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Akhtar S, Babiker F, Akhtar UA, Benter IF. Mitigating Cardiotoxicity of Dendrimers: Angiotensin-(1-7) via Its Mas Receptor Ameliorates PAMAM-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in the Isolated Mammalian Heart. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122673. [PMID: 36559167 PMCID: PMC9781033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The influence of the physiochemical properties of dendrimer nanoparticles on cardiac contractility and hemodynamics are not known. Herein, we investigated (a) the effect of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer generation (G7, G6, G5, G4 and G3) and surface chemistry (-NH2, -COOH and -OH) on cardiac function in mammalian hearts following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and (b) determined if any PAMAM-induced cardiotoxicity could be mitigated by Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7), a cardioprotective agent. METHODS Hearts isolated from male Wistar rats underwent regional I/R and/or treatment with different PAMAM dendrimers, Ang-(1-7) or its MAS receptors antagonists. Thirty minutes of regional ischemia through ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was followed by 30 min of reperfusion. All treatments were initiated 5 min prior to reperfusion and maintained during the first 10 min of reperfusion. Cardiac function parameters for left ventricular contractility, hemodynamics and vascular dynamics data were acquired digitally, whereas cardiac enzymes and infarct size were used as measures of cardiac injury. RESULTS Treatment of isolated hearts with increasing doses of G7 PAMAM dendrimer progressively exacerbated recovery of cardiac contractility and hemodynamic parameters post-I/R injury. Impairment of cardiac function was progressively less on decreasing dendrimer generation with G3 exhibiting little or no cardiotoxicity. Cationic PAMAMs (-NH2) were more toxic than anionic (-COOH), with neutral PAMAMs (-OH) exhibiting the least cardiotoxicity. Cationic G7 PAMAM-induced cardiac dysfunction was significantly reversed by Ang-(1-7) administration. These cardioprotective effects of Ang-(1-7) were significantly revoked by administration of the MAS receptor antagonists, A779 and D-Pro7-Ang-(1-7). CONCLUSIONS PAMAM dendrimers can impair the recovery of hearts from I/R injury in a dose-, dendrimer-generation-(size) and surface-charge dependent manner. Importantly, PAMAM-induced cardiotoxicity could be mitigated by Ang-(1-7) acting through its MAS receptor. Thus, this study highlights the activation of Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis as a novel strategy to overcome dendrimer-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Fawzi Babiker
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Safat P.O. Box 24923, Kuwait
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Usman A. Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim F. Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta 99628, North Cyprus, Turkey
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Pineux F, Federico S, Klotz KN, Kachler S, Michiels C, Sturlese M, Prato M, Spalluto G, Moro S, Bonifazi D. Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors with Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes: The Case of the A 3 Adenosine Receptor. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1909-1920. [PMID: 32706529 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) overexpressed in the membrane of specific cancer cells. Thus, the development of nanosystems targeting this receptor could be a strategy to both treat and diagnose cancer. Iron-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an optimal platform for theranostic purposes, and the use of a magnetic field can be exploited for cancer magnetic cell sorting and thermal therapy. In this work, we have conjugated an A3 AR ligand on the surface of iron-filled CNTs with the aim of targeting cells overexpressing A3 ARs. In particular, two conjugates bearing PEG linkers of different length were designed. A docking analysis of A3 AR showed that neither CNT nor linker interferes with ligand binding to the receptor; this was confirmed by in vitro preliminary radioligand competition assays on A3 AR. Encouraged by this result, magnetic cell sorting was applied to a mixture of cells overexpressing or not the A3 AR in which our compound displayed indiscriminate binding to all cells. Despite this, it is the first time that a GPCR ligand has been anchored to a magnetic nanosystem, thus it opens the door to new applications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Pineux
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Research College (NARC), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L.Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kachler
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carine Michiels
- Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L.Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L.Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Wien, Austria
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Viola HM, Shah AA, Kretzmann JA, Evans CW, Norret M, Iyer KS, Hool LC. A dendronized polymer variant that facilitates safe delivery of a calcium channel antagonist to the heart. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102264. [PMID: 32659322 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI) have been ineffective due to limited bioavailability and poor specificity. We have previously shown that a peptide that targets the α-interaction domain of the cardiac L-type calcium channel (AID-peptide) attenuates MI when tethered to transactivator of transcription sequence (TAT) or spherical nanoparticles. However some reservations remain regarding use of these delivery platforms due to the relationship with human immunodeficiency virus, off-target effects and toxicity. Here we investigate the use of linear dendronized polymers (denpols) to deliver AID-peptide as a potential MI therapy using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. Optimized denpol-complexed AID-peptide facilitated in vitro cardiac uptake of AID-peptide, and reduced MI. Maximal in vivo cardiac uptake was achieved within the 2 h therapeutic time window for acute myocardial infarction. Importantly, optimized denpol-complexed AID-peptide was not toxic. This platform may represent an alternative therapeutic approach for the prevention of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Viola
- School of Human Sciences (Physiology), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ashay A Shah
- School of Human Sciences (Physiology), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jessica A Kretzmann
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Cameron W Evans
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Marck Norret
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Livia C Hool
- School of Human Sciences (Physiology), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Babiker F, Benter IF, Akhtar S. Nanotoxicology of Dendrimers in the Mammalian Heart: ex vivo and in vivo Administration of G6 PAMAM Nanoparticles Impairs Recovery of Cardiac Function Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4393-4405. [PMID: 32606684 PMCID: PMC7310973 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s255202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The effects of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers on the mammalian heart are not completely understood. In this study, we have investigated the effects of a sixth-generation cationic dendrimer (G6 PAMAM) on cardiac function in control and diabetic rat hearts following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods Isolated hearts from healthy non-diabetic (Ctr) male Wistar rats were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). LV contractility and hemodynamics data were computed digitally whereas cardiac damage following I/R injury was assessed by measuring cardiac enzymes. For ex vivo acute exposure experiments, G6 PAMAM was administered during the first 10 mins of reperfusion in Ctr animals. In chronic in vivo studies, nondiabetic rats (Ctr) received either vehicle or daily i.p. injections of G6 PAMAM (40 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Diabetic (D) animals received either vehicle or daily i.p. injections of G6 PAMAM (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The impact of G6 PAMAM on pacing-postconditioning (PPC) was also studied in Ctr and D rats. Results In ex vivo studies, acute administration of G6 PAMAM to isolated Ctr hearts during reperfusion dose-dependently impaired recovery of cardiac hemodynamics and vascular dynamics parameters following I/R injury. Chronic daily i.p. injections of G6 PAMAM significantly (P<0.01) impaired recovery of cardiac function following I/R injury in nondiabetic animals but this was not generally observed in diabetic animals except for CF which was impaired by about 50%. G6 PAMAM treatment completely blocked the protective effects of PPC in the Ctr animals. Conclusion Acute ex vivo or chronic in vivo treatment with naked G6 PAMAM dendrimer can significantly compromise recovery of non-diabetic hearts from I/R injury and can further negate the beneficial effects of PPC. Our findings are therefore extremely important in the nanotoxicological evaluation of G6 PAMAM dendrimers for potential clinical applications in physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzi Babiker
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Republic of Cyprus
| | - Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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5
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Wan TC, Tampo A, Kwok WM, Auchampach JA. Ability of CP-532,903 to protect mouse hearts from ischemia/reperfusion injury is dependent on expression of A 3 adenosine receptors in cardiomyoyctes. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:21-31. [PMID: 30710517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonists are effective at limiting injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart in experimental animal models. However, understanding of their mechanism of action, which is likely multifactorial, remains incomplete. In prior studies, it has been demonstrated that A3AR-mediated ischemic protection is blocked by glibenclamide and is absent in Kir6.2 gene ablated mice that lack the pore-forming subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel, suggesting one contributing mechanism may involve accelerated activation of KATP channels. However, presence of A3ARs in the myocardium has yet to be established. Utilizing a whole-cell recording technique, in this study we confirm functional expression of the A3AR in adult mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes, coupled to activation of ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels via Gi inhibitory proteins. We further show that ischemic protection provided by the selective A3AR agonist CP-532,903 in an isolated, buffer-perfused heart model is lost completely in Adora3LoxP/LoxP;Myh6-Cre mice, which is a newly developed model developed and comprehensively described herein whereby the A3AR gene (Adora3) is deleted exclusively in cardiomyocytes. Our findings, taken together with previously published work, are consistent with the hypothesis that A3AR agonists provide ischemic tolerance, at least in part, by facilitating opening of myocardial KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina C Wan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Akihito Tampo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Wai-Meng Kwok
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
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Chandarana M, Curtis A, Hoskins C. The use of nanotechnology in cardiovascular disease. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Desmecht A, Steenhaut T, Pennetreau F, Hermans S, Riant O. Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Hybrids. Chemistry 2018; 24:12992-13001. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Desmecht
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST); Université catholique de Louvain; Place Louis Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Timothy Steenhaut
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST); Université catholique de Louvain; Place Louis Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Florence Pennetreau
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST); Université catholique de Louvain; Place Louis Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Sophie Hermans
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST); Université catholique de Louvain; Place Louis Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST); Université catholique de Louvain; Place Louis Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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8
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Magruder JT, Crawford TC, Lin YA, Zhang F, Grimm JC, Kannan RM, Kannan S, Sciortino CM. Selective Localization of a Novel Dendrimer Nanoparticle in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104:891-898. [PMID: 28366468 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendrimer nanoparticle therapies represent promising new approaches to drug delivery, particularly in diseases associated with inflammatory injury. However, their application has not been fully explored in models of acute myocardial ischemia (MI) and reperfusion injury. METHODS White male New Zealand rabbits underwent left thoracotomy with 30-minute temporary left anterior descending artery occlusion and MI confirmed by electrocardiography and histology (MI rabbits, n = 9), or left thoracotomy and pericardial opening for 30 minutes but no left anterior descending artery occlusion (control [C] rabbits, n = 9) rabbits. Following the 30-minute period, a dendrimer (generation 6 dendrimer conjugated to cyanine-5 fluorescent dye [G6-Cy5], 6.7 nm diameter) was administered intravenously and the chest closed in layers. Animals were sacrificed at 3 hours (3 MI, 3 C), 24 hours (3 MI, 3 C), or 48 hours (3 MI, 3 C) postsurgery. RESULTS As compared to controls, MI rabbits had twofold G6-Cy5 uptake in the myocardial anterior wall as compared to the same region in nonischemic control rabbits at 24 hours postsurgery (6.01 ± 0.57 μg/g versus 2.85 ± 0.85 μg/g; p = 0.04). This trend was also present at 48 hours (6.38 ± 1.53 μg/g versus 3.95 ± 0.60 μg/g, p = 0.21) and was qualitatively evident on confocal microscopy. G6-Cy5 half-life in serum was approximately 12 hours, with 22% of the injected G6-Cy5 dose remaining at 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that dendrimer nanodevices selectively localize in ischemic as compared to healthy myocardium. This indicates that dendrimer nanodevices are promising agents to deliver drugs specifically to the ischemic myocardium to attenuate the injury. Subsequent studies will assess the efficacy of a dendrimer-drug conjugate in ameliorating reperfusion injury following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trent Magruder
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Todd C Crawford
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yi-An Lin
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua C Grimm
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher M Sciortino
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Song H, Pu J, Wang L, Wu L, Xiao J, Liu Q, Chen J, Zhang M, Liu Y, Ni M, Mo J, Zheng Y, Wan D, Cai X, Cao Y, Xiao W, Ye L, Tu E, Lin Z, Wen J, Lu X, He J, Peng Y, Su J, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Lin M, Zhang Z. ATG16L1 phosphorylation is oppositely regulated by CSNK2/casein kinase 2 and PPP1/protein phosphatase 1 which determines the fate of cardiomyocytes during hypoxia/reoxygenation. Autophagy 2016; 11:1308-25. [PMID: 26083323 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ULK1 and ATG13 are related to autophagy activity. Although ATG16L1 is absolutely required for autophagy induction by affecting the formation of autophagosomes, the post-translational modification of ATG16L1 remains elusive. Here, we explored the regulatory mechanism and role of ATG16L1 phosphorylation for autophagy induction in cardiomyocytes. We showed that ATG16L1 was a phosphoprotein, because phosphorylation of ATG16L1 was detected in rat cardiomyocytes during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). We not only demonstrated that CSNK2 (casein kinase 2) phosphorylated ATG16L1, but also identified the highly conserved Ser139 as the critical phosphorylation residue for CSNK2. We further established that ATG16L1 associated with the ATG12-ATG5 complex in a Ser139 phosphorylation-dependent manner. In agreement with this finding, CSNK2 inhibitor disrupted the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex. Importantly, phosphorylation of ATG16L1 on Ser139 was responsible for H/R-induced autophagy in cardiomyocytes, which protects cardiomyocytes from apoptosis. Conversely, we determined that wild-type PPP1 (protein phosphatase 1), but not the inactive mutant, associated with ATG16L1 and antagonized CSNK2-mediated phosphorylation of ATG16L1. Interestingly, one RVxF consensus site for PPP1 binding in the C-terminal tail of ATG16L1 was identified; mutation of this site disrupted its association with ATG16L1. Notably, CSNK2 also associated with PPP1, but ATG16L1 depletion impaired the interaction between CSNK2 and PPP1. Collectively, these data identify ATG16L1 as a bona fide physiological CSNK2 and PPP1 substrate, which reveals a novel molecular link from CSNK2 to activation of the autophagy-specific ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex and autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Song
- a Department of Cardiology ; Affiliated Baoan Hospital of Southern Medical University ; Shenzhen , China
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Evans CW, Iyer KS, Hool LC. The potential for nanotechnology to improve delivery of therapy to the acute ischemic heart. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:817-32. [PMID: 26980180 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of acute cardiac ischemia remains an area in which there are opportunities for therapeutic improvement. Despite significant advances, many patients still progress to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Timely reperfusion is critical in rescuing vulnerable ischemic tissue and is directly related to patient outcome, but reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium also contributes to damage. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species, initiation of an inflammatory response and deregulation of calcium homeostasis all contribute to injury, and difficulties in delivering a sufficient quantity of drug to the affected tissue in a controlled manner is a limitation of current therapies. Nanotechnology may offer significant improvements in this respect. Here, we review recent examples of how nanoparticles can be used to improve delivery to the ischemic myocardium, and suggest some approaches that may lead to improved therapies for acute cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron W Evans
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Livia C Hool
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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11
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K. Adenosine as a Multi-Signalling Guardian Angel in Human Diseases: When, Where and How Does it Exert its Protective Effects? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:419-434. [PMID: 26944097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of adenosine for human health cannot be overstated. Indeed, this ubiquitous nucleoside is an integral component of ATP, and regulates the function of every tissue and organ in the body. Acting via receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms [the former mediated via four G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), A1, A2A, A2B, and A3,], it has a significant role in protecting against cell damage in areas of increased tissue metabolism, and combating organ dysfunction in numerous pathological states. Accordingly, raised levels of adenosine have been demonstrated in epilepsy, ischaemia, pain, inflammation, and cancer, in which its behaviour can be likened to that of a guardian angel, even though there are instances in which overproduction of adenosine is pathological. In this review, we condense the current body of knowledge on the issue, highlighting when, where, and how adenosine exerts its protective effects in both the brain and the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Nance E, Porambo M, Zhang F, Mishra MK, Buelow M, Getzenberg R, Johnston M, Kannan RM, Fatemi A, Kannan S. Systemic dendrimer-drug treatment of ischemia-induced neonatal white matter injury. J Control Release 2015; 214:112-20. [PMID: 26184052 PMCID: PMC4732874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extreme prematurity is a major risk factor for perinatal and neonatal brain injury, and can lead to white matter injury that is a precursor for a number of neurological diseases, including cerebral palsy (CP) and autism. Neuroinflammation, mediated by activated microglia and astrocytes, is implicated in the pathogenesis of neonatal brain injury. Therefore, targeted drug delivery to attenuate neuroinflammation may greatly improve therapeutic outcomes in models of perinatal white matter injury. In this work, we use a mouse model of ischemia-induced neonatal white matter injury to study the biodistribution of generation 4, hydroxyl-functionalized polyamidoamine dendrimers. Following systemic administration of the Cy5-labeled dendrimer (D-Cy5), we demonstrate dendrimer uptake in cells involved in ischemic injury, and in ongoing inflammation, leading to secondary injury. The sub-acute response to injury is driven by astrocytes. Within five days of injury, microglial proliferation and migration occurs, along with limited differentiation of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte death. From one day to five days after injury, a shift in dendrimer co-localization occurred. Initially, dendrimer predominantly co-localized with astrocytes, with a subsequent shift towards microglia. Co-localization with oligodendrocytes reduced over the same time period, demonstrating a region-specific uptake based on the progression of the injury. We further show that systemic administration of a single dose of dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine conjugate (D-NAC) at either sub-acute or delayed time points after injury results in sustained attenuation of the 'detrimental' pro-inflammatory response up to 9days after injury, while not impacting the 'favorable' anti-inflammatory response. The D-NAC therapy also led to improvement in myelination, suggesting reduced white matter injury. Demonstration of treatment efficacy at later time points in the postnatal period provides a greater understanding of how microglial activation and chronic inflammation can be targeted to treat neonatal brain injury. Importantly, it may also provide a longer therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nance
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, United States
| | - Michael Porambo
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, United States; Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 21205, United States
| | - Markus Buelow
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Rachel Getzenberg
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Michael Johnston
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, United States; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 21205, United States
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, United States; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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13
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Yu M, Jie X, Xu L, Chen C, Shen W, Cao Y, Lian G, Qi R. Recent Advances in Dendrimer Research for Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2588-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Yu
- Peking
University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Jie
- School
of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Peking
University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Peking
University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wanli Shen
- School
of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yini Cao
- Peking
University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guan Lian
- School
of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Rong Qi
- Peking
University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
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14
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Borea PA, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Merighi S, Gessi S. The A3 adenosine receptor: history and perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:74-102. [PMID: 25387804 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By general consensus, the omnipresent purine nucleoside adenosine is considered a major regulator of local tissue function, especially when energy supply fails to meet cellular energy demand. Adenosine mediation involves activation of a family of four G protein-coupled adenosine receptors (ARs): A(1), A(2)A, A(2)B, and A(3). The A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) is the only adenosine subtype to be overexpressed in inflammatory and cancer cells, thus making it a potential target for therapy. Originally isolated as an orphan receptor, A(3)AR presented a twofold nature under different pathophysiologic conditions: it appeared to be protective/harmful under ischemic conditions, pro/anti-inflammatory, and pro/antitumoral depending on the systems investigated. Until recently, the greatest and most intriguing challenge has been to understand whether, and in which cases, selective A(3) agonists or antagonists would be the best choice. Today, the choice has been made and A(3)AR agonists are now under clinical development for some disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, glaucoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. More specifically, the interest and relevance of these new agents derives from clinical data demonstrating that A(3)AR agonists are both effective and safe. Thus, it will become apparent in the present review that purine scientists do seem to be getting closer to their goal: the incorporation of adenosine ligands into drugs with the ability to save lives and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
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15
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Burnstock G, Pelleg A. Cardiac purinergic signalling in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:1-46. [PMID: 25527177 PMCID: PMC4336308 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is a historical account about purinergic signalling in the heart, for readers to see how ideas and understanding have changed as new experimental results were published. Initially, the focus is on the nervous control of the heart by ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves, as well as in intracardiac neurons. Control of the heart by centers in the brain and vagal cardiovascular reflexes involving purines are also discussed. The actions of adenine nucleotides and nucleosides on cardiomyocytes, atrioventricular and sinoatrial nodes, cardiac fibroblasts, and coronary blood vessels are described. Cardiac release and degradation of ATP are also described. Finally, the involvement of purinergic signalling and its therapeutic potential in cardiac pathophysiology is reviewed, including acute and chronic heart failure, ischemia, infarction, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, syncope, hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, angina, diabetic cardiomyopathy, as well as heart transplantation and coronary bypass grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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16
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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17
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Jacobson KA. Structure-based approaches to ligands for G-protein-coupled adenosine and P2Y receptors, from small molecules to nanoconjugates. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3749-67. [PMID: 23597047 PMCID: PMC3701956 DOI: 10.1021/jm400422s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor (ARs) and P2Y receptors (P2YRs) that respond to extracellular nucleosides/nucleotides are associated with new directions for therapeutics. The X-ray structures of the A2AAR complexes with agonists and antagonists are examined in relationship to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and applied to drug discovery. Much of the data on AR ligand structure from early SAR studies now are explainable from the A2AAR X-ray crystallography. The ligand-receptor interactions in related GPCR complexes can be identified by means of modeling approaches, e.g., molecular docking. Thus, molecular recognition in binding and activation processes has been studied effectively using homology modeling and applied to ligand design. Virtual screening has yielded new nonnucleoside AR antagonists, and existing ligands have been improved with knowledge of the receptor interactions. New agonists are being explored for central nervous system and peripheral therapeutics based on in vivo activity, such as chronic neuropathic pain. Ligands for receptors more distantly related to the X-ray template, i.e., P2YRs, have been introduced and are mainly used as pharmacological tools for elucidating the physiological role of extracellular nucleotides. Other ligand tools for drug discovery include fluorescent probes, radioactive probes, multivalent probes, and functionalized nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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18
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Ma X, Sun Q, Zhou Z, Jin E, Tang J, Van Kirk E, Murdoch WJ, Shen Y. Synthesis of degradable bifunctional dendritic polymers as versatile drug carriers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20771k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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19
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Multivalent ligand: design principle for targeted therapeutic delivery approach. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1171-87. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivalent interactions of biological molecules play an important role in many biochemical events. A multivalent ligand comprises of multiple copies of ligands conjugated to scaffolds, allowing the simultaneous binding of multivalent ligands to multiple binding sites or receptors. Many research groups have successfully designed and synthesized multivalent ligands to increase the binding affinity, avidity and specificity of the ligand to the receptor. A multimeric ligand is a promising option for the specific treatment of diseases. In this review, the factors affecting multivalent interactions, including the size and shape of the ligand, geometry and an arrangement of ligands on the scaffold, linker length, thermodynamic, and kinetics of the interactions are discussed. Examples of the multivalent ligand applications for therapeutic delivery are also summarized.
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