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Alvarez XA, Winston CN, Barlow JW, Sarsoza FM, Alvarez I, Aleixandre M, Linares C, García-Fantini M, Kastberger B, Winter S, Rissman RA. Modulation of Amyloid-β and Tau in Alzheimer's Disease Plasma Neuronal-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Cerebrolysin® and Donepezil. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:705-717. [PMID: 36155516 PMCID: PMC9697063 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma neuronal-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEV) contain proteins of pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic relevance. OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations of six plasma NDEV markers with Alzheimer's disease (AD) severity, cognition and functioning, and changes in these biomarkers after Cerebrolysin®, donepezil, and a combination therapy in AD. METHODS Plasma NDEV levels of Aβ42, total tau, P-T181-tau, P-S393-tau, neurogranin, and REST were determined in: 1) 116 mild to advanced AD patients and in 20 control subjects; 2) 110 AD patients treated with Cerebrolysin®, donepezil, or combination therapy in a randomized clinical trial (RCT). Samples for NDEV determinations were obtained at baseline in the NDEV study and at baseline and study endpoint in the RCT. Cognition and functioning were assessed at the same time points. RESULTS NDEV levels of Aβ42, total tau, P-T181-tau, and P-S393-tau were higher and those of neurogranin and REST were lower in mild-to-moderate AD than in controls (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). NDEV total tau, neurogranin, and REST increased with AD severity (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). NDEV Aβ42 and P-T181-tau correlated negatively with serum BDNF (p < 0.05), and total-tau levels were associated to plasma TNF-α (p < 0.01) and cognitive impairment (p < 0.05). Combination therapy reduced NDEV Aβ42 with respect to monotherapies (p < 0.05); and NDEV total tau, P-T181-tau, and P-S396-tau were decreased in Cerebrolysin-treated patients compared to those on donepezil monotherapy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate the utility of NDEV determinations of pathologic and synaptic proteins as effective AD biomarkers, as markers of AD severity, and as potential tools for monitoring the effects of anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Anton Alvarez
- Medinova Institute of Neurosciences, Clinica Reha Salud, A Coruña, Spain
- Clinical Research Department, QPS Holdings, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - James W. Barlow
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Floyd M. Sarsoza
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Medinova Institute of Neurosciences, Clinica Reha Salud, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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2
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Wu M, Zhang M, Yin X, Chen K, Hu Z, Zhou Q, Cao X, Chen Z, Liu D. The role of pathological tau in synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:45. [PMID: 34753506 PMCID: PMC8579533 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline, accompanied by amyloid-β (Aβ) overload and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation in the brain. Synaptic dysfunction, an important pathological hallmark in AD, is recognized as the main cause of the cognitive impairments. Accumulating evidence suggests that synaptic dysfunction could be an early pathological event in AD. Pathological tau, which is detached from axonal microtubules and mislocalized into pre- and postsynaptic neuronal compartments, is suggested to induce synaptic dysfunction in several ways, including reducing mobility and release of presynaptic vesicles, decreasing glutamatergic receptors, impairing the maturation of dendritic spines at postsynaptic terminals, disrupting mitochondrial transport and function in synapses, and promoting the phagocytosis of synapses by microglia. Here, we review the current understanding of how pathological tau mediates synaptic dysfunction and contributes to cognitive decline in AD. We propose that elucidating the mechanism by which pathological tau impairs synaptic function is essential for exploring novel therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moxin Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China.,Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Manqing Zhang
- Medical College of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Xianming Cao
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China. .,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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3
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Putilina MV, Teplova NV, Poryadin GV. [Prospects for pharmacological adaptation of neurovascular unit in conditions of neurotropic viral infection]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:144-150. [PMID: 34184491 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121051144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The article discusses the prospects for pharmacological conditioning as a method for adaptation of neurovascular unit in conditions of neurotropic viral infection. A step-by-step mechanism for development of preconditioning and postconditioning is presented with a detailed description of it's main stages (trigger, signal and effector). The role of neuroinflammation as the leading mechanism of damage and the possibility of influencing the brain neurotrophic factor are considered. It is shown that different medications including neurotrophic drugs (cerebrolysin) can serve as inducers of conditioning. Usage of neurotrophic drugs in different doses for preconditioning and postconditioning is pathogenetically justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Putilina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Teplova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Poryadin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Gavrilova SI, Alvarez A. Cerebrolysin in the therapy of mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: 30 years of clinical use. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:2775-2803. [PMID: 32808294 DOI: 10.1002/med.21722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurocognitive disorder and a global health problem. The prevalence of AD is growing dramatically, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and will reach 131.5 million cases worldwide by 2050. Therefore, developing a disease-modifying therapy capable of delaying or even preventing the onset and progression of AD has become a world priority, and is an unmet need. The pathogenesis of AD, considered as the result of an imbalance between resilience and risk factors, begins many years before the typical clinical picture develops and involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. Since the pathophysiology of AD is multifactorial, it is not surprising that all attempts done to modify the disease course with drugs directed towards a single therapeutic target have been unsuccessful. Thus, combined modality therapy, using multiple drugs with a single mechanism of action or multi-target drugs, appears as the most promising strategy for both effective AD therapy and prevention. Cerebrolysin, acting as a multitarget peptidergic drug with a neurotrophic mode of action, exerts long-lasting therapeutic effects on AD that could reflect its potential utility for disease modification. Clinical trials demonstrated that Cerebrolysin is safe and efficacious in the treatment of AD, and may enhance and prolong the efficacy of cholinergic drugs, particularly in moderate to advanced AD patients. In this review, we summarize advances of therapeutic relevance in the pathogenesis and the biomarkers of AD, paying special attention to neurotrophic factors, and present results of preclinical and clinical investigations with Cerebrolysin in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana I Gavrilova
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Cognitive Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease Unit, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Alvarez
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Medinova Institute of Neurosciences, Clinica RehaSalud, A Coruña, Spain.,Clinical Research Department, QPS Holdings, A Coruña, Spain
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Abstract
Small vessel disease is a very common pathological process, which plays a key role in the development of stroke and cognitive impairment and, at the same time, affects other organs. The search for optimal drugs for prevention and treatment of small vessel disease has been continuing. The results of new studies enable further development of new treatment strategies. Currently, the drugs with neurotrophic properties become more and more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Putilina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical Unversity, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Ano Y, Yoshino Y, Kutsukake T, Ohya R, Fukuda T, Uchida K, Takashima A, Nakayama H. Tryptophan-related dipeptides in fermented dairy products suppress microglial activation and prevent cognitive decline. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:2949-2967. [PMID: 31121563 PMCID: PMC6555451 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth in aging populations has made prevention of age-related memory decline and dementia a high priority. Several epidemiological and clinical studies have concluded that fermented dairy products can help prevent cognitive decline; furthermore, intake of Camembert cheese prevents microglial inflammation and Alzheimer's pathology in mouse models. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the preventive effects of fermented dairy products, we screened peptides from digested milk protein for their potential to regulate the activation of microglia. We identified dipeptides of tryptophan-tyrosine (WY) and tryptophan-methionine that suppressed the microglial inflammatory response and enhanced the phagocytosis of amyloid-β (Aβ). Various fermented dairy products and food materials contain the WY peptide. Orally administered WY peptide was smoothly absorbed into blood, delivered to the brain, and improved the cognitive decline induced by lipopolysaccharide via the suppression of inflammation. Intake of the WY peptide prevented microglial inflammation, hippocampal long-term potential deficit, and memory impairment in aged mice. In an Alzheimer's model using 5×FAD mice, intake of the WY peptide also suppressed microglial inflammation and accumulation of Aβ, which improved cognitive decline. The identified dipeptides regulating microglial activity could potentially be used to prevent cognitive decline and dementia related to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Ano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuka Yoshino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshiko Kutsukake
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Rena Ohya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takafumi Fukuda
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takashima
- Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Guo T, Noble W, Hanger DP. Roles of tau protein in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:665-704. [PMID: 28386764 PMCID: PMC5390006 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tau is well established as a microtubule-associated protein in neurons. However, under pathological conditions, aberrant assembly of tau into insoluble aggregates is accompanied by synaptic dysfunction and neural cell death in a range of neurodegenerative disorders, collectively referred to as tauopathies. Recent advances in our understanding of the multiple functions and different locations of tau inside and outside neurons have revealed novel insights into its importance in a diverse range of molecular pathways including cell signalling, synaptic plasticity, and regulation of genomic stability. The present review describes the physiological and pathophysiological properties of tau and how these relate to its distribution and functions in neurons. We highlight the post-translational modifications of tau, which are pivotal in defining and modulating tau localisation and its roles in health and disease. We include discussion of other pathologically relevant changes in tau, including mutation and aggregation, and how these aspects impinge on the propensity of tau to propagate, and potentially drive neuronal loss, in diseased brain. Finally, we describe the cascade of pathological events that may be driven by tau dysfunction, including impaired axonal transport, alterations in synapse and mitochondrial function, activation of the unfolded protein response and defective protein degradation. It is important to fully understand the range of neuronal functions attributed to tau, since this will provide vital information on its involvement in the development and pathogenesis of disease. Such knowledge will enable determination of which critical molecular pathways should be targeted by potential therapeutic agents developed for the treatment of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Guo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Diane P Hanger
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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8
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Makani V, Jang YG, Christopher K, Judy W, Eckstein J, Hensley K, Chiaia N, Kim DS, Park J. BBB-Permeable, Neuroprotective, and Neurotrophic Polysaccharide, Midi-GAGR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149715. [PMID: 26939023 PMCID: PMC4777489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An enormous amount of efforts have been poured to find an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among those, neurotrophic peptides that regenerate neuronal structures and increase neuron survival show a promise in slowing neurodegeneration. However, the short plasma half-life and poor blood-brain-barrier (BBB)-permeability of neurotrophic peptides limit their in vivo efficacy. Thus, an alternative neurotrophic agent that has longer plasma half-life and better BBB-permeability has been sought for. Based on the recent findings of neuroprotective polysaccharides, we searched for a BBB-permeable neuroprotective polysaccharide among natural polysaccharides that are approved for human use. Then, we discovered midi-GAGR, a BBB-permeable, long plasma half-life, strong neuroprotective and neurotrophic polysaccharide. Midi-GAGR is a 4.7kD cleavage product of low acyl gellan gum that is approved by FDA for human use. Midi-GAGR protected rodent cortical neurons not only from the pathological concentrations of co-/post-treated free reactive radicals and Aβ42 peptide but also from activated microglial cells. Moreover, midi-GAGR showed a good neurotrophic effect; it enhanced neurite outgrowth and increased phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element binding protein (pCREB) in the nuclei of primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, intra-nasally administered midi-GAGR penetrated the BBB and exerted its neurotrophic effect inside the brain for 24 h after one-time administration. Midi-GAGR appears to activate fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and its downstream neurotrophic signaling pathway for neuroprotection and CREB activation. Additionally, 14-day intranasal administration of midi-GAGR not only increased neuronal activity markers but also decreased hyperphosphorylated tau, a precursor of neurofibrillary tangle, in the brains of the AD mouse model, 3xTg-AD. Taken together, midi-GAGR with good BBB-permeability, long plasma half-life, and strong neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects has a great therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishruti Makani
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yong-gil Jang
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kevin Christopher
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wesley Judy
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jacob Eckstein
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chiaia
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dong-Shik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joshua Park
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin in triple repeat Tau transgenic model of Pick's disease and fronto-temporal tauopathies. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:85. [PMID: 26611895 PMCID: PMC4662012 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders with accumulation of three-repeat (3R) or four-repeat (4R) Tau. While 3R tau is found in Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD), 4R tau is more abundant in corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and AD. We have previously shown that Cerebrolysin™ (CBL), a neuropeptide mixture with neurotrophic effects, ameliorates the pathology in amyloid precursor protein transgenic (tg) mouse model of AD and 4R tau, however it is unclear if CBL ameliorates the deficits and neuropathology in the mouse model of Pick's disease over expressing 3R tau. RESULTS Mice expressing 3R tau (L266V and G272V mutations) under the mThy-1 promoter were treated with CBL in two separate groups, the first was 3 months old (treated for 3 months, IP) and the second was 6 months old (treated for 3 months, IP) at the start of the treatment. We found that although the levels of total 3R tau were unchanged, CBL reduced the levels of hyper-phosphorylated tau in both groups of mice. This was accompanied by reduced neurodegenerative pathology in the neocortex and hippocampus in both groups and by improvements in the behavioral deficits in the nest-building test and water maze in the 3-6 month group. CONCLUSION Taken together these results support the notion that CBL may be beneficial in other taupathy models by reducing the levels of aberrantly phosphorylated tau.
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Rockenstein E, Overk CR, Ubhi K, Mante M, Patrick C, Adame A, Bisquert A, Trejo-Morales M, Spencer B, Masliah E. A novel triple repeat mutant tau transgenic model that mimics aspects of pick's disease and fronto-temporal tauopathies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121570. [PMID: 25803611 PMCID: PMC4372415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of disorders leading to cognitive and behavioral impairment in the aging population. While four-repeat (4R) Tau is more abundant in corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Alzheimer’s disease, three-repeat (3R) Tau is the most abundant splice, in Pick's disease. A number of transgenic models expressing wild-type and mutant forms of the 4R Tau have been developed. However, few models of three-repeat Tau are available. A transgenic mouse model expressing three-repeat Tau was developed bearing the mutations associated with familial forms of Pick's disease (L266V and G272V mutations). Two lines expressing high (Line 13) and low (Line 2) levels of the three-repeat mutant Tau were analyzed. By Western blot, using antibodies specific to three-repeat Tau, Line 13 expressed 5-times more Tau than Line 2. The Tau expressed by these mice was most abundant in the frontal-temporal cortex and limbic system and was phosphorylated at residues detected by the PHF-1, AT8, CP9 and CP13 antibodies. The higher-expressing mice displayed hyperactivity, memory deficits in the water maze and alterations in the round beam. The behavioral deficits started at 6-8 months of age and were associated with a progressive increase in the accumulation of 3R Tau. By immunocytochemistry, mice from Line 13 displayed extensive accumulation of 3R Tau in neuronal cells bodies in the pyramidal neurons of the neocortex, CA1-3 regions, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Aggregates in the granular cells had a globus appearance and mimic Pick’s-like inclusions. There were abundant dystrophic neurites, astrogliosis and synapto-dendritic damage in the neocortex and hippocampus of the higher expresser line. The hippocampal lesions were moderately argyrophilic and Thioflavin-S negative. By electron microscopy, discrete straight filament aggregates were detected in some neurons in the hippocampus. This model holds promise for better understanding the natural history and progression of 3R tauopathies and their relationship with mitochondrial alterations and might be suitable for therapeutical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Cassia R. Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kiren Ubhi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christina Patrick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Bisquert
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Margarita Trejo-Morales
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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