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Newberry EA, Minsavage GV, Holland A, Jones JB, Potnis N. Genome-Wide Association to Study the Host-Specificity Determinants of Xanthomonas perforans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:400-412. [PMID: 36318253 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-22-0294-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas perforans and X. euvesicatoria are the causal agents of bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper, endemic to the Southeastern United States. Although very closely related, the two bacterial species differ in host specificity, where X. perforans is the dominant pathogen of tomato and X. euvesicatoria that of pepper. This is in part due to the activity of avirulence proteins that are secreted by X. perforans strains and elicit effector-triggered immunity in pepper leaves, thereby restricting pathogen growth. In recent years, the emergence of several pepper-pathogenic X. perforans lineages has revealed variability within the bacterial species to multiply and cause disease in pepper, even in the absence of avirulence gene activity. Here, we investigated the basal evolutionary processes underlying the host range of this species using multiple genome-wide association analyses. Surprisingly, we identified two novel gene candidates that were significantly associated with pepper-pathogenic X. perforans and X. euvesicatoria. Both candidates were predicted to be involved in the transport/acquisition of nutrients common to the plant cell wall or apoplast and included a TonB-dependent receptor, which was disrupted through independent mutations within the X. perforans lineage. The other included a symporter of protons/glutamate, gltP, enriched with pepper-associated mutations near the promoter and start codon of the gene. Functional analysis of these candidates revealed that only the TonB-dependent receptor had a minor effect on the symptom development and growth of X. perforans in pepper leaves, indicating that pathogenicity to this host might have evolved independently within the bacterial species and is likely a complex, multigenic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Newberry
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | | | - Auston Holland
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, FL 32611
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, AL 36849
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2
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Narváez-Barragán DA, Tovar-Herrera OE, Guevara-García A, Serrano M, Martinez-Anaya C. Mechanisms of plant cell wall surveillance in response to pathogens, cell wall-derived ligands and the effect of expansins to infection resistance or susceptibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:969343. [PMID: 36082287 PMCID: PMC9445675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.969343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall integrity is tightly regulated and maintained given that non-physiological modification of cell walls could render plants vulnerable to biotic and/or abiotic stresses. Expansins are plant cell wall-modifying proteins active during many developmental and physiological processes, but they can also be produced by bacteria and fungi during interaction with plant hosts. Cell wall alteration brought about by ectopic expression, overexpression, or exogenous addition of expansins from either eukaryote or prokaryote origin can in some instances provide resistance to pathogens, while in other cases plants become more susceptible to infection. In these circumstances altered cell wall mechanical properties might be directly responsible for pathogen resistance or susceptibility outcomes. Simultaneously, through membrane receptors for enzymatically released cell wall fragments or by sensing modified cell wall barrier properties, plants trigger intracellular signaling cascades inducing defense responses and reinforcement of the cell wall, contributing to various infection phenotypes, in which expansins might also be involved. Here, we review the plant immune response activated by cell wall surveillance mechanisms, cell wall fragments identified as responsible for immune responses, and expansin's roles in resistance and susceptibility of plants to pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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3
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Kraut-Cohen J, Shapiro OH, Dror B, Cytryn E. Pectin Induced Colony Expansion of Soil-Derived Flavobacterium Strains. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:651891. [PMID: 33889143 PMCID: PMC8056085 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavobacterium is characterized by the capacity to metabolize complex organic compounds and a unique gliding motility mechanism. Flavobacteria are often abundant in root microbiomes of various plants, but the factors contributing to this high abundance are currently unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effect of various plant-associated poly- and mono-saccharides on colony expansion of two Flavobacterium strains. Both strains were able to spread on pectin and other polysaccharides such as microcrystalline cellulose. However, only pectin (but not pectin monomers), a component of plant cell walls, enhanced colony expansion on solid surfaces in a dose- and substrate-dependent manner. On pectin, flavobacteria exhibited bi-phasic motility, with an initial phase of rapid expansion, followed by growth within the colonized area. Proteomic and gene expression analyses revealed significant induction of carbohydrate metabolism related proteins when flavobacteria were grown on pectin, including selected SusC/D, TonB-dependent glycan transport operons. Our results show a positive correlation between colony expansion and the upregulation of proteins involved in sugar uptake, suggesting an unknown linkage between specific operons encoding for glycan uptake and metabolism and flavobacterial expansion. Furthermore, within the context of flavobacterial-plant interactions, they suggest that pectin may facilitate flavobacterial expansion on plant surfaces in addition to serving as an essential carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kraut-Cohen
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Orr H Shapiro
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Barak Dror
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The R.H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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4
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Chen J, Li Z, Lin B, Liao J, Zhuo K. A Meloidogyne graminicola Pectate Lyase Is Involved in Virulence and Activation of Host Defense Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651627. [PMID: 33868351 PMCID: PMC8044864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete an array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes to overcome the physical barrier formed by the plant cell wall. Here, we describe a novel pectate lyase gene Mg-PEL1 from M. graminicola. Quantitative real-time PCR assay showed that the highest transcriptional expression level of Mg-PEL1 occurred in pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles, and it was still detected during the early parasitic stage. Using in situ hybridization, we showed that Mg-PEL1 was expressed exclusively within the subventral esophageal gland cells of M. graminicola. The yeast signal sequence trap system revealed that it possessed an N-terminal signal peptide with secretion function. Recombinant Mg-PEL1 exhibited hydrolytic activity toward polygalacturonic acid. Rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting Mg-PEL1 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that the cell wall localization of Mg-PEL1 was required for the activation of plant defense responses, including programmed plant cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and expression of defense-related genes. Taken together, our results indicated that Mg-PEL1 could enhance the pathogenicity of M. graminicola and induce plant immune responses during nematode invasion into plants or migration in plants. This provides a new insight into the function of pectate lyases in plants-nematodes interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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An SQ, Potnis N, Dow M, Vorhölter FJ, He YQ, Becker A, Teper D, Li Y, Wang N, Bleris L, Tang JL. Mechanistic insights into host adaptation, virulence and epidemiology of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:1-32. [PMID: 31578554 PMCID: PMC8042644 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas is a well-studied genus of bacterial plant pathogens whose members cause a variety of diseases in economically important crops worldwide. Genomic and functional studies of these phytopathogens have provided significant understanding of microbial-host interactions, bacterial virulence and host adaptation mechanisms including microbial ecology and epidemiology. In addition, several strains of Xanthomonas are important as producers of the extracellular polysaccharide, xanthan, used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This polymer has also been implicated in several phases of the bacterial disease cycle. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the infection strategies and regulatory networks controlling virulence and adaptation mechanisms from Xanthomonas species and discuss the novel opportunities that this body of work has provided for disease control and plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi An
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Rouse Life Science Building, Auburn University, Auburn AL36849, USA
| | - Max Dow
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | | | - Yong-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Anke Becker
- Loewe Center for Synthetic Microbiology and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Doron Teper
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
| | - Leonidas Bleris
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX75080, USA
| | - Ji-Liang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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6
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Narváez-Barragán DA, Tovar-Herrera OE, Torres M, Rodríguez M, Humphris S, Toth IK, Segovia L, Serrano M, Martínez-Anaya C. Expansin-like Exl1 from Pectobacterium is a virulence factor required for host infection, and induces a defence plant response involving ROS, and jasmonate, ethylene and salicylic acid signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7747. [PMID: 32385404 PMCID: PMC7210985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansins are encoded by some phytopathogenic bacteria and evidence indicates that they act as virulence factors for host infection. Here we analysed the expression of exl1 by Pectobacterium brasiliense and Pectobacterium atrosepticum. In both, exl1 gene appears to be under quorum sensing control, and protein Exl1 can be observed in culture medium and during plant infection. Expression of exl1 correlates with pathogen virulence, where symptoms are reduced in a Δexl1 mutant strain of P. atrosepticum. As well as Δexl1 exhibiting less maceration of potato plants, fewer bacteria are observed at distance from the inoculation site. However, bacteria infiltrated into the plant tissue are as virulent as the wild type, suggesting that this is due to alterations in the initial invasion of the tissue. Additionally, swarming from colonies grown on MacConkey soft agar was delayed in the mutant in comparison to the wild type. We found that Exl1 acts on the plant tissue, probably by remodelling of a cell wall component or altering the barrier properties of the cell wall inducing a plant defence response, which results in the production of ROS and the induction of marker genes of the JA, ET and SA signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Exl1 inactive mutants fail to trigger such responses. This defence response is protective against Pectobacterium brasiliense and Botrytis cinerea in more than one plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia A Narváez-Barragán
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Omar E Tovar-Herrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Martha Torres
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62110, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mabel Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sonia Humphris
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Ian K Toth
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Lorenzo Segovia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62110, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Claudia Martínez-Anaya
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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7
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Kloth KJ, Abreu IN, Delhomme N, Petřík I, Villard C, Ström C, Amini F, Novák O, Moritz T, Albrectsen BR. PECTIN ACETYLESTERASE9 Affects the Transcriptome and Metabolome and Delays Aphid Feeding. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1704-1720. [PMID: 31551361 PMCID: PMC6878011 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall plays an important role in damage-associated molecular pattern-induced resistance to pathogens and herbivorous insects. Our current understanding of cell wall-mediated resistance is largely based on the degree of pectin methylesterification. However, little is known about the role of pectin acetylesterification in plant immunity. This study describes how one pectin-modifying enzyme, PECTIN ACETYLESTERASE 9 (PAE9), affects the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transcriptome, secondary metabolome, and aphid performance. Electro-penetration graphs showed that Myzus persicae aphids established phloem feeding earlier on pae9 mutants. Whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed a set of 56 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between uninfested pae9-2 mutants and wild-type plants. The majority of the DEGs were enriched for biotic stress responses and down-regulated in the pae9-2 mutant, including PAD3 and IGMT2, involved in camalexin and indole glucosinolate biosynthesis, respectively. Relative quantification of more than 100 secondary metabolites revealed decreased levels of several compounds, including camalexin and oxylipins, in two independent pae9 mutants. In addition, absolute quantification of phytohormones showed that jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl-Ile, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid were compromised due to PAE9 loss of function. After aphid infestation, however, pae9 mutants increased their levels of camalexin, glucosinolates, and JA, and no long-term effects were observed on aphid fitness. Overall, these data show that PAE9 is required for constitutive up-regulation of defense-related compounds, but that it is not required for aphid-induced defenses. The signatures of phenolic antioxidants, phytoprostanes, and oxidative stress-related transcripts indicate that the processes underlying PAE9 activity involve oxidation-reduction reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Kloth
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilka N Abreu
- Department of Forest Genetics and Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish Agriculture University, S-90183 Umea, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Department of Forest Genetics and Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish Agriculture University, S-90183 Umea, Sweden
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Cloé Villard
- Unité de recherche Inserm 1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cecilia Ström
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Fariba Amini
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Department of Forest Genetics and Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish Agriculture University, S-90183 Umea, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish Agriculture University, S-90183 Umea, Sweden
| | - Benedicte R Albrectsen
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden
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8
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Zheng F, Chen L, Zhang P, Zhou J, Lu X, Tian W. Carbohydrate polymers exhibit great potential as effective elicitors in organic agriculture: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 230:115637. [PMID: 31887887 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Some carbohydrate polymers, usually oligosaccharides or polysaccharides, have great potential as an elicitor of plant defense. However, due to the complexity and diversity of poly- and oligosaccharide structure, the molecular mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of carbohydrate elicitors are still not well understood, which hinders the application of carbohydrate elicitors in agriculture. This review introduces the mechanisms of carbohydrate elicitor perception and signaling in plants. The structure and activity relationships of main poly- and oligosaccharides studied for the control of plant diseases are discussed and summarized. Additionally, the effects of carbohydrate elicitors on the secondary metabolite production are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peifeng Zhang
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingqi Zhou
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Lu
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Independent Evolution with the Gene Flux Originating from Multiple Xanthomonas Species Explains Genomic Heterogeneity in Xanthomonas perforans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00885-19. [PMID: 31375496 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00885-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas perforans is the predominant pathogen responsible for bacterial leaf spot of tomato and X. euvesicatoria for that of pepper in the southeast United States. Previous studies have indicated significant changes in the X. perforans population collected from Florida tomato fields over the span of 2 decades, including a shift in race and diversification into three phylogenetic groups driven by genome-wide homologous-recombination events derived from X. euvesicatoria In our sampling of Xanthomonas strains associated with bacterial spot disease in Alabama, we were readily able to isolate X. perforans from symptomatic pepper plants grown in several Alabama counties, indicating a recent shift in the host range of the pathogen. To investigate the diversity of these pepper-pathogenic strains and their relation to populations associated with tomatoes grown in the southeast United States, we sequenced the genomes of eight X. perforans strains isolated from tomatoes and peppers grown in Alabama and compared them with previously published genome data available from GenBank. Surprisingly, reconstruction of the X. perforans core genome revealed the presence of two novel genetic groups in Alabama that each harbored a different transcription activation-like effector (TALE). While one TALE, AvrHah1, was associated with an emergent lineage pathogenic to both tomato and pepper, the other was identified as a new class within the AvrBs3 family, here designated PthXp1, and was associated with enhanced symptom development on tomato. Examination of patterns of homologous recombination across the larger X. euvesicatoria species complex revealed a dynamic pattern of gene flow, with multiple donors of Xanthomonas spp. associated with diverse hosts of isolation.IMPORTANCE Bacterial leaf spot of tomato and pepper is an endemic plant disease with a global distribution. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary processes leading to the emergence of novel X. perforans lineages identified in Alabama. While one lineage was isolated from symptomatic tomato and pepper plants, confirming the host range expansion of X. perforans, the other lineage was isolated from tomato and acquired a novel transcription activation-like effector, here designated PthXp1. Functional analysis of PthXp1 indicated that it does not induce Bs4-mediated resistance in tomato and contributes to virulence, providing an adaptive advantage to strains on tomato. Our findings also show that different phylogenetic groups of the pathogen have experienced independent recombination events originating from multiple Xanthomonas species. This suggests a continuous gene flux between related xanthomonads associated with diverse plant hosts that results in the emergence of novel pathogen lineages and associated phenotypes, including host range.
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10
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Chaliha C, Rugen MD, Field RA, Kalita E. Glycans as Modulators of Plant Defense Against Filamentous Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 30022987 PMCID: PMC6039678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes utilize glycoconjugates as structural entities, energy reserves for cellular processes, and components of cellular recognition or binding events. The structural heterogeneity of carbohydrates in such systems is a result of the ability of the carbohydrate biosynthetic enzymes to reorient sugar monomers in a variety of forms, generating highly complex, linear, branched, or hierarchical structures. During the interaction between plants and their microbial pathogens, the microbial cell surface glycans, cell wall derived glycans, and glycoproteins stimulate the signaling cascades of plant immune responses, through a series of specific or broad spectrum recognition events. The microbial glycan-induced plant immune responses and the downstream modifications observed in host-plant glycan structures that combat the microbial attack have garnered immense interest among scientists in recent times. This has been enabled by technological advancements in the field of glycobiology, making it possible to study the ongoing co-evolution of the microbial and the corresponding host glycan structures, in greater detail. The new glycan analogs emerging in this evolutionary arms race brings about a fresh perspective to our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions. This review discusses the role of diverse classes of glycans and their derivatives including simple sugars, oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in relation to the activation of classical Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) and Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) defense responses in plants. While primarily encompassing the biological roles of glycans in modulating plant defense responses, this review categorizes glycans based on their structure, thereby enabling parallels to be drawn to other areas of glycobiology. Further, we examine how these molecules are currently being used to develop new bio-active molecules, potent as priming agents to stimulate plant defense response and as templates for designing environmentally friendly foliar sprays for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Chaliha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Michael D. Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eeshan Kalita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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11
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Alkhateeb RS, Vorhölter FJ, Steffens T, Rückert C, Ortseifen V, Hublik G, Niehaus K, Pühler A. Comparative transcription profiling of two fermentation cultures of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris B100 sampled in the growth and in the stationary phase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6613-6625. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Schatschneider S, Schneider J, Blom J, Létisse F, Niehaus K, Goesmann A, Vorhölter FJ. Systems and synthetic biology perspective of the versatile plant-pathogenic and polysaccharide-producing bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:1117-1144. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schatschneider
- Abteilung für Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Present address: Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Kantstr. 2, 33790 Halle-Künsebeck, Germany
| | - Jessica Schneider
- Bioinformatics Resource Facility, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Germany
- Present address: Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Kantstr. 2, 33790 Halle-Künsebeck, Germany
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany
| | - Fabien Létisse
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Abteilung für Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany
| | - Frank-Jörg Vorhölter
- Institut für Genomforschung und Systembiologie, Centrum für Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Present address: MVZ Dr. Eberhard & Partner Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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13
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Refined annotation of the complete genome of the phytopathogenic and xanthan producing Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain B100 based on RNA sequence data. J Biotechnol 2017; 253:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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15
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Jacques MA, Arlat M, Boulanger A, Boureau T, Carrère S, Cesbron S, Chen NWG, Cociancich S, Darrasse A, Denancé N, Fischer-Le Saux M, Gagnevin L, Koebnik R, Lauber E, Noël LD, Pieretti I, Portier P, Pruvost O, Rieux A, Robène I, Royer M, Szurek B, Verdier V, Vernière C. Using Ecology, Physiology, and Genomics to Understand Host Specificity in Xanthomonas. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:163-87. [PMID: 27296145 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
How pathogens coevolve with and adapt to their hosts are critical to understanding how host jumps and/or acquisition of novel traits can lead to new disease emergences. The Xanthomonas genus includes Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria that collectively infect a broad range of crops and wild plant species. However, individual Xanthomonas strains usually cause disease on only a few plant species and are highly adapted to their hosts, making them pertinent models to study host specificity. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular basis of host specificity in the Xanthomonas genus, with a particular focus on the ecology, physiology, and pathogenicity of the bacterium. Despite our limited understanding of the basis of host specificity, type III effectors, microbe-associated molecular patterns, lipopolysaccharides, transcriptional regulators, and chemotactic sensors emerge as key determinants for shaping host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Jacques
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), F-49071 Beaucouzé, France; , , , , ,
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- INRA, UMR 441 Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; , , , ,
- CNRS, UMR 2594 Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Boulanger
- INRA, UMR 441 Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; , , , ,
- CNRS, UMR 2594 Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Tristan Boureau
- Université Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), F-49071 Beaucouzé, France;
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- INRA, UMR 441 Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; , , , ,
| | - Sophie Cesbron
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), F-49071 Beaucouzé, France; , , , , ,
| | - Nicolas W G Chen
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), F-49071 Beaucouzé, France;
| | - Stéphane Cociancich
- CIRAD, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite (BGPI), F-34398 Montpellier, France; , , ,
| | - Armelle Darrasse
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), F-49071 Beaucouzé, France; , , , , ,
| | - Nicolas Denancé
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), F-49071 Beaucouzé, France; , , , , ,
| | - Marion Fischer-Le Saux
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), F-49071 Beaucouzé, France; , , , , ,
| | - Lionel Gagnevin
- IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (IPME), F-34394 Montpellier, France; , , ,
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (IPME), F-34394 Montpellier, France; , , ,
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- INRA, UMR 441 Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; , , , ,
- CNRS, UMR 2594 Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent D Noël
- INRA, UMR 441 Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; , , , ,
- CNRS, UMR 2594 Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Isabelle Pieretti
- CIRAD, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite (BGPI), F-34398 Montpellier, France; , , ,
| | - Perrine Portier
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), F-49071 Beaucouzé, France; , , , , ,
| | - Olivier Pruvost
- CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), F-97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France; , ,
| | - Adrien Rieux
- CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), F-97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France; , ,
| | - Isabelle Robène
- CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), F-97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France; , ,
| | - Monique Royer
- CIRAD, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite (BGPI), F-34398 Montpellier, France; , , ,
| | - Boris Szurek
- IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (IPME), F-34394 Montpellier, France; , , ,
| | - Valérie Verdier
- IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (IPME), F-34394 Montpellier, France; , , ,
| | - Christian Vernière
- CIRAD, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite (BGPI), F-34398 Montpellier, France; , , ,
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16
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Leßmeier L, Alkhateeb RS, Schulte F, Steffens T, Loka TP, Pühler A, Niehaus K, Vorhölter FJ. Applying DNA affinity chromatography to specifically screen for sucrose-related DNA-binding transcriptional regulators of Xanthomonas campestris. J Biotechnol 2016; 232:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Alkhateeb RS, Vorhölter FJ, Rückert C, Mentz A, Wibberg D, Hublik G, Niehaus K, Pühler A. Genome wide transcription start sites analysis of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris B100 with insights into the gum gene cluster directing the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide xanthan. J Biotechnol 2016; 225:18-28. [PMID: 26975844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the major producer of the exopolysaccharide xanthan, the commercially most important natural polysaccharide of microbial origin. The current work provides deeper insights into the yet uncharacterized transcriptomic features of the xanthan producing strain Xcc-B100. Towards this goal, RNA sequencing of a library based on the selective enrichment of the 5' ends of native transcripts was performed. This approach resulted in the genome wide identification of 3067 transcription start sites (TSSs) that were further classified based on their genomic positions. Among them, 1545 mapped upstream of an actively transcribed CDS and 1363 were classified as novel TSSs representing antisense, internal, and TSSs belonging to previously unidentified genomic features. Analyzing the transcriptional strength of primary and antisense TSSs revealed that in some instances antisense transcription seemed to be initiated at a higher level than its sense counterpart. Mapping the exact positions of TSSs aided in the identification of promoter consensus motifs, ribosomal binding sites, and enhanced the genome annotation of 159 in silico predicted translational start (TLS) sites. The global view on length distribution of the 5' untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) deduced from the data pointed to the occurrence of leaderless transcripts and transcripts with unusually long 5'-UTRs, in addition to identifying seven putative riboswitch elements for Xcc-B100. Concerning the biosynthesis of xanthan, we focused on the transcriptional organization of the gum gene cluster. Under the conditions tested, we present evidence for a complex transcription pattern of the gum genes with multiple TSSs and an obvious considerable role of antisense transcription. The gene gumB, encoding an outer membrane xanthan exporter, is presented here as an example for genes that possessed a strong antisense TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeaa S Alkhateeb
- Abteilung für Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Fakultät für Biologie, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank-Jörg Vorhölter
- Abteilung für Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Fakultät für Biologie, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Rückert
- Technologie Platform Genomics, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Almut Mentz
- Technologie Platform Genomics, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gerd Hublik
- Jungbunzlauer Austria AG, Pernhofen 1, 2064 Wulzeshofen, Austria
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Abteilung für Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Fakultät für Biologie, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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18
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Bhattarai K, Louws FJ, Williamson JD, Panthee DR. Differential response of tomato genotypes to Xanthomonas-specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and correlation with bacterial spot (Xanthomonas perforans) resistance. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:16035. [PMID: 27555919 PMCID: PMC4978809 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants depend on innate immune responses to retard the initial spread of pathogens entering through stomata, hydathodes or injuries. These responses are triggered by conserved patterns in pathogen-encoded molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the first responses, and the resulting 'oxidative burst' is considered to be a first line of defense. In this study, we conducted association analyses between ROS production and bacterial spot (BS; Xanthomonas spp.) resistance in 63 genotypes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). A luminol-based assay was performed on leaf tissues that had been treated with a flagellin 22 (flg22), flagellin 28 and a Xanthomonas-specific flg22 (flg22-Xac) peptide, to measure PAMP-induced ROS production in each genotype. These genotypes were also assessed for BS disease response by inoculation with Xanthomonas perforans, race T4. Although there was no consistent relationship between peptides used and host response to the BS, there was a significant negative correlation (r=-0.25, P<0.05) between foliar disease severity and ROS production, when flg22-Xac was used. This response could potentially be used to identify the Xanthomonas-specific PRR allele in tomato, and eventually PAMP-triggered immunity loci could be mapped in a segregating population. This has potential significance in tomato improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Bhattarai
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, Mills River, NC 28759, USA
| | - Frank J Louws
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - John D Williamson
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dilip R Panthee
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, Mills River, NC 28759, USA
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19
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Cesbron S, Briand M, Essakhi S, Gironde S, Boureau T, Manceau C, Fischer-Le Saux M, Jacques MA. Comparative Genomics of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Strains of Xanthomonas arboricola Unveil Molecular and Evolutionary Events Linked to Pathoadaptation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1126. [PMID: 26734033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01126.ecollection2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial species Xanthomonas arboricola contains plant pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. It includes the pathogen X. arboricola pv. juglandis, causing the bacterial blight of Juglans regia. The emergence of a new bacterial disease of J. regia in France called vertical oozing canker (VOC) was previously described and the causal agent was identified as a distinct genetic lineage within the pathovar juglandis. Symptoms on walnut leaves and fruits are similar to those of a bacterial blight but VOC includes also cankers on trunk and branches. In this work, we used comparative genomics and physiological tests to detect differences between four X. arboricola strains isolated from walnut tree: strain CFBP 2528 causing walnut blight (WB), strain CFBP 7179 causing VOC and two nonpathogenic strains, CFBP 7634 and CFBP 7651, isolated from healthy walnut buds. Whole genome sequence comparisons revealed that pathogenic strains possess a larger and wider range of mobile genetic elements than nonpathogenic strains. One pathogenic strain, CFBP 7179, possessed a specific integrative and conjugative element (ICE) of 95 kb encoding genes involved in copper resistance, transport and regulation. The type three effector repertoire was larger in pathogenic strains than in nonpathogenic strains. Moreover, CFBP 7634 strain lacked the type three secretion system encoding genes. The flagellar system appeared incomplete and nonfunctional in the pathogenic strain CFBP 2528. Differential sets of chemoreceptor and different repertoires of genes coding adhesins were identified between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. Besides these differences, some strain-specific differences were also observed. Altogether, this study provides valuable insights to highlight the mechanisms involved in ecology, environment perception, plant adhesion and interaction, leading to the emergence of new strains in a dynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cesbron
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences Beaucouzé, France
| | - Martial Briand
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences Beaucouzé, France
| | - Salwa Essakhi
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sophie Gironde
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences Beaucouzé, France
| | - Tristan Boureau
- Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences Angers, France
| | - Charles Manceau
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences Beaucouzé, France
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20
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Kim NH, Hwang BK. Pepper pathogenesis-related protein 4c is a plasma membrane-localized cysteine protease inhibitor that is required for plant cell death and defense signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:81-94. [PMID: 25335438 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) type III effector AvrBsT triggers programmed cell death (PCD) and activates the hypersensitive response (HR) in plants. Here, we isolated and identified the plasma membrane localized pathogenesis-related (PR) protein 4c gene (CaPR4c) from pepper (Capsicum annuum) leaves undergoing AvrBsT-triggered HR cell death. CaPR4c encodes a protein with a signal peptide and a Barwin domain. Recombinant CaPR4c protein expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited cysteine protease-inhibitor activity and ribonuclease (RNase) activity. Subcellular localization analyses revealed that CaPR4c localized to the plasma membrane in plant cells. CaPR4c expression was rapidly and specifically induced by avirulent Xcv (avrBsT) infection. Transient expression of CaPR4c caused HR cell death in pepper leaves, which was accompanied by enhanced accumulation of H2 O2 and significant induction of some defense-response genes. Deletion of the signal peptide from CaPR4c abolished the induction of HR cell death, indicating a requirement for plasma membrane localization of CaPR4c for HR cell death. CaPR4c silencing in pepper disrupted both basal and AvrBsT-triggered resistance responses, and enabled Xcv proliferation in infected leaves. H2 O2 accumulation, cell-death induction, and defense-response gene expression were distinctly reduced in CaPR4c-silenced pepper. CaPR4c overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants conferred greater resistance against infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. These results collectively suggest that CaPR4c plays an important role in plant cell death and defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
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21
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Cesbron S, Briand M, Essakhi S, Gironde S, Boureau T, Manceau C, Fischer-Le Saux M, Jacques MA. Comparative Genomics of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Strains of Xanthomonas arboricola Unveil Molecular and Evolutionary Events Linked to Pathoadaptation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1126. [PMID: 26734033 PMCID: PMC4686621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial species Xanthomonas arboricola contains plant pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. It includes the pathogen X. arboricola pv. juglandis, causing the bacterial blight of Juglans regia. The emergence of a new bacterial disease of J. regia in France called vertical oozing canker (VOC) was previously described and the causal agent was identified as a distinct genetic lineage within the pathovar juglandis. Symptoms on walnut leaves and fruits are similar to those of a bacterial blight but VOC includes also cankers on trunk and branches. In this work, we used comparative genomics and physiological tests to detect differences between four X. arboricola strains isolated from walnut tree: strain CFBP 2528 causing walnut blight (WB), strain CFBP 7179 causing VOC and two nonpathogenic strains, CFBP 7634 and CFBP 7651, isolated from healthy walnut buds. Whole genome sequence comparisons revealed that pathogenic strains possess a larger and wider range of mobile genetic elements than nonpathogenic strains. One pathogenic strain, CFBP 7179, possessed a specific integrative and conjugative element (ICE) of 95 kb encoding genes involved in copper resistance, transport and regulation. The type three effector repertoire was larger in pathogenic strains than in nonpathogenic strains. Moreover, CFBP 7634 strain lacked the type three secretion system encoding genes. The flagellar system appeared incomplete and nonfunctional in the pathogenic strain CFBP 2528. Differential sets of chemoreceptor and different repertoires of genes coding adhesins were identified between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. Besides these differences, some strain-specific differences were also observed. Altogether, this study provides valuable insights to highlight the mechanisms involved in ecology, environment perception, plant adhesion and interaction, leading to the emergence of new strains in a dynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cesbron
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesBeaucouzé, France
- *Correspondence: Sophie Cesbron
| | - Martial Briand
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesBeaucouzé, France
| | - Salwa Essakhi
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesBeaucouzé, France
| | - Sophie Gironde
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesBeaucouzé, France
| | - Tristan Boureau
- Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesAngers, France
| | - Charles Manceau
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesBeaucouzé, France
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesBeaucouzé, France
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22
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Trouvelot S, Héloir MC, Poinssot B, Gauthier A, Paris F, Guillier C, Combier M, Trdá L, Daire X, Adrian M. Carbohydrates in plant immunity and plant protection: roles and potential application as foliar sprays. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:592. [PMID: 25408694 PMCID: PMC4219568 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing interest is devoted to carbohydrates for their roles in plant immunity. Some of them are elicitors of plant defenses whereas other ones act as signaling molecules in a manner similar to phytohormones. This review first describes the main classes of carbohydrates associated to plant immunity, their role and mode of action. More precisely, the state of the art about perception of "PAMP, MAMP, and DAMP (Pathogen-, Microbe-, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns) type" oligosaccharides is presented and examples of induced defense events are provided. A particular attention is paid to the structure/activity relationships of these compounds. The role of sugars as signaling molecules, especially in plant microbe interactions, is also presented. Secondly, the potentialities and limits of foliar sprays of carbohydrates to stimulate plant immunity for crop protection against diseases are discussed, with focus on the roles of the leaf cuticle and phyllosphere microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Trouvelot
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Benoît Poinssot
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Franck Paris
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Christelle Guillier
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Maud Combier
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Xavier Daire
- INRA, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
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Shin SB, Golovkin M, Reddy ASN. A pollen-specific calmodulin-binding protein, NPG1, interacts with putative pectate lyases. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5263. [PMID: 24919580 PMCID: PMC4053719 DOI: 10.1038/srep05263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous genetic studies have revealed that a pollen-specific calmodulin-binding protein, No Pollen Germination 1 (NPG1), is required for pollen germination. However, its mode of action is unknown. Here we report direct interaction of NPG1 with pectate lyase-like proteins (PLLs). A truncated form of AtNPG1 lacking the N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat 1 (TPR1) failed to interact with PLLs, suggesting that it is essential for NPG1 interaction with PLLs. Localization studies with AtNPG1 fused to a fluorescent reporter driven by its native promoter revealed its presence in the cytosol and cell wall of the pollen grain and the growing pollen tube of plasmolyzed pollen. Together, our data suggest that the function of NPG1 in regulating pollen germination is mediated through its interaction with PLLs, which may modify the pollen cell wall and regulate pollen tube emergence and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bong Shin
- Department of Biology, Program in Molecular Plant Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Current Address: United States Department of Agriculture – Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Maxim Golovkin
- Department of Biology, Program in Molecular Plant Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Current Address: Foundation for Advancement of Science, Technology and Research, Biotechnology Center, PA 18902, USA
| | - Anireddy S. N. Reddy
- Department of Biology, Program in Molecular Plant Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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24
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Establishment, in silico analysis, and experimental verification of a large-scale metabolic network of the xanthan producing Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain B100. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Dynamic protein phosphorylation during the growth of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris B100 revealed by a gel-based proteomics approach. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:111-22. [PMID: 23792782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) synthesizes huge amounts of the exopolysaccharide xanthan and is a plant pathogen affecting Brassicaceae, among them the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Xanthan is produced as a thickening agent at industrial scale by fermentation of Xcc. In an approach based on 2D gel electrophoresis, protein samples from different growth phases were characterized to initialize analysis of the Xanthomonas phosphoproteome. The 2D gels were stained with Pro-Q Diamond phosphoprotein stain to identify putatively phosphorylated proteins. Spots of putatively phosphorylated proteins were excised from the gel and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Three proteins were confirmed to be phosphorylated, the phosphoglucomutase/phosphomannomutase XanA that is important for xanthan and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, the phosphoenolpyruvate synthase PspA that is involved in gluconeogenesis, and an anti-sigma factor antagonist RsbR that was so far uncharacterized in xanthomonads. The growth phase in which the samples were collected had an influence on protein phosphorylation in Xcc, particular distinct in case of RsbR, which was phosphorylated during the transition from the late exponential growth phase to the stationary phase.
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26
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Vorhölter FJ. RNA-Seq facilitates a new perspective on signal transduction and gene regulation in important plant pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:1041-6. [PMID: 23659691 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RNA-Seq is opening new doors for the functional understanding of microorganisms. Advances in RNA-Seq technology are allowing investigators to focus their studies on specific functional questions. An interesting example is presented by An et al. (2013) in this issue of Molecular Microbiology. New genes were identified for proteins and ncRNAs when the authors concentrated on the role of the rpf genes, which code for key components of a signal transduction hub in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Although rpf gene products were already known to be involved in controlling transcription of many genes, including those encoding several important virulence factors, novel and unexpected properties of this signal transduction system emerged from the RNA-Seq analysis. In addition to identifying new target genes influenced by the rpf genes, the study found that the regulons of RpfC and RpfG, the sensor and response regulator of the master two-component regulatory system, only partially overlapped, indicating that the Rpf signalling system is even more complex than previously appreciated.
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