over three ranking rounds to obtain consensus (≥70% agreement).Measurements and Main Results: One hundred thirty-one international experts participated in the study, and 296 statements were ranked. Numerous recommendations and guidance regarding appropriate OCS use were established. Experts agreed that OCS tapering should be attempted in all patients with asthma receiving maintenance OCS therapy, with personalization of tapering rhythm and speed. The importance of recognizing individual adverse effects was also established; however, a unified approach to the assessment of adrenal insufficiency was not reached. Shared decision-making was considered an important goal during the tapering process.Conclusions: In this Delphi study, expert consensus statements were generated on OCS use, tapering, adverse-effect screening, and shared decision-making, which may be used to inform clinical practice. Areas of nonconsensus were identified, highlighting uncertainty among the experts around some aspects of OCS use in asthma, such as adrenal insufficiency, which underscores the need for further research in these domains.

Perspectives on decisions for treatment and care in severe asthma

Background

Severe asthma is a subtype of asthma that can be hard to control, resulting in an exceptional impact on an individual's quality of life. The aim of this review article is to explore the misalignment of perceptions of severe asthma among different stakeholders to identify how to reduce burden and improve delivery of care.

Results

The misalignment of perspectives is best reflected in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in asthma treatments, which are often designed for regulatory approval with a focus on exacerbations with no direct input from the individuals that the treatments are designed for. Based on a literature review and the clinical experience of the authors to overcome this disparity, the goals of people with severe asthma need to be incorporated throughout their care, from study design to the day-to-day management of their condition. Improved education for individuals and their support network will provide them with resources and knowledge so that they can effectively communicate their needs to other stakeholders involved in their care.

Conclusion/recommendation

A collaborative effort from all stakeholders is essential to ensure efficient management of asthma and a reduction in asthma burden on individuals and society.

Real world effectiveness of benralizumab on respiratory function and asthma control

Background

Biological drugs have been recognized as a breakthrough in the treatment of severe refractory asthma. This retrospective real-life observational study aims to evaluate the effect of add-on benralizumab on lung function, exacerbation rate, oral corticosteroids (OCS) reduction and asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) score after 52-weeks.

Methods

In this observational study, a cohort of 18 patients with severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) according to the ERS / ATS and GINA 2020 classifications, with reference to the Pulmonology Unit of the Azienda USL - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy, were enrolled from 1 September 2019 to 31 August 2020. For each patient, the following data were collected: demographic data (age, sex, age of onset of asthma, history of smoking and atopy); comorbidity; clinical data (lung function, exacerbations, emergency room visits and hospitalizations); asthma control questionnaire (ACQ); biomarkers (blood eosinophil count and total serum IgE); asthma control drugs as high-dose inhaled corticosteroids / long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists (ICS / LABA), long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA), theophylline, OCS. The benralizumab 30 mg treatment schedule was based on the currently recommended dosing regimen.

Results

After end-of-treatment (EOT), a complete weaning of all patients from OCS was confirmed. After 26 weeks, the number of exacerbations decreased from 2.90 to 0.05 (p<0.0001), hospitalizations and ACQ score decreased from 3.37 to 0.97 (p<0.0001). At EOT, the number of exacerbations was unchanged, while no hospitalizations had occurred. Overall, lung function markedly improved over the study period. After 52 weeks, the increase in FEV₁ from baseline was 26,8% (p=0.0002). The subset of patients with nasal polyposis (NP) had an increase of nearly 50% (1008 ml) and patients with blood eosinophils count (BEC) greater than 500 cells / μl showed an increase of 68% (1081 ml) in FEV₁ at EOT.

Conclusions

The notable improvement in respiratory function is a significant result in this study and it is much higher than what has emerged to date. This result, together with the OCS sparing effect and the excellent clinical control of asthma, makes benralizumab a reliable and safe therapeutic option for SEA.

Development of an Orally Bioavailable Isoliquiritigenin Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System to Effectively Treat Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma

Purpose

Isoliquiritigenin (ILQ), an important component of Anti-Asthma Herbal Medicine Intervention (ASHMI), had shown potent anti-asthma effect in vitro in our previous study. However, poor solubility and low bioavailability hindered in vivo application to treat asthma. This study was to develop a novel ILQ loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (ILQ-SMEDDS) with enhanced bioavailability.

Methods

The optimized SMEDDS formulation was composed of ethyl oleate (oil phase), Tween 80 (surfactant) and PEG400 (co-surfactant) at a mass ratio of 3:6:1. The physiochemical properties of ILQ-SMEDDS, including drug content, globule size, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, were characterized. And the in vitro release profile, in situ intestinal absorption, in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters and the anti-asthma effect of ILQ suspension and ILQ-SMEDDS were evaluated.

Results

The ILQ-SMEDDS had an average globule size of 20.63 ± 1.95 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.11 ± 0.03, and its zeta potential was −12.64 ± 2.12 mV. The cumulative release rate of ILQ from ILQ-SMEDDS to the simulated gastrointestinal tract was significantly higher than that of free ILQ suspension. And area under curve with ILQ-SMEDDS was found to be 3.95 times higher than that of ILQ suspension indicating improved bioavailability by SMEDDS. Although ILQ-SMEDDS showed a slight less effective inhibitory effect on eotaxin-1 in human lung fibroblast (HFL-1) cells than free ILQ, in an ovalbumin-induced asthma model, ILQ-SMEDDS exhibited more efficacy than ILQ suspension in improving asthma-associated inflammation, including eosinophil production, ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E (OVA-sIgE), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Even the low dose of ILQ-SMEDDS group (10 mg/kg) showed better anti-asthma effect than that of the ILQ suspension group (20 mg/kg).

Conclusion

Compared with ILQ suspension, ILQ-SMEDDS showed significantly improved bioavailability and anti-asthma effect, revealing its potential as a favorable pharmaceutical agent for treating asthma.

Childhood asthma heterogeneity at the era of precision medicine: Modulating the immune response or the microbiota for the management of asthma attack

Exacerbations are a main characteristic of asthma. In childhood, the risk is increasing with severity. Exacerbations are a strong phenotypic marker, particularly of severe and therapy-resistant asthma. These early-life events may influence the evolution and be involved in lung function decline. In children, asthma attacks are facilitated by exposure to allergens and pollutants, but are mainly triggered by microbial agents. Multiple studies have assessed immune responses to viruses, and to a lesser extend bacteria, during asthma exacerbation. Research has identified impairment of innate immune responses in children, related to altered pathogen recognition, interferon release, or anti-viral response. Influence of this host-microbiota dialog on the adaptive immune response may be crucial, leading to the development of biased T helper (Th)2 inflammation. These dynamic interactions may impact the presentations of asthma attacks, and have long-term consequences. The aim of this review is to synthesize studies exploring immune mechanisms impairment against viruses and bacteria promoting asthma attacks in children. The potential influence of the nature of infectious agents and/or preexisting microbiota on the development of exacerbation is also addressed. We then discuss our understanding of how these diverse host-microbiota interactions in children may account for the heterogeneity of endotypes and clinical presentations. Finally, improving the knowledge of the pathophysiological processes induced by infections has led to offer new opportunities for the development of preventive or curative therapeutics for acute asthma. A better definition of asthma endotypes associated with precision medicine might lead to substantial progress in the management of severe childhood asthma.