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Saha I, Das R, Mandal AK, Darlami P, Datta S, Ghose G, Dey S. Self-care practices and quality of life of filariasis patients in a gram panchayat of Paschim Burdwan district, West Bengal, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:386-392. [PMID: 38174516 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.374239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Self-care management is one of the important components in the goal of elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and Quality of Life (QoL) has become an important deliverable in the present day health care system. The objective was to assess the self-care management of the affected limb and to find out the quality of life who were suffering from lymphoedema. Methods This was a community-based cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted during 2019-2020 in a Gourbazar gram panchayat area of Paschim Burdwan district of West Bengal, India. QoL was assessed by Lymphatic Filariasis Specific Quality of life Questionnaire (LFSQQ). Results Total 115 LF patients were identified with a mean age of 53.9 years. About 26.1% correctly knew the management of the affected area. Out of the 33 patients having cracked skin, around 39.4% used to take care of the affected skin. Overall, median quality of life score was found to be 77.84 (65.90-89.20). Age-wise, median score gradually decreased with increase in age except in the age group of 50-60 years. Males had higher score compared to females (79.54 vs. 76.13). Activity domain score was found to be lowest followed by mobility score, while social and psychological domain score was found to be good. Interpretation & conclusion Self-care practice is not known to the affected patients. Time has also come to integrate measures like rehabilitation, psychological intervention, social assistance in addition to self-care management to put up a holistic approach of the existing program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Saha
- ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Russoti Das
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mandal
- Community Medicine, IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Pinki Darlami
- Community Medicine, IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhajit Datta
- Community Medicine, IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Gautam Ghose
- Community Medicine, IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CRNN) and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Medeiros ZM, Vieira AVB, Xavier AT, Bezerra GSN, Lopes MDFC, Bonfim CV, Aguiar-Santos AM. Lymphatic Filariasis: A Systematic Review on Morbidity and Its Repercussions in Countries in the Americas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:316. [PMID: 35010576 PMCID: PMC8751179 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is a program that aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by 2030. The GPELF strategy is based on interrupting transmission using mass drug administration (MDA) and, in parallel, managing morbidity cases. However, it has been seen that there is a shortage of research in the literature and public policies regarding this last pillar. In this study, we reviewed the literature and available information regarding the burden of filarial morbidity. In addition, we identified that in the Americas, the implementation of structured services with regard to morbidity assistance in the Americas was scarce. We formed a review that aimed to assess the pathogenesis, epidemiology, repercussions, and treatment of filarial morbidity in countries in the Americas where lymphatic filariasis is endemic. Structured searches were carried out on PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science databases without time and language restrictions. Three reviewers evaluated the 2150 studies and performed data extraction, and quality assessment by assigning scores to the studies found. The current literature and available information on the burden of filarial morbidity, as well as the implementation of structured services with regard to morbidity assistance in the Americas, were all found to be scarce. Now that this knowledge gap has been identified, both health services and researchers need to seek the implementation and enhancement of the maintenance of GPELF strategies that relate to the morbidity pillar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulma M. Medeiros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (Z.M.M.); (A.T.X.); (A.M.A.-S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil
| | - Amanda V. B. Vieira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (Z.M.M.); (A.T.X.); (A.M.A.-S.)
| | - Amanda T. Xavier
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (Z.M.M.); (A.T.X.); (A.M.A.-S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil
| | - Gilberto S. N. Bezerra
- Materials Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland;
| | | | - Cristine V. Bonfim
- Ministério da Educação, Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Diretoria de Pesquisas Sociais, Recife 52061-540, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Aguiar-Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (Z.M.M.); (A.T.X.); (A.M.A.-S.)
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Maritim P, Silumbwe A, Zulu JM, Sichone G, Michelo C. Health beliefs and health seeking behavior towards lymphatic filariasis morbidity management and disability prevention services in Luangwa District, Zambia: Community and provider perspectives. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009075. [PMID: 33617551 PMCID: PMC7932505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP) services are essential for the management of chronic stages of lymphatic filariasis (LF) infection. However, there is limited information on health beliefs and health seeking behavior towards MMDP services for LF in endemic regions of Zambia. This study sought to document health beliefs and health seeking behavior towards MMDP services for LF in Luangwa District, Zambia. Methods This was an exploratory qualitative study conducted with community members including LF patients, community health workers and healthcare providers. Data was collected through a series of four focus group discussions stratified by sex and 26 in-depth interviews. Data was analyzed by thematic analysis using NVivo software. Results The perceived causes of the chronic manifestations of LF included; contact with animal faeces, use of traditional herbal aphrodisiacs (mutoto), witchcraft and sexual contact with women who were menstruating or had miscarried. LF patients opted to visit traditional healers before going to health facilities. Hydrocele patients were afraid of hydrocelectomies as they were thought to cause infertility or death. Very few community members were able to identify any home and facility-based care strategies for lymphoedema. Health system and cultural barriers to seeking healthcare included; long distances to the health facilities, lack of awareness of existing MMDP services, perceived costs of accessing MMDP services, gender and social norms, and fear of stigmatization. Conclusion Health seeking behavior for LF in the district is mainly driven by negative beliefs about the causes of the disease and lack of awareness of available MMDP services and homecare strategies. Lymphatic filariasis programs should promote strategies that seek to empower patients and community members with the required information to access and use the MMDP services at the health facilities, as well as adhere to self-care practices in their households. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) infection if untreated results in fluid accumulation in the limbs or breasts (lymphedema) or genitalia (hydrocele) that is painful and causes great discomfort. Morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP) strategies such as surgery for hydrocele, treatment of acute attacks and management of lymphedema are necessary for the management of the advanced stages of LF. However, very few countries including Zambia, have adequate information on the health beliefs and health seeking behavior of communities living in endemic areas towards MMDP services for LF. This study sought to explore community and health provider perspectives towards MMDP services for LF in a highly endemic region, Luangwa District, Zambia, between February and April 2019. Some of the perceived causes of lymphedema and hydrocele were; contact with animal faeces, use of traditional herbal aphrodisiacs (mutoto), witchcraft and sexual contact with women who were menstruating or had miscarried. There was limited knowledge of home-based and facility-based care strategies for lymphoedema. Nevertheless, patients would often go to health facilities after visiting traditional healers and observing no improvement. Barriers to accessing healthcare included; long distances to the health facilities, lack of awareness of existing MMDP services, perceived costs of accessing healthcare services, gender and social norms and fear of stigmatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Maritim
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Silumbwe
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Joseph Mumba Zulu
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - George Sichone
- Participatory Research and Innovations Management (PRIM), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charles Michelo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Zambia Lusaka, Zambia
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Wharton-Smith A, Rassi C, Batisso E, Ortu G, King R, Endriyas M, Counihan H, Hamade P, Getachew D. Gender-related factors affecting health seeking for neglected tropical diseases: findings from a qualitative study in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007840. [PMID: 31830026 PMCID: PMC6907747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite known gender-specific differences in terms of prevalence, transmission and exposure to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), there is limited discussion of the influence of gender in NTD programmes and interventions. There is a paucity of research on how gender interacts with NTD service provision and uptake. This study, part of broader implementation research in Ethiopia, applied a gender lens to health seeking for five NTDs: lymphatic filariasis, podoconiosis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminth infection and trachoma. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study was conducted in a district of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia where the five NTDs are prevalent. A qualitative methodology was adopted to explore participants' perspectives and experiences. Data generation methods included 20 interviews and four focus group discussions. Community members, volunteer Health Development Army leaders, Health Extension Workers and a range of health workers at the health post, health centre and hospital level (n = 59) were purposively sampled. Interviews and focus group discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim into English then analysed through open coding, drawing on constant comparative methods. Gender related factors affected care seeking for NTDs and were described as reasons for not seeking care, delayed care seeking and treating NTDs with natural remedies. Women faced additional challenges in seeking health care due to gender inequalities and power dynamics in their domestic partnerships. Participants recommended raising community awareness about NTDs, however this remains problematic due to gender and social norms around appropriate discourse with members of the opposite gender. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The findings from this study provide crucial insights into how gender interacts with accessing health services, at different levels of the health system. If we are committed to leaving no one behind and achieving universal health coverage, it is essential to address gender disparities to access and utilisation of interventions delivered by national NTD programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca King
- The Nuffield Centre for International Health & Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Schulze H, Nacke M, Gutenbrunner C, Hadamitzky C. Worldwide assessment of healthcare personnel dealing with lymphoedema. HEALTH ECONOMICS REVIEW 2018; 8:10. [PMID: 29663122 PMCID: PMC5901432 DOI: 10.1186/s13561-018-0194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoedema is a pandemic with about 250 million people suffering from this condition worldwide. Lymphatic diseases have considerable public health significance, but yet few professionals are specialised in their management causing a substantial burden on health resources. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aims to give an overview of the approximate number of medical professionals, professional societies, institutions and companies dealing with lymphoedema in various countries. Concepts of improvement for current human resources are considered. METHODS An online database analysis (Google search engine and PubMed) was carried out for each country of the world. Additionally, relevant congress participant lists as well as member lists of significant medical societies and reports of the World Health Organisation were analysed. RESULTS Overall distribution of tertiary level professionals specialised in this field is heterogenous. A decrescent gradient of professionals can be seen between developed and developing countries and between urban and rural areas. Countries in general do not seem to have yet met the current demand for specialists at tertiary level in this field. CONCLUSIONS This study intends to draw attention to the current medical coverage gaps due to a low number of lymphoedema specialists at tertiary level. It wishes to start a discussion about structured reimbursement and certification of knowledge and skills that are essential incentives for experts to act as multiplicators and change the lack of care in the mid-term. Current fail prescriptions and evitable disability and sick certificates represent a high financial burden that could be reinvested in a correct management. Policy makers must focus in the two above mentioned essential measures. Medical training and the consequent development of the industry will then naturally take place, as it was the case for other professional groups in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Schulze
- Clinic of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marisa Nacke
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christoph Gutenbrunner
- Clinic of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Stonbraker S, Smaldone A, Luft H, Cushman LF, Lerebours Nadal L, Halpern M, Larson E. Associations between health literacy, HIV-related knowledge, and information behavior among persons living with HIV in the Dominican Republic. Public Health Nurs 2017; 35:166-175. [PMID: 29285785 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the health literacy levels of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) at a health clinic in the Dominican Republic (DR) and assess associations between health literacy, HIV-related knowledge, and health information behavior (how patients need, seek, receive, and use information). DESIGN AND SAMPLE Cross-sectional, descriptive. Participants were 107 PLWH attending the Clinic. MEASURES A theoretically based, 64-item survey assessing information behavior and HIV-related knowledge was administered in Spanish through individual interviews. Health literacy was assessed using the Short Assessment of Health Literacy-Spanish and English. RESULTS On average, participants were 40.8 years old and had lived with HIV for 7.7 years. The majority (69.2%) had low health literacy. HIV-related knowledge and information behavior varied by health literacy level and uncertainty regarding a main indicator of disease progression, viral load, was demonstrated regardless of health literacy level. Participants with low health literacy were less likely to answer questions or answer questions correctly and many participants (39.2%) indicated viral transmission can occur through supernatural means. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate unmet information need and that information received may not always be understood. Methods to improve health education are needed to ensure patients receive health information in an understandable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Stonbraker
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA.,Clínica de Familia, La Romana, Dominican Republic
| | - Arlene Smaldone
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA.,Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heidi Luft
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda F Cushman
- Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mina Halpern
- Clínica de Familia, La Romana, Dominican Republic
| | - Elaine Larson
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Stonbraker S, Befus M, Lerebours Nadal L, Halpern M, Larson E. Factors Associated with Health Information Seeking, Processing, and Use Among HIV Positive Adults in the Dominican Republic. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:1588-1600. [PMID: 27714522 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment and management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) depend on patients' ability to locate, comprehend, and apply health information. This study's purpose was to identify characteristics associated with these skills among HIV positive adults in the Dominican Republic. An information behavior survey was administered to 107 participants then three logistic regressions were conducted to identify characteristics associated with information seeking, processing, and use. Never having cared for someone who was sick was significantly associated with less information seeking, processing, and use. Males were more likely to be active information seekers and those who had attended the clinic for six or fewer years were less likely to actively seek information. Younger individuals had increased odds of higher information processing and those without comorbidities had increased odds of more information use. Results may inform researchers, organizations, and providers about how patients interact with health information in limited resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Stonbraker
- Columbia University School of Nursing, 617 W. 168th St. Rm 330, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Montina Befus
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mina Halpern
- Clínica de Familia La Romana, La Romana, Dominican Republic
| | - Elaine Larson
- Columbia University School of Nursing, 617 W. 168th St. Rm 330, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Dai M, Sato A, Maeba H, Iuchi T, Matsumoto M, Okuwa M, Nakatani T, Sanada H, Sugama J. Dermal Structure in Lymphedema Patients with History of Acute Dermatolymphangioadenitis Evaluated by Histogram Analysis of Ultrasonography Findings: A Case-Control Study. Lymphat Res Biol 2016; 14:2-7. [PMID: 26982711 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2015.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) is a risk factor for increasing of edema and worsening severity. Reducing ADLA frequency is an important objective of lymphedema management because ADLA episodes are strongly associated with poor quality of life. Lymphedema changes dermal and subcutaneous structure, favoring ADLA; ADLA recurrence may be caused by structural change of the dermis. However, the structure of the skin following ADLA episodes has not been studied in depth. The aim of this study was to examine changes in the skin after episodes of ADLA in breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) using histogram analysis of ultrasonography findings. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a case-control study with matching for the duration of lymphedema. We compared 10 limbs (5 BCRL patients, Cases) with a history of ADLA and 14 limbs (7 BCRL patients, Controls) without. Ultrasonography was performed using a 20-MHz probe, and measurements were made at a site 10 cm proximal to the ulnar styloid process. We compared "skewness" of the images in the dermis from the histogram analysis. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kanazawa University. Skewness was significantly different between the affected and unaffected limbs (p = 0.02). Cases showed a positive value (median 0.74, range -0.18 to 1.26), whereas Controls showed a negative value (median -0.21, range -0.45 to 0.31). CONCLUSIONS Episodes of ADLA changed the distribution of echogenicity on imaging, which indicates a change in the collagen fibers in the dermis. These findings might contribute to improving the management of lymphedema and prevention of recurrent ADLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Dai
- 1 Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Aya Sato
- 2 Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Science, Graduate Course of Nursing Science, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hiroko Maeba
- 3 Career Design Laboratory for Gender Equality, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Terumi Iuchi
- 2 Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Science, Graduate Course of Nursing Science, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Masaru Matsumoto
- 2 Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Science, Graduate Course of Nursing Science, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Mayumi Okuwa
- 1 Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakatani
- 1 Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sanada
- 4 Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Science and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo , Japan
| | - Junko Sugama
- 1 Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan .,5 Wellness Promotion Science Center, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
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Stocks ME, Freeman MC, Addiss DG. The Effect of Hygiene-Based Lymphedema Management in Lymphatic Filariasis-Endemic Areas: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004171. [PMID: 26496129 PMCID: PMC4619803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphedema of the leg and its advanced form, known as elephantiasis, are significant causes of disability and morbidity in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis (LF), with an estimated 14 million persons affected worldwide. The twin goals of the World Health Organization’s Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis include interrupting transmission of the parasitic worms that cause LF and providing care to persons who suffer from its clinical manifestations, including lymphedema—so-called morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP). Scaling up of MMDP has been slow, in part because of a lack of consensus about the effectiveness of recommended hygiene-based interventions for clinical lymphedema. Methods and Findings We conducted a systemic review and meta-analyses to estimate the effectiveness of hygiene-based interventions on LF-related lymphedema. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, MedCarib, Lilacs, REPIDISCA, DESASTRES, and African Index Medicus databases through March 23, 2015 with no restriction on year of publication. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they (1) were conducted in an area endemic for LF, (2) involved hygiene-based interventions to manage lymphedema, and (3) assessed lymphedema-related morbidity. For clinical outcomes for which three or more studies assessed comparable interventions for lymphedema, we conducted random-effects meta-analyses. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and two meta-analyses were possible. To evaluate study quality, we developed a set of criteria derived from the GRADE methodology. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots. Participation in hygiene-based lymphedema management was associated with a lower incidence of acute dermatolymphagioadenitis (ADLA), (Odds Ratio 0.32, 95% CI 0.25–0.40), as well as with a decreased percentage of patients reporting at least one episode of ADLA during follow-up (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.12–0.47). Limitations included high heterogeneity across studies and variation in components of lymphedema management. Conclusions Available evidence strongly supports the effectiveness of hygiene-based lymphedema management in LF-endemic areas. Despite the aforementioned limitations, these findings highlight the potential to significantly reduce LF-associated morbidity and disability as well as the need to develop standardized approaches to MMDP in LF-endemic areas. The tropical disease lymphatic filariasis (LF) causes chronic swelling of the leg—lymphedema—in 14 million people worldwide. To stop the spread of LF, a program led by the World Health Organization (WHO) offers annual preventive drug treatment to affected communities. For people who already have lymphedema, WHO recommends simple hygiene-based measures that include skin care and limb movement. Yet only a small proportion of those with LF-related lymphedema have been trained in these measures. To determine the effectiveness of hygiene-based lymphedema management, we reviewed the scientific literature. Twenty-two studies were found that 1) used hygiene-based interventions to manage lymphedema; 2) measured the effect of these interventions; and 3) were done in an area where LF occurs. Overall, use of hygiene-based measures was associated with 60% lower odds of inflammatory episodes, known as “acute attacks,” in the affected limb. Acute attacks cause severe pain, fever, and disability, and they make lymphedema worse. Hygiene and sanitation are necessary for control of many tropical diseases. Hygiene is also effective for managing LF-related lymphedema and reducing suffering caused by acute attacks. Training people with lymphedema in hygiene-based interventions should be a priority for LF programs everywhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E. Stocks
- Children Without Worms, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Freeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David G. Addiss
- Children Without Worms, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Health-seeking behaviors and self-care practices of people with filarial lymphoedema in Nepal: a qualitative study. J Trop Med 2015; 2015:260359. [PMID: 25694785 PMCID: PMC4324917 DOI: 10.1155/2015/260359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Lymphatic filariasis is endemic in Nepal. This study aimed to investigate health-seeking behaviors and self-care practices of people with filarial Lymphoedema in Nepal. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using qualitative methods in three endemic districts. Twenty-three patients with current Lymphoedema were recruited in the study. Results. Hydrocele was found to be a well-known condition and a major health problem in the studied communities. People with Lymphoedema primarily sought health care from traditional healers, whereas sometimes home-based care was their first treatment. Later Ayurvedic and allopathic hospital-based care were sought. Respondents reported various psychological problems such as difficulty in engaging in sexual intercourse, anxiety, worry and stress, depression, low self-esteem, feeling weak, fear of being abandoned, and fear of transmitting disease to the children. Standard foot care practices except washing were largely absent. Conclusions. Lymphoedema in the limbs and hydrocele were found to be major health problems. The traditional health care providers were the first contact of care for the majority of respondents. Only a few patients had been practicing standard foot care practices.
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Viehoff PB, Hidding JT, Heerkens YF, van Ravensberg CD, Neumann HAM. Coding of meaningful concepts in lymphedema-specific questionnaires with the ICF. Disabil Rehabil 2013; 35:2105-12. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2013.771710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zeldenryk L, Gordon S, Gray M, Speare R, Melrose W. Disability measurement for lymphatic filariasis: a review of generic tools used within morbidity management programs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1768. [PMID: 23029569 PMCID: PMC3459825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF)-related disability affects 40 million people globally, making LF the leading cause of physical disability in the world. Despite this, there is limited research into how the impacts of LF-related disability are best measured. This article identifies the tools currently being used to measure LF-related disability and reviews their applicability against the known impacts of LF. The findings from the review show that the generic disability tools currently used by LF programs fail to measure the majority of known impacts of LF-related disability. The findings from the review support the development of an LF-specific disability measurement tool and raise doubt about the suitability of generic disability tools to assess disability related to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Zeldenryk
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Litt E, Baker MC, Molyneux D. Neglected tropical diseases and mental health: a perspective on comorbidity. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:195-201. [PMID: 22475459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mental health conditions will be the largest contributor to the global health burden by 2030. Our review suggests that neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) predispose individuals to poor mental health. Factors predisposing to poor mental health include stigma and discrimination, exclusion from participating fully in society, reduced access to health and social services, lack of educational opportunities, exclusion from income-generation and employment opportunities, and restrictions in exercising civil and political rights. These characteristics are all features of NTDs, but the mental health of these sufferers has been ignored. This review raises an issue of concern and highlights the opportunities for research by psychiatrists and psychologists on NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Litt
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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14
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Zeldenryk LM, Gray M, Speare R, Gordon S, Melrose W. The emerging story of disability associated with lymphatic filariasis: a critical review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1366. [PMID: 22216361 PMCID: PMC3246437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, 40 million people live with the chronic effects of lymphatic filariasis (LF), making it the second leading cause of disability in the world. Despite this, there is limited research into the experiences of people living with the disease. This review summarises the research on the experiences of people living with LF disability. The review highlights the widespread social stigma and oppressive psychological issues that face most people living with LF-related disability. Physical manifestations of LF make daily activities and participation in community life difficult. The findings confirm the need for the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) to support morbidity management activities that address the complex biopsychosocial issues that people living with LF-related disability face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Michelle Zeldenryk
- School of Public Health Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Australia.
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15
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Niu NN, Davis AM, Bogart LM, Thornhill TS, Abreu LA, Ghazinouri R, Katz JN. Patient disease perceptions and coping strategies for arthritis in a developing nation: a qualitative study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:228. [PMID: 21985605 PMCID: PMC3208588 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is little prior research on the burden of arthritis in the developing world. We sought to document how patients with advanced arthritis living in the Dominican Republic are affected by and cope with their disease. Methods We conducted semi-structured, one-to-one interviews with economically disadvantaged Dominican patients with advanced knee and/or hip arthritis in the Dominican Republic. The interviews, conducted in Spanish, followed a moderator's guide that included topics such as the patients' understanding of disease etiology, their support networks, and their coping mechanisms. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim in Spanish, and systematically analyzed using content analysis. We assessed agreement in coding between two investigators. Results 18 patients were interviewed (mean age 60 years, median age 62 years, 72% women, 100% response rate). Patients invoked religious and environmental theories of disease etiology, stating that their illness had been caused by God's will or through contact with water. While all patients experienced pain and functional limitation, the social effects of arthritis were gender-specific: women noted interference with homemaking and churchgoing activities, while men experienced disruption with occupational roles. The coping strategies used by patients appeared to reflect their beliefs about disease causation and included prayer and avoidance of water. Conclusions Patients' explanatory models of arthritis influenced the psychosocial effects of the disease and coping mechanisms used. Given the increasing reach of global health programs, understanding these culturally influenced perceptions of disease will be crucial in successfully treating chronic diseases in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina N Niu
- Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Schumacher G. Culture care meanings, beliefs, and practices in Rural Dominican Republic. J Transcult Nurs 2011; 21:93-103. [PMID: 20301815 DOI: 10.1177/1043659609357635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This ethnonursing study explored the meanings, beliefs, and practices of care for rural Dominicans in the Dominican Republic. DESIGN Leininger's culture care diversity and universality theory, ethnonursing, and four-phase analysis method guided the study. Interviews were conducted with 19 general and 10 key informants. FINDINGS Analysis of interviews revealed three main themes: (a) family presence is essential for meaningful care experiences and care practices, (b) respect and attention are central to the meaning of care and care practices, and (c) rural Dominicans value and use both generic (folk) and professional care practices. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Implications and recommendations for nursing practice, education, and research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Schumacher
- Kirkhof College of Nursing, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503-3314, USA.
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17
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Omudu EA, Ochoga JO. Clinical epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis and community practices and perceptions amongst the ado people of benue state, Nigeria. Afr J Infect Dis 2011; 5:47-53. [PMID: 23878707 PMCID: PMC3497846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of efforts to initiate lymphatic filariasis elimination activities in Benue State, this study employed the use of lymphatic filariasis-related clinical signs as rapid diagnostic features, immunochromatographic card test (ICT) to detect circulating filarial antigen (CFA) and questionnaire to investigate community perceptions and beliefs. 81 (32.6%) out of the 248 persons were positive for circulating filarial antigen (CFA). Infection rates denoted by CFA ranged from 41 (46.1%) in Uffia to 1(6.6%) in Ijigbam districts. Distribution of community ICT prevalence showed a significant variation (X(2), P < 0.05). The prevalence of clinical signs and/or symptoms in the communities also showed significant variations (X(2), P < 0.05). Community hydrocoele prevalence ranged from 8 (9.0%) in Uffia to 1(6.6%) in Ijigbam. The overall hydrocoele prevalence was 21 (8.5%), while the overall lymphoedema prevalence was 16 (6.4%) and women accounted for 14 (87.5%) of persons with swollen limbs. Only about 14 (15.9%) of unaffected respondents knew that lymphatic filariasis is transmitted through mosquito bites, this differ significantly from affected respondents 10 (66.6%) (X(2), P < 0.05). The communities' capacity to protect themselves is hindered by a lack of understanding of the true cause, symptoms, transmission route and prevention of the disease. Our study demonstrates the need for the development of health education programmes that will enable people to protect themselves against mosquito bites. As Nigeria commence her lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes, there is an urgent need to develop morbidity management activities that will alleviate the burden of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Agbo Omudu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Benue State University, P. M. B. 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria
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18
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Addiss DG, Louis-Charles J, Roberts J, Leconte F, Wendt JM, Milord MD, Lammie PJ, Dreyer G. Feasibility and effectiveness of basic lymphedema management in Leogane, Haiti, an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e668. [PMID: 20422031 PMCID: PMC2857874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 14 million persons living in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis have lymphedema of the leg. Clinical studies indicate that repeated episodes of bacterial acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) lead to progression of lymphedema and that basic lymphedema management, which emphasizes hygiene, skin care, exercise, and leg elevation, can reduce ADLA frequency. However, few studies have prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of basic lymphedema management or assessed the role of compressive bandaging for lymphedema in resource-poor settings. Methodology/Principal Findings Between 1995 and 1998, we prospectively monitored ADLA incidence and leg volume in 175 persons with lymphedema of the leg who enrolled in a lymphedema clinic in Leogane, Haiti, an area endemic for Wuchereria bancrofti. During the first phase of the study, when a major focus of the program was to reduce leg volume using compression bandages, ADLA incidence was 1.56 episodes per person-year. After March 1997, when hygiene and skin care were systematically emphasized and bandaging discouraged, ADLA incidence decreased to 0.48 episodes per person-year (P<0.0001). ADLA incidence was significantly associated with leg volume, stage of lymphedema, illiteracy, and use of compression bandages. Leg volume decreased in 78% of patients; over the entire study period, this reduction was statistically significant only for legs with stage 2 lymphedema (P = 0.01). Conclusions/Significance Basic lymphedema management, which emphasized hygiene and self-care, was associated with a 69% reduction in ADLA incidence. Use of compression bandages in this setting was associated with an increased risk of ADLA. Basic lymphedema management is feasible and effective in resource-limited areas that are endemic for lymphatic filariasis. Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease that is spread by mosquitoes. In tropical countries where lymphatic filariasis occurs, approximately 14 million people suffer from chronic swelling of the leg, known as lymphedema. Repeated episodes of bacterial skin infection (acute attacks) cause lymphedema to progress to its disfiguring form, elephantiasis. To help achieve the goal of eliminating lymphatic filariasis globally, the World Health Organization recommends basic lymphedema management, which emphasizes hygiene, skin care, exercise, and leg elevation. Its effectiveness in reducing acute attack frequency, as well as the role of compressive bandaging, have not been adequately evaluated in filariasis-endemic areas. Between 1995 and 1998, we studied 175 people with lymphedema of the leg in Leogane, Haiti. During Phase I of the study, when compression bandaging was used to reduce leg volume, the average acute attack rate was 1.56 episodes per year; it was greater in people who were illiterate and those who used compression bandages. After March 1997, when hygiene and skin care were emphasized and bandaging discouraged, acute attack frequency significantly decreased to 0.48 episodes per year. This study highlights the effectiveness of hygiene and skin care, as well as limitations of compressive bandaging, in managing lymphedema in filariasis-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Addiss
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
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Person B, Addiss D, Bartholomew LK, Meijer C, Pou V, Gonzálvez G, van den Borne B. A qualitative study of the psychosocial and health consequences associated with lymphedema among women in the Dominican Republic. Acta Trop 2007; 103:90-7. [PMID: 17638614 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To date, few studies have addressed the sequelae of lymphatic filariasis, a mosquito-transmitted disease, on the quality of life of affected women in the Americas. In this qualitative study, we conducted 28 semi-structured interviews and 3 focus groups of women with lymphedema or elephantiasis of the leg living in filariasis-endemic areas of the Dominican Republic. Women in our study described a spectrum of consequences associated with their lymphedema but physical, functional, and psychological limitations were not always associated with severity of lymphedema. Data suggests that management frameworks need to be expanded to address women's explanatory models of illness, the cultural practices of seeking traditional healers for initial care, psychological distress, coping strategies unique to women, and the practice of self treating with antibiotics without medical supervision. Further research to better understand the depth and breadth of psychological states and coping strategies of women; the health seeking and self-management practices; and the strain on social support networks of women is needed in order to assist health program planners in establishing culturally tailored and gender-specific interventions for Dominican women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie Person
- National Center for Prevention, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-C14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Addiss DG, Brady MA. Morbidity management in the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: a review of the scientific literature. FILARIA JOURNAL 2007; 6:2. [PMID: 17302976 PMCID: PMC1828725 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2883-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) has two major goals: to interrupt transmission of the parasite and to provide care for those who suffer the devastating clinical manifestations of the disease (morbidity control). This latter goal addresses three filariasis-related conditions: acute inflammatory episodes; lymphoedema; and hydrocele. Research during the last decade has confirmed the importance of bacteria as a cause of acute inflammatory episodes in filariasis-endemic areas, known as acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA). Current lymphoedema management strategies are based on the central role of ADLA as a trigger for lymphoedema progression. Simple intervention packages are in use that have resulted in dramatic reductions in ADLA rates, a lower prevalence of chronic inflammatory cells in the dermis and subdermis, and improvement in quality of life. During the past decade, the socioeconomic impact of ADLA and lymphoedema in filariasis-endemic areas has received increasing attention. Numerous operational research questions remain to be answered regarding how best to optimize, scale up, monitor, and evaluate lymphoedema management programmes. Of the clinical manifestations targeted by the GPELF, hydrocele has been the focus of the least attention. Basic information is lacking on the effectiveness and complications of hydrocele surgery and risk of post-operative hydrocele recurrence in filariasis-endemic areas. Data on the impact of mass administration of antifilarial drugs on filarial morbidity are inconsistent. Several studies report reductions in acute inflammatory episodes, lymphoedema, and/or hydrocele following mass drug administration, but other studies report no such association. Assessing the public health impact of mass treatment with antifilarial drugs is important for programme advocacy and morbidity control strategies. Thus, although our knowledge of filariasis-related morbidity and its treatment has expanded in recent years, much work remains to be done to address the needs of more than 40 million persons who suffer worldwide from these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Addiss
- WHO Collaborating Center for Control and Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in the Americas, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop F-22, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, USA
- Fetzer Institute, 9292 West KL Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49009, USA
| | - Molly A Brady
- Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, The Task Force for Child Survival and Development, 750 Commerce Dr, Suite 400, Decatur, Georgia 30030, USA
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