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Maraf MB, Mountessou BYG, Hans Merlin TF, Ariane P, Fekoua JNN, Jean Yves TB, Raoul TTD, Abouem A Zintchem A, Bebga G, Mbouombouo NI, Ramasami P. Virtual screening, MMGBSA, and molecular dynamics approaches for identification of natural products from South African biodiversity as potential Onchocerca volvulus pi-class glutathione S-transferase inhibitors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29560. [PMID: 38694068 PMCID: PMC11058291 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated 1012 molecules from natural products previously isolated from the South African biodiversity (SANCDB, https://sancdb.rubi.ru.ac.za/), for putative inhibition of Onchocerca volvulus pi-class glutathione S-transferase (Ov-GST2) by virtual screening, MMGBSA, and molecular dynamics approaches. ADMET, docking, and MMGBSA shortlisted 12 selected homoisoflavanones-type hit molecules, among which two namely SANC00569, and SANC00689 displayed high binding affinities of -46.09 and -46.26 kcal mol-1, respectively towards π-class Ov-GST2, respectively. The molecular dynamics results of SANC00569 showed the presence of intermolecular H-bonding, hydrophobic interactions between the ligand and key amino acids of Ov-GST2, throughout the simulation period. This hit molecule had a stable binding pose and occupied the binding pockets throughout the 200 ns simulation. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report of any alleged anti-onchocerciasis activity referring to homoisoflavanones or flavonoids. Nevertheless, homoisoflavanones, which are a subclass of flavonoids, exhibit a plethora of biological activities. All these results led to the conclusion that SANC00569 is the most hypothetical Ov-GST2, which could lead the development of new drugs against Onchocerca volvulus pi-class glutathione S-transferase. Further validation of these findings through in vitro and in vivo studies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbah Bake Maraf
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Unit, Laboratory of Applied Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. BOX 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bel Youssouf G. Mountessou
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Tsahnang Fofack Hans Merlin
- Laboratoire Optique et Applications, Centre de Physique Atomique Moléculaire et Optique Quantique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Douala, B.P. 8580, Douala, Cameroon
- Analytical, Structural and Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, B.P. 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Pouyewo Ariane
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Unit, Laboratory of Applied Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. BOX 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joëlle Nadia Nouping Fekoua
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Unit, Laboratory of Applied Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. BOX 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Takoua Bella Jean Yves
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Tchuifon Tchuifon Donald Raoul
- Department of Process Engineering, Laboratory of Energy, Materials, Modeling and Method, National Higher Polytechnic School of Douala, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701 Douala, Cameroon, Douala
| | - Auguste Abouem A Zintchem
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gouet Bebga
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ndassa Ibrahim Mbouombouo
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ebolowa, P.O. Box 118, Ebolowa, Cameroon
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
- Centre for Natural Product Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
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Ignagali BB, Galani Tietcheu BR, Betrosse T, Kamaya B, Ndjonka D. In Vitro Filaricidal Properties of Aqueous Extracts of Combretum nigricans (Combretaceae) on Onchocerca ochengi (Onchocercidae). J Parasitol Res 2024; 2024:2119056. [PMID: 38328477 PMCID: PMC10849807 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2119056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Onchocerciasis is an endemic parasitic disease in sub-Saharan Africa that significantly impacts animal and human health. In Northern Cameroon, medicinal plants from the Combretum genus are used for onchocerciasis traditional treatment although there is no scientific evidence of their antifilarial potential. This study evaluates the in vitro macro- and microfilaricidal properties of water extracts from Combretum nigricans in Onchocerca ochengi. Material and Methods. O. ochengi microfilariae and adult male worms were recovered from cowhide fragments. Oxidative stress indicators and motility tests were used to assess the filaricidal impact. Female albino rats were used to test for acute toxicity. The contents of secondary metabolites were quantified. Results The bark aqueous extract was more active on macrofilariae at 1 mg/mL for 24 h (100%) than the leaf (63.9%) and root (75%) extracts at the same concentration. Likewise, a stronger microfilaricidal effect was found with this extract at 0.5 mg/mL for 1 h (100%) compared to root and leaf extracts. The dose-response effect with the bark extract gave an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of 351 μg/mL vs. 113 μg/mL for flubendazole after 24 h incubation, while the microfilaricidal efficacy revealed an IC50 of 158.7 μg/mL vs. 54.09 μg/mL for ivermectin after one-hour incubation. Examining stress indicators on parasite homogenates showed that macrofilaricidal activity is associated with a significant increase in nitric oxide, glutathione, and malondialdehyde generation and a decrease in catalase activity. At 2000 mg/kg, rats showed no harm. The phytochemical investigation revealed that the barks contained more phenolic acids, condensed tannins, flavonoids, and saponins than the leaves (p < 0.001). Conclusion These findings support C. nigricans' antifilarial activity and identify oxidative stress indicators as prospective treatment targets in O. ochengi. It would be interesting to conduct in vivo studies to understand their antifilarial activity better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banserne Brey Ignagali
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Borris Rosnay Galani Tietcheu
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Theodore Betrosse
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Blaise Kamaya
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonne Ndjonka
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
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Swain A, Choudhir G, Prabakaran D, Hariprasad P. Molecular docking, dynamics simulation and pharmacokinetic studies of Cyperus articulatus essential oil metabolites as inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:9245-9255. [PMID: 36373334 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2145371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyperus articulatus has been extensively studied for its essential oil (EO), active components and antibacterial activities against a wide range of bacteria such as Bacillus megaterium, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. However, knowledge of the biomolecular interaction of the individual EO metabolites responsible for its inhibition activities is lacking. The multi-drug-resistant bacteria S. aureus, which is of prime concern, has been reported to be inhibited by Cyperus articulatus rhizome EO. The present work analyzed the molecular interactions of the major Cyperus articulatus rhizome EO metabolites with the target enzyme TyrRS of S. aureus and studied the conformational dynamics and stability of the protein-ligand complexes. Molecular docking studies of selected EO metabolites such as mustakone, longifolenaldehyde, cyperotundone, α-copaene, β-calacorene, α-calacorene and khusinol were conducted along with standard drug chloramphenicol for comparative analysis of their binding affinity with S. aureus TyrRS. The metabolites khusinol, mustakone, β-calacorene and α-calacorene generated comparable docking scores (-6.4, -6.2, -6.1 and -6.2 kcal/mol, respectively) with that of the drug chloramphenicol (-6.3 kcal/mol). Most EO metabolites did not exhibit H-bonding with the S. aureus TyrRS residues and were stabilized through pi-interactions. The MD simulation study illustrated that compounds like mustakone could effectively bind to the receptors of S. aureus TyrRS with high stability and integrity. Pharmacokinetic, drug-like properties and toxicity analysis of the EO metabolites supported the candidature of mustakone and khusinol as pharmacologically important antibacterial drug ingredients. The study envisaged the structural framework of the EO metabolites for antibacterial drug design.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayusman Swain
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Gourav Choudhir
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Duraivadivel Prabakaran
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - P Hariprasad
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Galani Tietcheu BR, Betrosse T, Ayiseh RB, Yuunoeoene EI, Mfotie Njoya E, Nveikoueng F, Njintang NY, Ndjonka D. In Vitro Filaricidal Properties of Hydro-Methanolic Extracts of Powdery Fractions of Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae) on Onchocerca ochengi. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:566-581. [PMID: 37336863 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Onchocerciasis is a neglected tropical disease that remains endemic in sub-Saharan African countries. Unfortunately, only a few microfilaricidal agents have been approved so far. This study aimed to assess the in vitro macro and microfilaricidal potentialities of the hydro-methanolic extracts of the different powdery fractions of Khaya senegalensis against Onchocerca ochengi. METHODS Adult male worms and microfilariae (mf) of O. ochengi were isolated from cowhides in Ngaoundere II, Cameroon. Parasites were incubated for 4 h (mf) or 48 h (adult worms) in RPMI-1640 medium in the presence or absence of ivermectin, flubendazole, or hydro-methanolic extracts of different plant powdery fractions obtained by controlled differential sieving. The filaricidal effect was evaluated using motility (mfs) and mortality tests (worms) and oxidative stress parameters. Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity tests were performed on monkey-derived kidney cell lines (LLC-MK2) and Swiss albino mice, respectively, and selectivity indexes were determined. Phytochemical screening was also carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography/UV (HPLC/UV), molecular networking, and through quantification of phenolic contents. RESULTS The hydro-methanolic extracts of 0-63 µm fractions from leaves and barks exhibited the strongest macrofilaricidal activities with lethal concentrations 50 of 162.4 and 208.8 µg/mL respectively versus 22.78 µg/mL for flubendazole. These two fractions also showed the fastest microfilaricidal activities (T1/2 of 1 h), although it was low when compared to ivermectin (T1/2 < 1 h). Their macrofilaricidal effects were accompanied by a significant inhibition of nitric oxide secretion and a significant increase of glutathione and catalase activity compared to the untreated group. However, no effect was found on superoxide dismutase activity, the GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors. Although neither extract was toxic to Swiss mice until a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, the 0-63 µm leaf fraction hydro-methanolic extract was selectively more effective on worms than bark extract (SI = 1.28 versus 0.34). Both extracts were found to contain some flavonoids including procyanidin-, rutin-, myricetin-, and naringenin derivatives as well as new unknown compounds. However, the total polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents of the leaf extract were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of the bark extract. CONCLUSION These results support the anti-filarial effect of K. senegalensis leaves and highlight stress oxidative markers as new therapeutic targets in O. ochengi. Further, in vivo experiments are required in understanding their anti-parasitic properties, and testing combinations of fine fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borris Rosnay Galani Tietcheu
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.
| | - Theodore Betrosse
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Rene Bilingwe Ayiseh
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Issa Yuunoeoene
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Mfotie Njoya
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, PO Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Francis Nveikoueng
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Nicolas Yanou Njintang
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonne Ndjonka
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
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Chylinski C, Degnes KF, Aasen IM, Ptochos S, Blomstrand BM, Mahnert KC, Enemark HL, Thamsborg SM, Steinshamn H, Athanasiadou S. Condensed tannins, novel compounds and sources of variation determine the antiparasitic activity of Nordic conifer bark against gastrointestinal nematodes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13498. [PMID: 37596334 PMCID: PMC10439207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiparasitic potential of plants could offer a vital solution to alleviating the costs of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in ruminant production globally. Leveraging known bioactive molecules, however, is complex, where plant species, extraction processes and seasonality impact bioavailability and efficacy. This study assessed the impact of a comprehensive set of factors on the antiparasitic activity of Norwegian conifers to identify bark compounds specific against GIN. Antiparasitic activity was determined using in vitro assays targeting morphologically distinct life stages of ovine GIN: the egg hatch assay and larval motility assay. In depth characterisation of the chemical composition of the bark extracts was carried out using chromatographic separation, UV-absorbance, and molecular mass profiles to identify compounds implicated in the activity. Three key findings emerged: (1) the activity of bark extracts varied markedly from 0 to 100% antiparasitic efficacy, owing to tree species, extraction solvent and seasonality; (2) the GIN exhibited species-and stage-specific susceptibility to the bark extracts; (3) the presence of condensed tannins, amongst other compounds, was associated with anthelmintic activity. These findings add new insights into urgently needed alternative parasite control strategies in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chylinski
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Easter Bush, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Inga Marie Aasen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF, 7465, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sokratis Ptochos
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Welfare and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Heidi Larsen Enemark
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Welfare and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Veterinary Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Håvard Steinshamn
- Division of Food Production and Society, Grasslands and Livestock, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 6630, Tingvoll, Norway
| | - Spiridoula Athanasiadou
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Easter Bush, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Mittas D, Mawunu M, Magliocca G, Lautenschläger T, Schwaiger S, Stuppner H, Marzocco S. Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Anti-Inflammatory Constituents of the Subaerial Parts of Cyperus articulatus (Cyperaceae). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185937. [PMID: 36144672 PMCID: PMC9504922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on data from a previous ethnobotanical study in northern Angola, phytochemical investigations into the methanolic rhizomes and roots extract of Cyperus articulatus, monitored by in vitro assays, resulted in the recovery of 12 sesquiterpenes, 3 stilbenes, 2 phenolic acids, 1 monoterpene, and 1 flavonoid. Among them, 14 compounds were isolated for the first time from this species. Their inhibitory potential against nitric oxide (NO) production, as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, was evaluated in LPS-treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. Especially, both stilbene dimer trans-scirpusin B and trimer cyperusphenol B showed promising inhibitory activity against the production of the inflammatory mediator, NO, in a concentration-dependent manner (10−1 µM). The obtained data are the first results confirming the anti-inflammatory potential of C. articulatus and support its indigenous use as a traditional remedy against inflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic Mittas
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monizi Mawunu
- University of Kimpa Vita, Province of Uíge, Rua Henrique Freitas No. 1, Bairro Popular, Uíge, Angola
| | - Giorgia Magliocca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Thea Lautenschläger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-51250758409
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Tagboto S, Orish V. Drug development for onchocerciasis-the past, the present and the future. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.953061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Onchocerciasis affects predominantly rural communities in Africa, and with small foci in South America and the Yemen. The disease is a major cause of blindness and other significant morbidity and mortality. Control programs have achieved a major impact on the incidence and prevalence of onchocerciasis by interrupting transmission with vector control programs, and treatment with mass drug administration using the microfilaricide ivermectin. Over the last few decades, several microfilaricides have been developed. This initially included diethylcarbamazine, which had significant side effects and is no longer used as such. Ivermectin which is a safe and highly effective microfilaricide and moxidectin which is a longer acting microfilaricide are presently recognized therapies. Suramin was the first effective macrofilaricide but was prohibitively toxic. Certain antibiotics including doxycycline can help eliminate adult worms by targeting its endosymbiont bacteria, Wolbachia pipientis. However, the dosing regimens may make this difficult to use as part of a mass disease control program in endemic areas. It is now widely recognized that treatments that are able to kill or permanently sterilize adult filarial worms should help achieve the elimination of this disease. We summarize in detail the historic drug development in onchocerciasis, including prospective future candidate drugs.
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Macrofilaricidal Activity, Acute and Biochemical Effects of Three Lichen Species Found on Mount Cameroon. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:1663330. [PMID: 35036001 PMCID: PMC8759906 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1663330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Onchocerciasis is a parasitic infection affecting a relatively small population globally but has very devastating pathological outcomes. Ivermectin and recently moxidectin are the only drugs approved for clinical management of the disease, both of which have several limitations. In particular, they are efficacious against microfilariae (microfilaricidal) with no activity against adult worms (nonmacrofilaricidal). Promising anthelmintic activity has been reported in some lichens. This study investigated three lichens, Usnea articulata, Parmotrema tinctorum, and Heterodermia obscurata, found on Mount Cameroon, for potential macrofilaricidal activity. Organic extracts were screened for anti-Onchocerca activity against Onchocerca ochengi isolated from cattle skin using worm motility and MTT formazan assays. Toxicity of highly active extracts was investigated on monkey kidney epithelial (LLCMK2) cells and in BALB/c mice (2000 mg/kg body weight) including effects on liver enzymes. The methanol extract of P. tinctorum (Pammet) was the most active against adult male worms (IC50 = 8.1 μg/mL) with the highest selectivity index (SI = 21.3). U. articulata was the most active against the adult female (IC50 = 36.3 μg/mL) but had a low SI value (3.4). No mortality and no adverse effects were recorded in the acute toxicity test. These two most active extracts had no significant effect on liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate (P values < 0.05), but a high AST : ALT ratio (2.59) for Pammet indicates likely reversible adverse hepatic toxicity. The high macrofilaricidal activity and selectivity of P. tinctorum suggest it is a potential source of new macrofilaricides which should be further investigated to identify its bioactive constituents.
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Bezerra JJL, Nascimento TGD, Kamiya RU, Prata APDN, Medeiros PMD, Silva SASD, Melo NED. Phytochemical profile, evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in vitro of the hydroalcoholic extract of two species of the genus Cyperus (Cyperaceae). BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Kwofie SK, Broni E, Yunus FU, Nsoh J, Adoboe D, Miller WA, Wilson MD. Molecular Docking Simulation Studies Identifies Potential Natural Product Derived-Antiwolbachial Compounds as Filaricides against Onchocerciasis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111682. [PMID: 34829911 PMCID: PMC8615632 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Onchocerciasis is the leading cause of blindness and severe skin lesions which remain a major public health problem, especially in tropical areas. The widespread use of antibiotics and the long duration required for effective treatment continues to add to the increasing global menace of multi-resistant pathogens. Onchocerca volvulus harbors the endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia, essential for the normal development of embryos, larvae and long-term survival of the adult worm, O. volvulus. We report here results of using structure-based drug design (SBDD) approach aimed at identifying potential novel Wolbachia inhibitors from natural products against the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP). The protein sequence of the WSP with UniProtKB identifier Q0RAI4 was used to model the three-dimensional (3D) structure via homology modelling techniques using three different structure-building algorithms implemented in Modeller, I-TASSER and Robetta. Out of the 15 generated models of WSP, one was selected as the most reasonable quality model which had 82, 15.5, 1.9 and 0.5% of the amino acid residues in the most favored regions, additionally allowed regions, generously allowed regions and disallowed regions, respectively, based on the Ramachandran plot. High throughput virtual screening was performed via Autodock Vina with a library comprising 42,883 natural products from African and Chinese databases, including 23 identified anti-Onchocerca inhibitors. The top six compounds comprising ZINC000095913861, ZINC000095486235, ZINC000035941652, NANPDB4566, acetylaleuritolic acid and rhemannic acid had binding energies of −12.7, −11.1, −11.0, −11, −10.3 and −9.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations including molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann (MMPBSA) calculations reinforced the stability of the ligand-WSP complexes and plausible binding mechanisms. The residues Arg45, Tyr135, Tyr148 and Phe195 were predicted as potential novel critical residues required for ligand binding in pocket 1. Acetylaleuritolic acid and rhemannic acid (lantedene A) have previously been shown to possess anti-onchocercal activity. This warrants the need to evaluate the anti-WSP activity of the identified molecules. The study suggests the exploitation of compounds which target both pockets 1 and 2, by investigating their potential for effective depletion of Wolbachia. These compounds were predicted to possess reasonably good pharmacological profiles with insignificant toxicity and as drug-like. The compounds were computed to possess biological activity including antibacterial, antiparasitic, anthelmintic and anti-rickettsials. The six natural products are potential novel antiwolbachial agents with insignificant toxicities which can be explored further as filaricides for onchocerciasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K. Kwofie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 77, Legon, Accra LG 77, Ghana; (E.B.); (F.U.Y.); (J.N.); (D.A.)
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra LG 54, Ghana
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +233-203-797922
| | - Emmanuel Broni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 77, Legon, Accra LG 77, Ghana; (E.B.); (F.U.Y.); (J.N.); (D.A.)
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra LG 54, Ghana
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences (CHS), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra LG 581, Ghana;
| | - Faruk U. Yunus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 77, Legon, Accra LG 77, Ghana; (E.B.); (F.U.Y.); (J.N.); (D.A.)
| | - John Nsoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 77, Legon, Accra LG 77, Ghana; (E.B.); (F.U.Y.); (J.N.); (D.A.)
| | - Dela Adoboe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 77, Legon, Accra LG 77, Ghana; (E.B.); (F.U.Y.); (J.N.); (D.A.)
| | - Whelton A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, IL 19104, USA
| | - Michael D. Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences (CHS), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra LG 581, Ghana;
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
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Chemical Composition and Antiproliferative Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102084. [PMID: 34685893 PMCID: PMC8541438 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyperus articulatus L. (Priprioca) is a plant of the Cyperaceae family traditionally used in traditional medicine in the Amazon region. Studies of the essential oil of this species have identified many terpene compounds. However, little is known about the possible uses of solid waste generated by the extraction of essential oils. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of volatile compounds and to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of the ethanolic extract of solid residues generated by the extraction of the essential oil of C. articulatus L. rizhomes in experimental models in vitro using peritoneal macrophages of mice and human tumor cell lines. The analysis of the chemical composition of volatile compounds indicated the presence of sesquiterpenes and particularly sequiterpenic ketones as main constituents. The results showed that the treatment with ethanolic extract of C. articulatus L. reduced the activity of the enzyme arginase and proliferation of cancer cells (p < 0.0001). The extract also showed no cytotoxicity in macrophages in concentrations between 12.5; 25 and 50 mg/mL (p < 0.0001). The results indicated that the extract of C. articulatus L. exerts antiproliferative activity (p < 0.0001) with low toxicity on healthy cells in experimental models in vitro.
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Kulyal P, Acharya S, Ankari AB, Kokkiripati PK, Tetali SD, Raghavendra AS. Variable Secondary Metabolite Profiles Across Cultivars of Curcuma longa L. and C. aromatica Salisb. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659546. [PMID: 34276362 PMCID: PMC8278146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Curcuma spp. (Zingiberaceae) are used as a spice and coloring agent. Their rhizomes and essential oils are known for medicinal properties, besides their use in the flavoring and cosmetic industry. Most of these biological activities were attributed to volatile and nonvolatile secondary metabolites present in the rhizomes of Curcuma spp. The metabolite variations among the species and even cultivars need to be established for optimized use of Curcuma spp. Objectives: We compared the phytochemical profiles of rhizomes and their essential oils to establish the variability among seven cultivars: five of Curcuma longa L. (Alleppey Supreme, Duggirala Red, Prathibha, Salem, Suguna) and two of C. aromatica Salisb. (Kasturi Araku, Kasturi Avidi). The GC-MS and LC-MS-based analyses were employed to profile secondary metabolites of these selected cultivars. Methods: Rhizomes of Curcuma spp. were subjected to hydro-distillation to collect essential oil and analyzed by GC-MS. The methanol extracts of fresh rhizomes were subjected to LC-MS analyses. The compounds were identified by using the relevant MS library databases as many compounds as possible. Results: The essential oil content of the cultivars was in the range of 0.74–1.62%. Several compounds were detected from the essential oils and rhizome extracts by GC-MS and LC-MS, respectively. Of these, 28 compounds (13 from GCMS and 15 from LCMS) were common in all seven cultivars, e.g., α-thujene, and diarylheptanoids like curcumin. Furthermore, a total of 39 new compounds were identified from C. longa L. and/or C. aromatica Salisb., most of them being cultivar-specific. Of these compounds, 35 were detected by GC-MS analyses of essential oils, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, and santolina alcohol, to name a few. The other four compounds were detected by LC-MS of the methanolic extracts of the rhizomes, e.g., kaempferol-3,7-O-dimethyl ether and 5,7,8-trihydroxy-2′,5′-dimethoxy-3′,4′-methylene dioxyisoflavanone. Conclusions: We identified and recorded the variability in the metabolite profiles of essential oils and whole rhizome extracts from the seven cultivars of Curcuma longa L. and C. aromatica Salisb. As many as 39 new metabolites were detected in these seven Indian cultivars of Curcuma spp. Many of these compounds have health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kulyal
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Satyabrata Acharya
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aditya B Ankari
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Praveen K Kokkiripati
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sarada D Tetali
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Agepati S Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Tsemeugne J, Shinyuy LM, Djeukoua SKD, Sopbue EF, Ngemenya MN. Evaluation of macrofilaricidal and microfilaricidal activities against Onchocerca ochengi and cytotoxicity of some synthesized azo compounds containing thiophene backbone. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2087-2094. [PMID: 33864105 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Control and treatment of onchocerciasis, a devastating tropical filarial disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus, rely solely on the community directed treatment with ivermectin. However, ivermectin is only microfilaricidal with evidence of resistance of the parasite among other limitations, which necessitate the search for new efficacious and safe filaricides. Ten synthetic thienylazoryl dyes were screened in vitro against adult and microfilariae worm stages of Onchocerca ochengi based on worm motility and MTT formazan assay. Cytotoxicity of active compounds was assessed on monkey kidney epithelial cells (LLC-MK2) using the MTT formazan assay. Seven (7) compounds showed both macrofilaricidal activity against adult male worms and microfilaricidal activity among which three 4a, 4c and 4e recorded the highest activity (IC50 = 4.2 to 8.8μM) against adult male worms, comparable to some standard anthelmintics. Five compounds showed rapid activity against microfilariae with 100% inhibition after 24-h incubation. The active compounds were nontoxic on monkey kidney cells (CC50> 4μg/mL), but their selectivity index values were relatively low (≤ 3). The thienylazoaryls with both macrofilaricidal and microfilaricidal activities may yield molecules which could be used for eradication of onchocerciasis following further medicinal chemistry modification of their structures to enhance their selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tsemeugne
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Lahngong M Shinyuy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
| | - Sorel K D Djeukoua
- Laboratory of Applied Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel F Sopbue
- Laboratory of Applied Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Moses N Ngemenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon.
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Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Cyperus articulatus var. nodosus Residue. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110889. [PMID: 33120980 PMCID: PMC7692590 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyperus articulatus L. is popularly known as priprioca. Its rhizomes are used as a medicine in the treatment of malaria in traditional medicine. Since priprioca oil is extracted for commercial purpose, we evaluated if the components from the priprioca residue can be a source of antiplasmodial active molecules. This study aimed to determine the in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity activities of the ethanolic extract of C. articulatus as an in vitro antiplasmodial agent. From the solid residue of the plant rhizomes, 40 g samples were removed and subjected to hot extraction using a Soxhlet extractor. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity was determined using the W2 and 3D7 strains of P. falciparum. The phytochemical study identified the following main compounds: corymbolone (14.25%), cyclocolorenone (9.75%), and cadalene (8.36%). The extract exhibited moderate IC50 (inhibitory concentration) against the two strains of P. falciparum: 1.21 ± 0.01 against the W2 strain and 1.10 ± 0.06 µg/mL against the 3D7 strain. Our results show the therapeutic potential of priprioca residue as a low-cost antiplasmodial agent.
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Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae) Rhizome Essential Oil Causes Cell Cycle Arrest in the G 2/M Phase and Cell Death in HepG2 Cells and Inhibits the Development of Tumors in a Xenograft Model. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112687. [PMID: 32527068 PMCID: PMC7321242 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae), popularly known in Brazil as “priprioca” or “piriprioca”, is a tropical and subtropical plant used in popular medical practices to treat many diseases, including cancer. In this study, C. articulatus rhizome essential oil (EO), collected from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest, was addressed in relation to its chemical composition, induction of cell death in vitro and inhibition of tumor development in vivo, using human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells as a cell model. EO was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and characterized qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), respectively. The cytotoxic activity of EO was examined against five cancer cell lines (HepG2, HCT116, MCF-7, HL-60 and B16-F10) and one non-cancerous one (MRC-5) using the Alamar blue assay. Cell cycle distribution and cell death were investigated using flow cytometry in HepG2 cells treated with EO after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. The cells were also stained with May–Grunwald–Giemsa to analyze the morphological changes. The anti-liver-cancer activity of EO in vivo was evaluated in C.B-17 severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with HepG2 cell xenografts. The main representative substances of this EO sample were muskatone (11.6%), cyclocolorenone (10.3%), α-pinene (8.26%), pogostol (6.36%), α-copaene (4.83%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.82%). EO showed IC50 values for cancer cell lines ranging from 28.5 µg/mL for HepG2 to >50 µg/mL for HCT116, and an IC50 value for non-cancerous of 46.0 µg/mL (MRC-5), showing selectivity indices below 2-fold for all cancer cells tested. HepG2 cells treated with EO showed cell cycle arrest at G2/M along with internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. The morphological alterations included cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation. Treatment with EO also increased the percentage of apoptotic-like cells. The in vivo tumor mass inhibition rates of EO were 46.5–50.0%. The results obtained indicate the anti-liver-cancer potential of C. articulatus rhizome EO.
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Ndjonka D, Djafsia B, Liebau E. Review on medicinal plants and natural compounds as anti-Onchocerca agents. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2697-2713. [PMID: 30008135 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Onchocerciasis is a filarial vector borne disease which affects several million people mostly in Africa. The therapeutic approach of its control was based on a succession of drugs which always showed limits. The last one: ivermectin is not the least. It was shown to be only microfilaricidal and induced resistance to the human parasite Onchocerca volvulus. The approach using medicinal plants used in traditional medicine is a possible alternative method to cure onchocerciasis. Onchocerca ochengi and Onchocerca gutturosa are the parasite models used to assess anthelmintic activity of potentially anthelmintic plants. Numerous studies assessed the in vitro and/or in vivo anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants. Online electronic databases were consulted to gather publications on in vitro and in vivo studies of anti-Onchocerca activity of plants from 1990 to 2017. Globally, 13 plant families were investigated for anti-Onchocerca activity in 13 studies. The most active species were Anacardium occidentale, Euphorbia hirta and Acacia nilotica each with an LC50 value of 2.76, 6.25 and 1.2 μg/mL, respectively. Polycarpol, voacamine, voacangine, ellagic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, 3-O-acetyl aleuritolic acid and (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate were the isolated plant compounds with anti-Onchocerca activity. Most of the assessed extract/compounds showed a good safety after in vivo acute toxicity assays and/or in vitro cytotoxicity test. The exception was the ethanol extract of Trichilia emetica, which killed completely and drastically mice at a dose of 3000 mg/kg. Several plant groups of compounds were shown active against Onchocerca sp. such as tannins, alkaloids, triterpenoids and essential oils. Nevertheless, none of the active compounds was subjected to clinical trial, to assessment of its diffusibility through nodular wall or its capability to induce genetic resistance of Onchocerca sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Ndjonka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.
| | - Boursou Djafsia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.,Saint Jerome School of Health Sciences, Saint Jerome Catholic University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Eva Liebau
- University of Münster, Institute for Zoophysiology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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Ngwewondo A, Wang M, Manfo FPT, Samje M, Ganin’s JN, Ndi E, Andersen RJ, Cho-Ngwa F. Filaricidal properties of Lantana camara and Tamarindus indica extracts, and Lantadene A from L. camara against Onchocerca ochengi and Loa loa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006565. [PMID: 29897908 PMCID: PMC6016949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin is the only drug currently recommended for the treatment of onchocerciasis, the second leading infectious cause of blindness in the world. This drug kills only the first stage larvae-microfilariae (mf) of Onchocerca volvulus and is to be used cautiously in areas where Loa loa is prevalent because of severe adverse events observed with coinfected patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study investigated the anti-filarial activities of two Cameroonian medicinal plants, Lantana camara and Tamarindus indica locally used to treat onchocerciasis. Twelve (12) extracts were prepared and tested in vitro on the bovine model parasite, O. ochengi as well as L. loa mf. Both mf and adult male worm viabilities were assessed by motility scoring, while adult female worm viability was determined biochemically by standard MTT/formazan colorimetry. Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity were determined respectively, in monkey kidney epithelial cells and in BALB/c mice. Pure compounds were isolated by LC/MS using a bio-assay guided strategy. All the extracts showed 100% activity at 500 μg/mL against O. ochengi adult worms and mf. The highest activity against O. ochengi was observed with the hexane extract of L. camara leaves (LCLhex), with IC50 of 35.1 μg/mL for adult females and 3.8 μg/mL for the mf. Interestingly, this extract was more active against O. ochengi mf than L. loa mf. Further studies on the extracts led to the isolation of lantadene A from the methylene chloride extract of L. camara leaves, with IC50s of 7.85 μg/mL for adult males, 10.38 μg/mL for adult females, 10.84 μg/mL for O. ochengi mf and 20.13 μg/mL for L. loa mf. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We report for the first time the anti-onchocercal activities of these locally consumed medicinal plants and lantadene A, a potential lead for further development as an onchocerciasis cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Ngwewondo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Faustin Pascal T. Manfo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Moses Samje
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Jessie N’kam Ganin’s
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Ndi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Raymond J. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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Kalmobé J, Ndjonka D, Boursou D, Vildina JD, Liebau E. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anthelmintic activity of Lophira lanceolata (Ochnaceae) on the bovine parasite Onchocerca ochengi and on drug resistant strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:404. [PMID: 28806951 PMCID: PMC5557511 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Onchocerciasis is one of the tropical neglected diseases (NTDs) caused by the nematode Onchocerca volvulus. Control strategies currently in use rely on mass administration of ivermectin, which has marked activity against microfilariae. Furthermore, the development of resistance to ivermectin was observed. Since vaccine and safe macrofilaricidal treatment against onchocerciasis are still lacking, there is an urgent need to discover novel drugs. This study was undertaken to investigate the anthelmintic activity of Lophira lanceolata on the cattle parasite Onchocerca ochengi and the anthelmintic drug resistant strains of the free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and to determine the phytochemical profiles of the extracts and fractions of the plants. Methods Plant was extracted in ethanol or methanol-methylene chloride. O. ochengi, C. elegans wild-type and C. elegans drug resistant strains were cultured in RPMI-1640 and NGM-agar respectively. Drugs diluted in dimethylsulphoxide/RPMI or M9-Buffer were added in assays and monitored at 48 h and 72 h. Worm viability was determined by using the MTT/formazan colorimetric method. Polyphenol, tannin and flavonoid contents were determined by dosage of gallic acid and rutin. Acute oral toxicity was evaluated using Swiss albino mice. Results Ethanolic and methanolic-methylene chloride extracts killed O. ochengi with LC50 values of 9.76, 8.05, 6.39 μg/mL and 9.45, 7.95, 6.39 μg/mL respectively for leaves, trunk bark and root bark after 72 h. The lowest concentrations required to kill 50% of the wild-type of C. elegans were 1200 and 1890 μg/mL with ethanolic crude extract, 1000 and 2030 μg/mL with MeOH-CH2Cl2 for root bark and trunk bark of L. lanceolata, respectively after 72 h. Leave extracts of L. lanceolata are lethal to albendazole and ivermectin resistant strains of C. elegans after 72 h. Methanol/methylene chloride extracted more metabolites. Additionally, extracts could be considered relatively safe. Conclusion Ethanolic and methanolic-methylene chloride crude extracts and fractions of L. lanceolata showed in vitro anthelmintic activity. The extracts and fractions contained polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. The mechanism of action of this plant could be different from that of albendazole and ivermectin. These results confirm the use of L. lanceolata by traditional healers for the treatment of worm infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1904-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Anti-Onchocerca and Anti-Caenorhabditis Activity of a Hydro-Alcoholic Extract from the Fruits of Acacia nilotica and Some Proanthocyanidin Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050748. [PMID: 28481237 PMCID: PMC6154738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acacia nilotica fruits with high tannin content are used in the northern parts of Cameroon as anti-filarial remedies by traditional healers. In this study, the hydro-alcoholic fruit extract (crude extract (CE)) and, one of the main constituents in its most active fractions, (+)-catechin-3-O-gallate (CG), as well as four related proanthocyanidins, (−)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECG), (+)-gallocatechin (GC), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), were assessed for their potential in vitro anthelmintic properties against the free-living model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and against the cattle filarial parasite Onchocerca ochengi. Worms were incubated in the presence of different concentrations of fruit extract, fractions and pure compounds. The effects on mortality were monitored after 48 h. The plant extract and all of the pure tested compounds were active against O. ochengi (LC50 ranging from 1.2 to 11.5 µg/mL on males) and C. elegans (LC50 ranging from 33.8 to 350 µg/mL on wild type). While high LC50 were required for the effects of the compounds on C. elegans, very low LC50 were required against O. ochengi. Importantly, tests for acute oral toxicity (lowest dose: 10 mg/kg) in Wistar rats demonstrated that crude extract and pure compounds were non-toxic and safe to use. Additionally, the results of cytotoxicity tests with the Caco-2 cell line (CC50 ranging from 47.1 to 93.2 µg/mL) confirmed the absence of significant toxicity of the crude extract and pure compounds. These results are in good accordance with the use of A. nilotica against nematode infections by traditional healers, herdsmen and pastoralists in Cameroon.
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Bajin Ba Ndob I, Mengome LE, Bourobou Bourobou HP, Lossangoye Banfora Y, Bivigou F. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used as anthelmintic remedies in Gabon. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 191:360-371. [PMID: 27296084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In this article, we report on an ethnobotanical survey realized at the Peyrie market in Libreville on Gabonese medicinal plants used to treat helminthiasis. While several alerts about cases of resistance to conventional anthelmintic treatments are causing to fear a public and animal health issue, the search for new sources of active compounds becomes an urgent issue. In Gabon like in many developing countries, people regularly turn to traditional medicine in case of physical ailments and/or spiritual healing therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine which medicinal plants are traditionally used by the populations of Libreville to fight against nematodes, medicinal plant traders were interviewed with standardized questionnaires. The surveys were conducted in the main market of Libreville. Ethnobotanical data such as frequency and percentage of families, species, administrations pathways, modes of preparations and parts of plants used were analyzed and summarized. RESULTS Thirty-four (34) traders were interviewed belonging to five (5) different ethnic groups. Twenty-four 24 plants used to treat intestinal, cutaneous and ocular helminthiasis were listed. The healers mainly turned towards to ligneous species. The parts of the plant used are mostly leaves and trunk bark. Most of the traditional remedies are prepared directly in water and four (4) principal routes were used for administration namely, oral, rectal, ocular and dermal. CONCLUSION This study allowed us to list anthelmintic species which will be subjected to a series of chemical and pharmacological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idensi Bajin Ba Ndob
- Institut de Pharmacopée et Médecines Traditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST), BP: 12 141 Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Line Edwige Mengome
- Institut de Pharmacopée et Médecines Traditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST), BP: 12 141 Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Henri-Paul Bourobou Bourobou
- Institut de Pharmacopée et Médecines Traditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST), BP: 12 141 Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Yvon Lossangoye Banfora
- Institut de Pharmacopée et Médecines Traditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST), BP: 12 141 Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Francis Bivigou
- Institut de Pharmacopée et Médecines Traditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST), BP: 12 141 Libreville, Gabon; Gabon-Oregon Center (GOC), BP:23906 Libreville, Gabon.
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21
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Cho-Ngwa F, Monya E, Azantsa BK, Manfo FPT, Babiaka SB, Mbah JA, Samje M. Filaricidal activities on Onchocerca ochengi and Loa loa, toxicity and phytochemical screening of extracts of Tragia benthami and Piper umbellatum. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:326. [PMID: 27576736 PMCID: PMC5004253 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onchocerciasis is the world's second leading infectious cause of blindness. Its control is currently hampered by the lack of a macrofilaricidal drug and by severe adverse events observed when the lone recommended microfilaricide, ivermectin is administered to individuals co-infected with Loa loa. Therefore, there is the need for a safe and effective macrofilaricidal drug that will be able to cure the infection and break transmission cycles, or at least, an alternative microfilaricide that does not kill L. loa microfilariae (mf). METHODS Fourteen extracts from two medicinal plants, Tragia benthami and Piper umbellatum were screened in vitro against Onchocerca ochengi parasite and L. loa mf. Activities of extracts on male worms and microfilariae were assessed by motility reduction, while MTT/Formazan assay was used to assess biochemically the death of female worms. Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity of active extracts were tested on monkey kidney cells and Balb/c mice, respectively. RESULTS At 500 μg/mL, all extracts showed 100 % activity on Onchocerca ochengi males and microfilariae, while 9 showed 100 % activity on female worms. The methylene chloride extract of Piper umbellatum leaves was the most active on adult male and female worms (IC50s: 16.63 μg/mL and 35.65 μg/mL, respectively). The three most active extracts on Onchocerca ochengi females were also highly active on Loa loa microfilariae, with IC50s of 35.12 - 13.9 μg/mL. Active extracts were generally more toxic to the worms than to cells and showed no acute toxicity to Balb/c mice. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, steroids, tannins and flavanoids in the promising extracts. CONCLUSIONS These results unfold potential sources of novel anti-Onchocerca lead compounds and validate the traditional use of the plants in onchocerciasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Elvis Monya
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Boris K Azantsa
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Faustin Pascal T Manfo
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B Babiaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - James A Mbah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Moses Samje
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
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22
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Metuge JA, Ntie-Kang F, Ngwa VF, Babiaka SB, Samje M, Cho-Ngwa F. Molecular modeling of plant metabolites with anti-Onchocerca activity. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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